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BACKGROUND: It is known that consuming a high-fat meal (HFM) induces microvascular dysfunction (MD) in eutrophic women and aggravates it in those with obesity. Our purpose was to investigate if the MD observed after a single HFM intake is caused by endothelial damage or increased inflammatory state, both determined by blood biomarkers. METHODS: Nineteen women with obesity (BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2) and 18 eutrophic ones (BMI 20.0-24.9 kg/m2) were enrolled into two groups: Obese (OBG) and Control (CG), respectively. Blood samples were collected at five-time points: before (fasting state) and 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after HFM intake to determine levels of adipokines (adiponectin, leptin), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), inflammatory [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and endothelium damage [soluble E-selectin, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)] biomarkers. RESULTS: Levels of soluble E-selectin, leptin, and PAI-1 were higher in OBG at all-time points (P < 0.05) compared to CG. In the fasting state, OBG had higher levels of NEFA compared to CG (P < 0.05). In intra-group analysis, no significant change in the levels of circulating inflammatory and endothelial injury biomarkers was observed after HFM intake, independently of the group. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that women with obesity have an increased pro-inflammatory state and more significant endothelial injury compared to eutrophic ones. However, the consumption of a HFM was not sufficient to change circulating levels of inflammatory and endothelial injury biomarkers in either group. REGISTRATION NUMBER FOR CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT01692327.

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RESUMEN La etapa postprandial se ha relacionado con cambios en marcadores inflamatorios, bioquímicos y celulares. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos postprandiales del agregado de aceite de Sacha inchi sobre la concentración y tamaño de leucocitos, eritrocitos y plaquetas, y en marcadores de inflamación, después de la ingesta de una comida rica en grasas. Una muestra de 42 individuos aparentemente sanos de sexo masculino consumió dos desayunos, uno de ellos adicionado con 15 mL de aceite rico en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados extraído de semillas de Sacha Inchi. Se tomaron muestras de sangre en ayunas y a las 4 horas postprandiales para determinar variables hematológicas (número y tamaño de leucocitos y plaquetas y distribución porcentual de leucocitos) y bioquímicas como interleukina 6 (IL6) y proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad (PCR-as). Con ambos desayunos aumentaron la concentración de PCR y los recuentos de leucocitos y plaquetas. El agregado de aceite de Sacha inchi aumentó el porcentaje de linfocitos (p= 0,005) y disminuyó el de granulocitos (p= 0,012), revirtiendo el aumento de la relación evidenciada luego de la ingesta grasa y las concentraciones de IL6. Los resultados permiten concluir que el agregado de 15 mL de aceite de Sacha inchi a un desayuno rico en grasas afecta la relación entre las diferentes poblaciones leucocitarias, lo que podría atenuar los efectos inflamatorios postprandiales y el riesgo cardiovascular. Registro: NCT02886169.

ABSTRACT The postprandial stage is related to an increase in biochemical and cellular inflammatory markers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the postprandial effects of the addition of Sacha inchi oil on the concentration and size of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets, and on inflammation markers, after the ingestion of a high-fat meal. A sample of 42 seemingly healthy male individuals consumed two high-fat breakfast meals, one with the addition of 15mL of oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 3 and 6 series), extracted from Sacha Inchi seeds. Fasting blood samples were taken at 4 hours postprandial to determine hematological variables (number and size of leukocytes and platelets and percentage distribution of leukocytes) and biochemical variables such as interleukin 6 (IL6) and high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein (hs-CRP). The concentration of CRP and leukocyte and platelet counts increased following ingestion of both types of breakfast. The addition of Sacha inchi oil increased the percentage of lymphocytes (p= 0.005) and decreased that of granulocytes (p= 0.012), reversing the increase in the granulocytes / lymphocytes ratio evidenced after fat intake. The percentage of intermediate-sized cells and postprandial concentrations of IL6 also decreased. In conclusion, the addition of 15.0 mL of Sacha inchi oil to a high-fat breakfast modulates the relationship between different leukocyte populations, which could mitigate postprandial inflammatory effects and cardiovascular risk. Registration: NCT02886169.

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Laboratories worldwide perform both hematological and coagulation testing on patients avoiding fasting time. In 2017, the Latin America Confederation of Clinical Biochemistry (COLABIOCLI) commissioned the Latin American Working Group for Preanalytical Phase (WG-PRE-LATAM) to study preanalytical variability and establish guidelines for preanalytical procedures to be applied by clinical laboratories and health care professionals. This study, on behalf of COLABIOCLI WG-PRE-LATAM, aims to evaluate the effect of the breakfast on routine hematology and coagulation laboratory testing. We studied 20 healthy volunteers who consumed a breakfast containing a standardized amount of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. We collected blood specimens for routine hematology and coagulation laboratory testing before breakfast and 1, 2, and 4 hours thereafter. Significant differences between samples were assessed by the Wilcoxon ranked-pairs test. Statistically significant differences ( p < 0.05) between basal and 4 hours after the breakfast were observed for red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, mean platelet volume, and activated partial thromboplastin time. In conclusion, the significant variations observed in several hematological parameters, and activated partial thromboplastin time due to breakfast feeding demonstrate that the fasting time needs to be carefully considered prior to performing routine hematological and coagulation testing to avoid interpretive mistakes of test results, and to guarantee patient safety. Therefore, COLABIOCLI WG-PRE-LATAM encourages laboratory quality managers to standardize the fasting requirements in their laboratory, i.e., 12 hours.

