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PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between the pH readings in 24-h urine and the random fasting specimen in patients with urolithiasis using 2 methods. METHODS: A total of 114 patients with urinary lithiasis using potassium citrate were prospectively analyzed. All patients collected 24-h urine and an additional sample, after nocturnal fasting, collected on the day they brought the 24-h sample at the lab. Two different methods (test strip and digital meter) were used to determine pH values. RESULTS: The pH analysis using strips in the 24-h urine presented a mean value similar to the one obtained in the fasting sample (6.07 ± 0.74 vs. 6.02 ± 0.82, respectively; P > 0.05). The same behavior was seen considering the readings with a digital pH meter (5.8 ± 0.78 vs. 5.75 ± 0.83; P > 0.05). However, readings conducted in the same specimen with pH meter and test strip were dissonant (P < 0.05), suggesting that the colorimetric method is not reliable in the assessment of urinary pH in this population. CONCLUSION: pH assessment in a random urinary specimen proved as efficient as the 24-h urine standard method to monitor patients with kidney stones in the use of potassium citrate. Classical test strip analysis is not sensitive enough to evaluate the urine pH in this population and digital pH meter reading is preferred.

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This meta-analysis summarizes the available evidence on the effectiveness of citrate supplement for preventing the recurrence of nephrolithiasis in patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). Electronic searches were conducted using Medline-PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, BVS (Scielo, Lilacs), and Google Scholar literature databases. The authors worked in pairs to select studies that met the following criteria: randomized controlled trials that were conducted in adults and assessed the effect of potassium citrate supplement before or after SWL therapy for urolithiasis. Our primary aim was to asses the stone-free rate among the groups included in the studies. Fixed effect was used in the meta-analysis with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Heterogeneity was analyzed by the I 2 value. A total of 2505 references were initially selected. Of those, four were subjected to meta-analysis contributing five samples. These four studies included 374 participants who were followed for a period of 12 months after SWL. Mean potassium citrate dosage was approximately 55 mEq/day (18 mmol). The results showed that citrate supplement significantly protected against the recurrence of nephrolithiasis during 1 year after SWL [RR; 95% CI 0.21 (0.13, 0.31)]. The heterogeneity was not significant across the analyzed studies (p = 0.224). The quality of the analyzed studies was generally low. The available evidence shows that citrate supplement effectively reduces the recurrence of nephrolithiasis in patients undergoing SWL. However, statistical analysis of a larger trial conducted with methodological rigor is warranted.

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Resumo A prevalência da nefrolitíase está aumentando em todo o mundo e resulta em ônus significativo para o sistema de saúde. Novos estudos revelam que a formação de cálculos urinários está associada a várias morbidades graves. No entanto, poucos estudos observacionais ou ensaios clínicos randomizados de qualidade demonstraram que intervenções clínicas específicas diminuem a recorrência da nefrolitíase. Portanto, nesta revisão são analisadas as evidências disponíveis da terapia médica expulsiva para cálculos ureterais; avaliam-se os dados da terapêutica não farmacológica, incluindo modificações dietéticas e terapia à base de sucos cítricos; e discute-se a eficácia dos diuréticos tiazídicos no tratamento da hipercalciúria associada à nefrolitíase recorrente.

Abstract The prevalence of kidney stone disease is increasing worldwide with significant health and economic burden. Newer research is finding that stones are associated with several serious morbidities. Yet, few randomized clinical trials or high quality observational studies have assessed whether clinical interventions decrease the recurrence of kidney stones. Therefore, in this review we analyze the available evidence on medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones; describe the evidence about non-pharmacological stone therapy including dietary modifications and citrus juice-based therapy; and discuss the efficacy of thiazide diuretics for the treatment of hypercalciuria in recurrent nephrolithiasis.

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PURPOSE: Obesity has been shown to be a risk factor for kidney stone formation. Obesity leads to insulin resistance which subsequently leads to low urinary pH. Low urinary pH is typically treated with potassium citrate. We determined if the response to potassium citrate for the treatment of low urinary pH and hypocitraturia varied when patients were stratified by body mass index. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with urolithiasis and concomitant hypocitraturia and low urinary pH as unique abnormalities upon metabolic evaluation treated exclusively with potassium citrate. Based on body mass index the cohort was divided into the 4 groups of normal weight, overweight, obese and morbidly obese. Metabolic data were compared among the 4 groups at baseline and subsequent followup visits up to 2 years. We compared urinary pH and citrate in absolute values and the relative changes in these parameters from baseline. Similarly, we compared the rates of potassium citrate treatment failure. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients with hypocitraturia and low urinary pH were included in this study. Median patient age was 61 years, 80 patients were male and median body mass index was 30.4 kg/m(2). Patients with a higher body mass index tended to be younger (p=0.010), and had a lower urinary citrate but higher sodium, oxalate and uric acid levels. Urinary pH was similar across body mass index groups. pH values and their absolute changes from baseline were lower as body mass index increased (p ≤0.001). Similarly, we noted an association between increasing body mass index category and lower urinary citrate levels accompanied by a statistically significant trend indicating lower absolute changes in citrate with increasing body mass index (p ≤0.001). Potassium citrate dose was increased more frequently among the higher body mass index groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a higher body mass index presented with a lower increase in citrate excretion and urinary pH levels after they were started on potassium citrate, and they needed more frequent adjustments to their therapy.