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Yacon is a root rich in fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which act as prebiotics. Numerous studies have shown promising results in the technological aspects of producing yacon syrup. However, uncertainties exist concerning whether yacon syrup can modulate postprandial glucose and lipid profiles. In order to assess the effect of yacon syrup on postprandial glucose, insulin and triglyceride (TG) responses, a randomized, crossover, double-blind clinical intervention with 40 women (20 normal weight and 20 grade I obese) was performed. Participants underwent two-arms of intervention with at least a one-week wash-out period between visits. On each intervention day, after 12 h of fasting, an aliquot of blood was collected. For intervention A, volunteers consumed breakfast +40 g of placebo, whereas for intervention B, participants consumed breakfast +40 g of yacon syrup (14 g of FOS). Blood samples were drawn at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. Glucose and insulin concentrations were lowered after yacon syrup intake as compared to placebo at following times: 30 min for glucose and 15, 30 and 45 min for insulin. In conclusion, yacon syrup has a postprandial decreasing effect glucose and insulin concentrations in adult women. This effect was not evident for triglyceride concentration. Clinical trial registry: RBR-33wf46. Available in: http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-33wf46/.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Determination of lipid profile includes triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol and fractions as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c). These parameters are valuable in the risk assessment of developing cardiovascular disease. However, some pre-analytical factors, such as the fasting state, may interfere with the results of these tests. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate differences on lipid profile measurements in blood samples collected at different fasting periods in men and women with or without a diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Fifty volunteers of both sexes, aged between 22 and 86 years, were evaluated. Sociodemographic data and two blood samples were collected, one after 12 hours fast and another during postprandial period, with subsequent measurement of total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and TG. Results: Comparing the values of the lipid profile obtained in the two collections, it was observed that the total cholesterol and HDL-c did not present significant differences among the evaluated subjects. On the other hand, LDL-c and TG showed significant higher values on postprandial samples, preferably in male group. Conclusion: These data suggest that TG and LDL-c levels are the fractions with greater susceptibility to variations when they are collected without prior fasting.

RESUMEN Introducción: La determinación del perfil lipídico incluye los triglicéridos (TG), colesterol total y fracciones del colesterol de la lipoproteína de alta densidad (HDL-c) y colesterol de la lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL-c). Eses parámetros son muy valiosos en la evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular. Sin embargo, algunos factores preanalíticos, como el estado de ayuno, pueden interferir en los resultados de esos exámenes. Objetivo: Evaluar si hay diferencias significativas en la determinación del perfil lipídico en muestras de sangre recolectadas de hombres y mujeres con o sin diagnóstico de hipercolesterolemia. Método: Se evaluaron 50 voluntarios de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 22 y 86 años. Se recolectaron informaciones sociodemográficas y dos muestras de sangre, una con ayuno previo de 12 horas y otra posprandial, con determinación posterior de colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, y TG. Resultados: Comparándose los valores obtenidos del perfil lipídico en las dos coletas, se observó que el colesterol total y el HDL-c no presentaron diferencias significativas en los sujetos evaluados. Al mismo tiempo, LDL-c y TG mostraron valores significativamente más elevados en la recolecta posprandial, preferencialmente en el grupo masculino. Conclusión: El conjunto de datos obtenidos sugiere que los niveles de TG y LDL-c son las fracciones con mayor susceptibilidad a variaciones cuando son recolectadas sin ayuno previo.

RESUMO Introdução: A determinação do perfil lipídico inclui dosagens de triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total e frações do colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c) e do colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c). Esses parâmetros são muito valiosos na avaliação do risco do desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Porém, alguns fatores pré-analíticos, como o estado de jejum, podem interferir nos resultados desses exames. Objetivo: Avaliar se existem diferenças significativas nas dosagens do perfil lipídico em amostras de sangue coletadas em diferentes períodos de jejum em homens e mulheres com ou sem diagnóstico de hipercolesterolemia. Método: Foram avaliados 50 voluntários de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária entre 22 e 86 anos. Foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas e duas amostras de sangue, uma com jejum prévio de 12 horas e outra pós-prandial, com posterior dosagem de colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c e TG. Resultados: Ao comparar os valores obtidos do perfil lipídico nas duas coletas, observou-se que o colesterol total e o HDL-c não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos sujeitos avaliados. Por outro lado, o LDL-c e o TG expressaram valores significativamente mais elevados na coleta realizada de forma pós-prandial, preferencialmente no grupo masculino. Conclusão: O conjunto dos dados obtidos sugere que os níveis de TG e LDL-c são as frações com maior suscetibilidade a variações quando são coletadas sem jejum prévio.

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Sacha inchi oil (SIO) is an attractive source of polyunsaturated acids oil. A randomized crossover clinical trial was done to evaluate SIO effects on postprandial lipids and inflammatory state caused by a high-fat intake. Twenty metabolically healthy (MH) and 22 metabolically unhealthy (MU) subjects consumed a high-fat breakfast alone or supplemented with SIO. The biomarkers were measured in serum upon fasting, and after 1 and 4 hrs after breakfast. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression was determined in mononuclear cells. In the MH group, SIO reversed the cholesterol increase [iAUCHFM : 0.27 mmol/L/4 h (IQR: -0.07/0.81); iAUCHFM+S : -0.18 mmol/L/4 h (IQR: -0.49/0.31) p = 0.037] and decreased interleukin-6 concentration. In MU group, SIO attenuated lipopolysaccharides increase and interleukin-6 expression [(FCHFM  = -1.19 (IQR: -1.72/1.93) and FCHFM+S  = -1.83 (IQR: -4,82/-0.01), p = 0.017]. The effects of a high-fat meal on postprandial lipids and inflammation could be modified by the addition of SIO, but the outcomes are depending on the metabolic individual status. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The seeds of Plukenetia volubilis L., also known as Sacha inchi, Sacha peanut or Inca peanut are an attractive vegetable source of oil which includes a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the intake of Sacha inchi oil could improve the postprandial responses of a high-fat intake, and could be able to help to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Our results contribute to know the effects of this oil on postprandial inflammation and lipids. In addition, establishing how a person's basal metabolic status can determinate the metabolic response to this oil can help improve its use, and our results add evidence about the role of nutrition and diet in health and disease. At this time, the cultivation of Sacha inchi is being proposed as an agro-industrial alternative for the improvement of quality of living in Colombian rural areas.

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Resumen Introducción. La magnitud de la lipemia postprandial es un indicador de riesgo cardiovascular, en especial en mujeres con actividad hormonal reducida. Los ejercicios resistidos (ER) podrían ser un factor que influencie las concentraciones de lípidos después de consumir alimentos. Objetivo. Determinar los efectos agudos sobre la lipemia postprandial de mujeres postmenopáusicas que tiene la realización de sesiones de ER de alto y bajo volumen, en comparación a un grupo control. Materiales y métodos. Después de una evaluación inicial (antropometría, perfil lipídico y fitness muscular), 32 mujeres fueron divididas aleatoriamente en tres grupos: uno con ER de alto volumen (n=11), otro con ER de bajo volumen (n=11) y un grupo control sin ER (n=10). 12 horas después de los ejercicios se suministró un compuesto nutricional hiperlipídico y se analizó la lipemia postprandial cada hora durante 5 horas. Resultados. Los diferentes volúmenes de ER no redujeron de manera importante los marcadores lipémicos (colesterol total, triglicéridos, LDL y VLDL) (p>0.05) ni aumentaron las concentraciones plasmáticas de HDL (p>0.05). Conclusiones. Las sesiones de ER no afectaron los marcadores lipémicos postprandiales, aunque sí mostraron resultados clínicos relevantes en los grupos experimentales (reducción de LDL-VLDL y aumento de HDL en momentos específicos).

Abstract Introduction: The magnitude of postprandial lipemia is an indicator of cardiovascular risk, especially in women with reduced hormonal activity. Resistance training (RT) may be a factor influencing lipid concentrations after eating. Objective: To determine the acute effects of high and low volume RT sessions on postprandial lipemia in postmenopausal women compared to a control group. Materials and methods: After an initial assessment (anthropometry, lipid profile and muscle fitness), 32 women were randomly divided into three groups: one with high volume of RT (n=11), another with low volume of RT (n=11) and a control group without RT (n=10). 12 hours after the completion of the training, a hyperlipidic nutritional compound was administered and postprandial lipemia was analyzed every hour for 5 hours. Results: The different RT volumes did not significantly reduce lipemic markers (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL) (p>0.05) nor did they increase plasma HDL concentrations (p>0.05). Conclusions: RT sessions did not affect postprandial lipemic markers, although they did show relevant clinical results in the experimental groups (reduction of LDL-VLDL and increase of HDL at specific times).

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INTRODUCTION: In Andean countries, specifically in Ecuador, a food transition in the population has been observed because of economic growth. The Working Group for Preanalytical Phase in Latin America (WG-PRE-LATAM) of the Latin America Confederation of Clinical Biochemistry (COLABIOCLI) was established in 2017, and its main purpose is to study preanalytical variability and establish guidelines for preanalytical procedures in order to be implemented by clinical laboratories and healthcare professionals in Latin America. The aim of this study on behalf of COLABIOCLI WG-PRE-LATAM was to evaluate whether an Andean breakfast can interfere with routine biochemistry and immunochemistry laboratory tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 20 healthy volunteers who consumed an Andean breakfast containing a standardized amount of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. We collected blood specimens for laboratory tests before breakfast and 1, 2, and 4 hours thereafter. Significant differences between samples were assessed by the Wilcoxon ranked-pairs test. RESULTS: The Andean breakfast statistically (P ≤ 0.05), modified the results of the following tests: triglycerides, insulin, cortisol, thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, lipase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and uric acid. CONCLUSIONS: Andean breakfast can influence the routine biochemistry and immunochemistry laboratory tests and might expose patient safety to some risks. Therefore, the COLABIOCLI WG-PRE-LATAM calls attention and highlights that the fasting time needs to be carefully considered when performing blood testing in order to prevent spurious results and thus, reduce laboratory errors.