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Introducción: las sales de potasio y el flúor han sido usadas en el tratamiento de la hipersensibilidad dentinaria.El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la eficacia de una crema dental para dientes sensibles con citrato de potasio al 5,6% y fluoruro de sodio al 0,3%, en la disminución de los síntomas de hipersensibilidad dentinaria. Métodos: se obtuvo una muestra aleatoria de 100 personas, hombres y mujeres, mayores de 18 años procedentes del Valle de Aburrá; que presentaran hipersensibilidad dentinaria y cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión. Se diseñó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado, triple ciego; utilizando un grupo control (placebo) y un grupo experimental (crema dental para dientes sensibles). Las 100personas fueron sometidas a un interrogatorio donde calificaban la intensidad del dolor utilizando la escala visual análoga antes de la intervención; posteriormente en cada persona se seleccionó un diente, el cual fue sometido a la prueba de estímulo térmicoy a la prueba de contacto a presión constante calificando igualmente la intensidad del dolor percibido en cada prueba usando la escala visual análoga. A cada sujeto se le entregó un cepillo dental suave y se le suministró de forma aleatoria el producto que podía contener o el principio activo o el placebo. Los pacientes fueron evaluados y sometidos a las pruebas igual que al inicio delproyecto, en la semana 4 y en la semana 8; registrando los datos obtenidos para cada prueba en los tres tiempos de evaluación. Ninguno de los participantes, es decir; ni el paciente, ni el clínico, ni la estadística conocieron qué tipo de crema se suministróa los pacientes (placebo o componente activo). Resultados: los resultados muestran que en ambos grupos hubo disminución de la hipersensibilidad, pero la crema dental para dientes sensibles muestra mayor disminución de la sensibilidad en todas las mediciones, con las diferentes pruebas aplicadas.

Introduction: potassium and fluoride salts have been used for the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. The objectiveof this study was to determine the efficacy of a tooth paste with 5.6% of potassium citrate and 0.3% of sodium fluoride for the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. Methods: a randomized sample of 100 people, male and female from the Valle de Aburrá, older than 18 years of age, with dentine hypersensitivity and who met the inclusion criteria was selected. A randomized triple blind clinical trial was designed, using a control group (placebo), and an experimental group (tooth paste for sensitive teeth).The subjects were given a questionnaire in which they rated the intensity of the pain using the visual analogical scale before the intervention; next, a tooth was selected in each person and subjected to a thermal stimulus test and constant pressure contact test, also rating the intensity of the pain in each test using the visual analogical pain scale. Each subject received a soft toothbrush and the product containing the active principle or the placebo was supplied to them at random. The patients were evaluated and subjected to the same tests used at the beginning of the study, at the fourth week and at the eight week, registering the data obtainedfor each of the tests during the three evaluation periods. None of the participants, that is, neither the doctor, nor the patient nor the statistician knew which toothpaste (active component or placebo) was supplied to the patients. Results: the results showed that there was a decrease in hypersensitivity in both groups; however, the sensitivity toothpaste showed a greater decrease in all the measurements with the different tests applied. Conclusions: although there was a decrease in the symptoms of the placebo group,there was a statistically significant larger decrease in the group that used the sensitivity toothpaste.

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OBJETIVO: Estudar as relações entre a excreção urinária de cálcio, sódio e potássio e a associação sódio/potássio urinários em crianças com hipercalciúria idiopática em dieta habitual, antes e depois da administração de citrato de potássio na dose de 1mEq/kg/dia. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas prospectivamente 26 crianças: 19 (73 por cento) meninos e sete (27 por cento) meninas com idade entre dois e 13 anos, portadores de hipercalciúria idiopática recém-diagnosticada por dosagem de cálcio em urina de 24 horas >4mg/kg/dia. O citrato de potássio foi administrado na dose de 1mEq/kg/dia. Foram realizadas dosagens séricas e em urina de 24 horas de cálcio (Ca), potássio(K), sódio (Na) e creatinina (Cr), antes e 15 dias depois da administração diária do citrato de potássio. Para comparar os resultados de cálcio/creatinina (Ca/Cr), potássio/creatinina (K/Cr) e sódio/potássio (Na/K) urinários nos dois momentos, aplicou-se o teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon. Para a análise das associações entre Ca/Cr e K/Cr e entre Ca/Cr e Na/Cr foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Considerou-se significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Após o uso de citrato de potássio, ocorreu significativa redução da calciúria e da relação Na/K urinários, bem como elevação na caliúria. Não houve modificação da excreção urinária de sódio. CONCLUSÕES: Em dieta habitual, o citrato de potássio eleva a caliúria e diminui a calciúria em criança hipercalciúricas, sendo um eficaz recurso terapêutico.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the relationships among the urinary excretion of calcium (UCa), potassium (UK), sodium (UNa) and the ratio between UNa/UK in children with idiopathic hypercalciuria and a regular diet, before and after 1mEq/kg/day potassium citrate administration. METHODS: 26 children with idiopathic hypercalciuria (UCa>4mg/kg/day) were prospectively studied: 19 (73 percent) boys and seven (27 percent) girls between two and 13 years old. Potassium citrate was administered: 1mEq/Kg/day twice a day for 15 days. Blood and 24-hour urinary determinations of calcium, potassium, sodium and creatinine were done in two periods: before and after the 15-day administration of potassium citrate. The following urinary ratios were analyzed before and after potassium citrate use by Wilcoxon test: calcium/creatinine (UCa/UCr), potassium/creatinine (UK/UCr) and sodium/creatinine (UNa/UCr). The association between UCa/UCr, UK/UCr and Ca/Cr, UCa/UCr and UNa/UK were analyzed by Pearson's correlation. Significance was considered for p<0.05. RESULTS: After potassium citrate use, there were significant reductions of UCa and UNa/UK ratios, as well as a significant increase of UK. The UNa did not change. CONCLUSIONS: Children with idiopathic hypercalciuria and regular diet treated with daily potassium citrate increased their potassium urinary excretion and decreased their calciuria.

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