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Introduction: The postprandial stage is associated with the increase of markers related to cardiovascular risk, and its intensity depends on the metabolic state. Objective: To determine the impact of a high-fat meal intake on the metabolic and inflammatory profile, and its relationship to abdominal obesity. Materials and methods: This clinical trial included 42 individuals (21 with abdominal obesity). We measured glucose, insulin, lipid profile, reactive C protein, lipopolysaccharides, and interleukin 6 in fasting blood, and four hours after eating. Results: Besides obesity, we found insulin resistance and higher levels of fasting triacylglycerides and C-reactive protein. There were higher postprandial responses to glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerides. Interleukin 6 decreased in the non-obese group, and lipopolysaccharides increased in both groups. Conclusions: A saturated high-fat food intake produced a greater impact on the glycemic variables in the group with obesity, while it affected the lipids in both groups. However, the increase of triacylglycerides was higher in the presence of a high basal concentration, and it promoted the increase of lipopolysaccharides. The basal and postprandial inflammatory state affected the group with obesity more. The postprandial moment reflected the most frequent state of the individuals on a normal day and evidenced the capacity of the metabolic response to food intake, as well as early metabolic risk states.

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Resumen Introducción. La etapa posprandial se asocia con el incremento de marcadores relacionados con el riesgo cardiovascular, cuya intensidad depende del estado metabólico. Objetivo. Determinar el impacto de la ingestión de una comida rica en grasas saturadas sobre el perfil metabólico e inflamatorio y su relación con la obesidad abdominal. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un ensayo clínico en 42 individuos (21 con obesidad abdominal). Se midieron, en sangre, la glucosa, la insulina, el perfil lipídico, la proteína C reactiva, los lipopolisacáridos y la interleucina 6, en ayunas y después de la ingestión. Resultados. Además de la obesidad, se registró la presencia de resistencia a la insulina y de niveles elevados de triacilglicéridos y proteína C reactiva en ayunas. Asimismo, se detectaron niveles posprandiales más elevados de glucosa, insulina y triacilglicéridos. La interleucina 6 disminuyó en el grupo de personas sin obesidad y los lipopolisacáridos aumentaron en ambos grupos. Conclusión. La ingestión de una comida rica en grasas saturadas produjo un mayor impacto en las variables glucémicas en el grupo con obesidad y, aunque afectó de forma similar los lípidos en ambos grupos, el incremento de triacilglicéridos fue mayor en presencia de una concentración basal elevada y promovió el aumento de lipopolisacáridos. El estado inflamatorio basal y posprandial afectó en mayor medida al grupo con obesidad. El momento posprandial reflejó el estado más frecuente de los individuos en un día normal y permitió evidenciar la capacidad de respuesta metabólica frente a la ingestión de alimentos, así como los estados tempranos de riesgo metabólico.

Abstract Introduction: The postprandial stage is associated with the increase of markers related to cardiovascular risk, and its intensity depends on the metabolic state. Objective: To determine the impact of a high-fat meal intake on the metabolic and inflammatory profile, and its relationship to abdominal obesity. Materials and methods: This clinical trial included 42 individuals (21 with abdominal obesity). We measured glucose, insulin, lipid profile, reactive C protein, lipopolysaccharides, and interleukin 6 in fasting blood, and four hours after eating. Results: Besides obesity, we found insulin resistance and higher levels of fasting triacylglycerides and C-reactive protein. There were higher postprandial responses to glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerides. Interleukin 6 decreased in the non-obese group, and lipopolysaccharides increased in both groups. Conclusions: A saturated high-fat food intake produced a greater impact on the glycemic variables in the group with obesity, while it affected the lipids in both groups. However, the increase of triacylglycerides was higher in the presence of a high basal concentration, and it promoted the increase of lipopolysaccharides. The basal and postprandial inflammatory state affected the group with obesity more. The postprandial moment reflected the most frequent state of the individuals on a normal day and evidenced the capacity of the metabolic response to food intake, as well as early metabolic risk states.

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PURPOSE: We evaluated postprandial response of the lipid metabolism markers after the intake of a high-saturated fat (HSM) or high-monounsaturated fat meal (HMM). METHODS: A randomized, controlled and acute intervention study included 63 women (age 26.9 ± 6.1 years): 35 normal weight (NW) and 28 overweight (OW) (total body fat [TBF] 24.7 ± 3.9% and 36.6 ± 3.9%, respectively). After 12 hours of fasting, each subject was given one of the two test meals standardized, including 2 muffins and water (HSM, 42.1% of saturated fat acid, or HMM, 34.5% of monounsaturated fat acid). Plasma fatty acid profile and concentrations of apolipoproteins A1 and B100, complement C3, and triacylglycerols were analyzed during fasting and at 2, 3, and 5 postprandial hours. RESULTS: Among the markers studied, the triacylglycerol (TAG) and complement C3 were significantly higher in the OW group, compared to NW. The increment in the C3 concentration was higher after HSM intake, compared with HMM (iAUC = 4365.5 ± 5477.4 vs. 1215.2 ± 882.4; p = 0.006), with no differences between groups. After 5 hours postprandial, plasma oleic acid values remained high compared with the fasting value in the NW group, but not in the OW group (26.0 ± 4.2 vs 23.7 ± 3.9%; p < 0.001). Women with high percentage of total plasma saturated fatty acids (SFA) at the beginning of the intervention had higher incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for the palmitic, stearic, and total fatty acids (p < 0.005). Those women with a high percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) showed lower iAUC values for the same fatty acid profile (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the effect of the HSM on postprandial increment of C3 concentration, suggesting another mechanism for saturated fat metabolism. The postprandial response to HSM appears to be the mediated by baseline lipid profile of the individuals, while the response to HMM was correlated to the weight status.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Pre-prandial exercise promotes greater mobilization of fat metabolism due to the increased release of catecholamines, cortisol, and glucagon. However, this response affects how the cardiovascular system responds to exercise. Objective: To evaluate the response of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and rate-pressure product (RPP) to pre- and postprandial exercise. Methods: Ten physically active male subjects (25.50 ± 2.22 years) underwent two treadmill protocols (pre- and postprandial) performed for 36 minutes at 65% of VO2max on different days. On both days, subjects attended the laboratory on a 10-hour fasting state. For the postprandial session, volunteers ingested a pre-exercise meal of 349.17 kcal containing 59.3 g of carbohydrates (76.73%), 9.97 g of protein (12.90%), and 8.01 g of lipids (10.37%). Blood pressure, HR and RPP were measured before and after exercise. The 2x2 factorial Anova with the multiple comparisons test of Bonferroni was applied to analyze cardiovascular variables in both moments (pre- vs. postprandial). The significance level was set at p<0.05. Results: Systolic (121.70 ± 7.80 vs. 139.78 ± 12.91 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (66.40 ± 9.81 vs. 80.22 ± 8.68 mmHg) increased significantly after exercise only in the postprandial session (p<0.05). HR increased significantly (p<0.05) after both protocols (64.20 ± 15.87 vs. 141.20 ± 10.33 bpm pre-prandial and 63.60 ± 8.82 vs. 139.20 ± 10.82 bpm postprandial). RPP had a similar result (8052.10 ± 1790.68 vs. 18382.60 ± 2341.66 mmHg.bpm in the pre-prandial session and 7772.60 ± 1413.76 vs. 19564.60 ± 3128.99 mmHg.bpm in the postprandial session). Conclusion: These data suggest that fasted exercise does not significantly alter the blood pressure. Furthermore, the meal provided before the postprandial exercise may promote a greater blood pressure responsiveness during exercise.

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício pré-prandial promove maior mobilização do metabolismo de gordura devido ao aumento da liberação de catecolaminas, cortisol e glucagon. Contudo, tal resposta afeta a forma como o sistema cardiovascular responde ao exercício. Objetivo: Avaliar a resposta da pressão sistólica, diastólica e média, a frequência cardíaca (FC) e o duplo produto (DP) ao exercício pré e pós-prandial. Métodos: Dez indivíduos ativos (25,50 ± 2,22 anos) foram submetidos a dois protocolos de exercício em esteira (pré e pós-prandial) realizados durante 36 minutos a 65% do VO2máx em dias diferentes. Em ambos os dias, os indivíduos compareceram ao laboratório em jejum de 10 horas. Para a sessão pós-prandial, os voluntários ingeriram uma refeição pré-exercício de 349,17 kcal, contendo 59,3 g de carboidratos (76,73%), 9,97 g de proteína (12,90%) e 8,01 g de lipídeos (10,37%). A pressão sanguínea, a FC e o DP foram medidos antes e depois do exercício. A Anova fatorial (2 X 2) com as comparações múltiplas de Bonferroni foi aplicada para análise das variáveis nos dois momentos (pré e pós-prandial). O nível de significância foi fixado em p < 0,05. Resultados: A pressão sanguínea sistólica (121,70 ± 7,80 vs. 139,78 ± 12,91 mmHg) e a diastólica (66,40 ± 9,81 vs. 80,22 ± 8,68 mmHg) aumentaram significantemente após o exercício somente na sessão pós-prandial (p < 0,05). A FC aumentou significantemente (p < 0,05) após ambos os protocolos (64,20 ± 15,87 vs. 141,20 ± 10,33 bpm pré-prandial e 63,60 ± 8,82 vs. 139,20 ± 10,82 bpm pós-prandial). O DP teve resultado semelhante (8.052,10 ± 1.790,68 vs. 18.382,60 ± 2.341,66 mmHg.bpm na sessão pré-prandial e 7.772,60 ± 1.413,76 vs. 19.564,60 ± 3.128,99 mmHg.bpm na sessão pós-prandial). Conclusão: Esses dados sugerem que o exercício em jejum não altera significantemente a pressão sanguínea. Além disso, a refeição fornecida antes do exercício pós-prandial pode promover maior responsividade da pressão sanguínea durante o exercício.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio preprandial promueve una mayor movilización de metabolismo de la grasa debido al aumento de la liberación de catecolaminas, cortisol y glucagón. Sin embargo, tal respuesta afecta la forma en que el sistema cardiovascular responde al ejercicio. Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta de la presión sistólica, diastólica y media, la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y el doble-producto (DP) al ejercicio pre y postprandial. Métodos: Diez hombres activos (25,50 ± 2,22 años), fueron sometidos a dos protocolos de ejercicio en cinta rodante (pre y postprandial) realizados durante 36 minutos a 65% del VO2máx en días diferentes. En ambos días, los individuos asistieron al laboratorio después de un ayuno de 10 horas. Para la sesión postprandial, los voluntarios ingirieron una comida pre-ejercicio de 349,17 kcal, que contenía 59,3 g de hidratos de carbono (76,73%), 9,97 g de proteínas (12,90%) y 8,01 g de lípidos (10,37%). La presión sanguínea, la FC y el DP se midieron antes y después del ejercicio. Se aplicó el ANOVA factorial (2 x 2) con las comparaciones múltiples de Bonferroni para analizar las variables en los dos momentos (pre y postprandial). El nivel de significación se ha fijado en p < 0,05. Resultados: La presión sanguínea sistólica (121,70 ± 7,80 vs. 139,78 ± 12,91 mmHg) y la diastólica (66,40 ± 9,81 vs. 80,22 ± 8,68 mmHg) aumentaron significativamente después del ejercicio sólo en la sesión postprandial (p < 0,05). La FC aumentó significativamente (p < 0,05) después de ambos protocolos (64,20 ± 15,87 vs. 141,20 ± 10,33 lpm preprandial y 63,60 ± 8,82 vs. 139,20 ± 10,82 lpm postprandial). El DP tuvo un resultado similar (8.052,10 ± 1.790,68 vs. 18.382,60 ± 2.341,66 mmHg.lpm preprandial y 7.772,60 ± 1.413,76 vs. 19.564,60 ± 3.128.99 mmHg.lpm postprandial). Conclusión: Estos datos sugieren que el ejercicio en ayunas no altera significativamente la presión sanguínea. Además, la comida suministrada antes del ejercicio postprandial puede promover una mayor capacidad de respuesta de la presión sanguínea durante el ejercicio.

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Introducción: En un estudio previo que incorporó mediciones posalmuerzo al esquema convencional de monitoreo domiciliario de la presión arterial hemos detectado hipotensión posprandial en alrededor de la cuarta parte de nuestros pacientes hipertensos. Objetivos: Comparar el cambio posprandial de la presión arterial sistólica, y la correspondiente respuesta cronotrópica, en relación con el control de la hipertensión. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron prospectivamente con monitoreo domiciliario de la presión arterial 140 pacientes hipertensos tratados, mayores de 40 años. El control de la hipertensión se basó en el promedio de la presión arterial matinal y la vespertina, tomando como valor de corte 135/85 mm Hg. Se consideró hipotensión posprandial cuando la presión arterial sistólica disminuyó 20 mm Hg o más respecto del valor preprandial en al menos uno de tres almuerzos. Resultados: Se detectó hipotensión posprandial en el 13,2% (n = 10) de los hipertensos controlados y en el 42,2% (n = 27) de los no controlados (p < 0,001). Después de los almuerzos, la presión arterial sistólica disminuyó en promedio 9,5 ± 10,5 mm Hg (6,4% ± 7,8%) en los hipertensos no controlados y 3,2 ± 7,8 mm Hg (2,6% ± 6,5%) en los controlados (p < 0,001), sin diferencia significativa en la respuesta cronotrópica. Al estratificar a los pacientes por el control de la hipertensión se observó una correlación inversa entre la respuesta posprandial de la frecuencia cardíaca y de la presión arterial sistólica en los controlados (r = -0,24; p = 0,035), sin relación significativa en los no controlados. En el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, la falta de control de la hipertensión (beta = -0,26; p = 0,002) y el sexo femenino (beta = 0,22; p < 0,001) fueron predictores significativos de la caída posprandial en la presión arterial sistólica, sin influencia significativa de la edad o del número de fármacos antihipertensivos. Conclusión: La falta de control de la hipertensión se asoció con una respuesta circulatoria posprandial anormal que favorece la hipotensión.

Background: In a previous study that incorporated post-lunch measurements to the conventional scheme of home-based blood pressure monitoring, we detected postprandial hypotension in about a quarter of hypertensive patients. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the postprandial change of systolic blood pressure, and the corresponding chronotropic response, associated to the control of hypertension. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 140 treated hypertensive patients, aged over 40 years, with home-based blood pressure monitoring. The control of hypertension was based on the average morning and evening blood pressure, considering 135/85 mmHg as cutoff value. Postprandial hypotension was defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure equal to or greater than 20 mmHg with respect to the preprandial value in at least one of three lunches. Results: Postprandial hypotension was found in 13.2% (n=10) of patients with controlled hypertension and in 42.2% (n=27) with uncontrolled hypertension (p<0.001). After lunch, the average decrease of systolic blood pressure was 9.5±10.5 mmHg (6.4%±7.8%) in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and 3.2±7.8 mmHg (2.6%±6.5%) in those with controlled hypertension (p<0.001), with no significant difference in the chronotropic response. After stratifying the patients by hypertension control, the postprandial response of heart rate and systolic blood pressure showed a significant inverse correlation in controlled hypertensive patients (r=-0.24; p=0.035), and a not significant correlation in uncontrolled patients. On the multiple linear regression analysis, lack of blood pressure control (beta=0.26, p=0.002) and female gender (beta=0.22; p<0.001) were significant predictors of a postprandial drop in systolic blood pressure, without a significant influence of age or number of antihypertensive drugs. Conclusion: Lack of blood pressure control was associated with an abnormal postprandial circulatory response that predisposes to hypotension.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of vitamin A supplementation on the retinol concentration in colostrum under fasting and postprandial conditions. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study, with before and after assessments, conducted with 33 patients treated at a public maternity hospital. Blood and colostrum samples were collected under fasting conditions in the immediate postpartum period. A second colostrum collection occurred two hours after the first meal of the day, at which time a mega dose of 200,000 IU of retinyl palmitate was administered. On the following day, the colostrum was collected again under fasting and postprandial conditions. Serum and colostrum retinol concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The serum retinol concentration was 37.3 (16.8-62.2) µg/dL, indicating adequate nutritional status. The colostrum retinol concentration before supplementation was 46.8 (29.7-158.9) µg/dL in fasting and 67.3 (31.1-148.7) µg/dL in postprandial condition (p < 0.05), showing an increase of 43.8%. After supplementation, the values were 89.5 (32.9-264.2) µg/dL and 102.7 (37.3-378.3) µg/dL in fasting and postprandial conditions, respectively (p < 0.05), representing an increase of 14.7%. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that maternal supplementation with high doses of vitamin A in postpartum resulted in a significant increase of the retinol concentration in colostrum under fasting conditions, with an even greater increase after a meal. .

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da suplementação com vitamina A sobre a concentração de retinol no leite colostro em condições de jejum e pós-prandial. MÉTODOS: Estudo quase-experimental, do tipo antes e depois, realizado com 33 parturientes atendidas em uma maternidade pública, das quais foram coletadas, em jejum, amostras de sangue e leite colostro, no pós-parto imediato. Uma segunda coleta de colostro ocorreu duas horas após a primeira refeição do dia, momento em que uma megadose de 200.000 UI de palmitato de retinila foi administrada. No dia seguinte, uma nova coleta de colostro foi realizada em condições de jejum e pós-prandial. As concentrações de retinol no soro e no colostro foram determinadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. RESULTADOS: A concentração de retinol sérico foi de 37,3 (16,8-62,2) µg/dL, evidenciando um estado nutricional adequado. No colostro, a concentração de retinol antes da suplementação foi de 46,8 (29,7-158,9) µg/dL em jejum e 67,3 (31,1-148,7) µg/dL em condições pós-prandiais (p < 0,05), mostrando um aumento de 43,8%. Após a suplementação, os valores foram de 89,5 (32,9-264,2) µg/dL e 102,7 (37,3-378,3) µg/dL em jejum e pós-prandial, respectivamente (p < 0,05), representando um aumento de 14,7%. CONCLUSÕES: Este trabalho demonstrou que a suplementação materna com altas doses de vitamina A no pós-parto resultou em um aumento significativo da concentração de retinol no colostro em condições de jejum, sendo este valor ainda maior após a refeição. .

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of vitamin A supplementation on the retinol concentration in colostrum under fasting and postprandial conditions. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study, with before and after assessments, conducted with 33 patients treated at a public maternity hospital. Blood and colostrum samples were collected under fasting conditions in the immediate postpartum period. A second colostrum collection occurred two hours after the first meal of the day, at which time a mega dose of 200,000 IU of retinyl palmitate was administered. On the following day, the colostrum was collected again under fasting and postprandial conditions. Serum and colostrum retinol concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The serum retinol concentration was 37.3 (16.8-62.2) µg/dL, indicating adequate nutritional status. The colostrum retinol concentration before supplementation was 46.8 (29.7-158.9) µg/dL in fasting and 67.3 (31.1-148.7) µg/dL in postprandial condition (p < 0.05), showing an increase of 43.8%. After supplementation, the values were 89.5 (32.9-264.2) µg/dL and 102.7 (37.3-378.3) µg/dL in fasting and postprandial conditions, respectively (p < 0.05), representing an increase of 14.7%. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that maternal supplementation with high doses of vitamin A in postpartum resulted in a significant increase of the retinol concentration in colostrum under fasting conditions, with an even greater increase after a meal.

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El consumo de comidas con alto contenido graso induce cambios agudos en los lípidos circulantes y disfunción endotelial horas después de la comida, condición que precede el desarrollo del proceso aterosclerótico. Aunque se desconoce exactamente el mecanismo responsable de la disminución de la función endotelial ocasionada por la lipemia post-prandial, se considera que la elevación de las lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos, sus remanentes y un estado de estrés oxidativo, son los principales mecanismos que determinan este hecho. Se presenta un reporte de dos adultos saludables de 30 años, a los cuales se les suministró un menú que aportaba 1049 calorías, 31 g de proteína, 79 g de grasa (31 g de grasa saturada), 666 mg de colesterol y 69 g de carbohidratos, con el propósito de describir el efecto que induce la lipemia post-prandial sobre la función endotelial, y su relación con algunos aspectos clínicos y bioquímicos asociados con este estado metabólico...

High-fat meal consumption induces acute changes in circulating lipid and then induces endothelial dysfunction after breakfast time, this dysfunction is associated with atherosclerotic process development. Although the explain mechanism that is responsible to induce endothelial function decrease, by post-prandial lipemia, is unknown. The elevation of lipoproteins high triglycerides and their remnants, and oxidative stress are the main mechanisms. In the present study it is report two healthy adults with median age 30 years, whom take a menu that contain: 1049 calories, 31 g protein, 79 g fat (31 g saturated fat), 666 mg cholesterol, 69 g carbohydrates. Thus, it is described the effect induced by post-prandial lipemia on endothelial function and the relationship of this metabolic state with clinical and biochemical features associated...

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O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as diferenças do perfil lipídico no pós-prandial de idosos com e sem doença cardiovascular. Método: Foram avaliados 35 idosos, com idade média de 78 +- 5,3 anos, 16 com antecedentes de doença cardiovascular e todos com trigliceridemia de jejun <160mg/dl. Resultados: O perfil lipídico foi medido após jejum de 12 horas e após 2, 4 e 6 horas de uma refeição padronizada. No grupo controle, o aumento no nível de triglicérides após 2 horas foi maior do que o do grupo doença cardiovascular (46 mg/dl versus 26,3 mg/dl, p= 0,01). No grupo doença cardiovascular, o porcentual de elevação do triglicérides foi mais lento do que no grupo controle (25,3% versus 39,7% p=0,01), mantendo o mesmo valor elevado 4 horas após a refeição. No grupo controle, o declínio no porcentual de variação de triglicérides ocorreu depois de 2 horas. Após 6 horas, o grupo controle apresentou níveis de triglicérides mais baixos do que o grupo doença cardiovascular (-12,6% versus -0,19% p= 0,02). Todos os idosos apresentaram um perfil lipídico alterado no pós-prandial, independentemente do antecedente cardiovascular, sendo que os idosos do grupo controle apresentaram um comportamento metabólico de risco. Conclusão: estes dados podem sugerir que, independentemente da presença da doença cardiovascular, o envelhecimento pode estar associado com resistência à insulina. estes resultados nos estimulam a estudar o comportamento do metabolismo lipídico pós-prandial em idosos, na prevenção primária.

The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in lipid profile in post-prandial elderly with and without cardiovascular disease. Methods: We studied 35 subjects, mean age 78 + - 5.3 years, 16 with a history of cardiovascular disease and all with triglyceridemia jejunal <160mg/dL. Results: The lipid profile was measured after fasting for 12 hours and after 2, 4 and 6 hours of a standardized meal. In the control group, the increase in triglyceride level after 2 hours was higher than that of the cardiovascular disease group (46 mg / dl versus 26.3 mg / dl, p = 0.01). Cardiovascular disease in the group, the percentage of increase in triglycerides was slower than in the control group (25.3% versus 39.7% p = 0.01), maintaining the same high value 4 hours after the meal. In the control group, the decline in the percentage change in triglycerides occurred after 2 hours. After six hours, the control group had triglyceride levels lower than the cardiovascular disease group (-12.6% vs. -0.19%, p = 0.02). All subjects presented an altered lipid profile in post-prandial, regardless of the cardiovascular history, and the elderly control group showed a metabolic behavior of risk. Conclusion: These data may suggest that, regardless of the presence of cardiovascular disease, aging may be associated with insulin resistance. these results encourage us to study the behavior of postprandial lipid metabolism in elderly patients in primary prevention.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias en el perfil de lípidos en personas de edad post-prandial con y sin enfermedad cardiovascular. Métodos: Se estudiaron 35 sujetos, edad media 78 + - 5,3 años, 16 con antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular y todas con trigliceridemia <160mg/dL yeyunal. Resultados: El perfil lipídico en ayunas durante 12 horas y después de 2, 4 y 6 horas de una comida estándar. En el grupo control, el aumento en el nivel de triglicéridos después de 2 horas fue mayor que la del grupo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (46 mg / dl frente a 26,3 mg / dl, p = 0,01). Las enfermedades cardiovasculares en el grupo, el porcentaje de incremento en los triglicéridos fue más lento que en el grupo control (25,3% versus 39,7% p = 0,01), manteniendo el mismo alto valor 4 horas después de la comida. En el grupo control, la disminución en el porcentaje de variación de los triglicéridos se produjo después de 2 horas. Después de seis horas, el grupo de control tenían niveles bajos de triglicéridos que el grupo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (-12,6% frente a -0,19%, p = 0,02). Todos los sujetos presentaron un perfil lipídico alterado en la post-prandial, independientemente de la historia cardiovascular, y el grupo control ancianos mostraron un comportamiento metabólico de riesgo. Conclusión: Estos datos pueden sugerir que, independientemente de la presencia de la enfermedad cardiovascular, el envejecimiento puede estar asociado con resistencia a la insulina. estos resultados nos animan a estudiar el comportamiento del metabolismo lipídico postprandial en pacientes de edad avanzada en la prevención primaria.

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