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Purpose: The purpose of our study was to compare unplanned postoperative patient communication in the form of phone calls and/or electronic patient portal messages (EPPM) after carpal tunnel release (CTR) for patients with and without a postoperative opioid prescription. Methods: We identified all patients ≥18 years of age who underwent primary CTR between 2017 and 2022 without an opioid ordered within 90 days prior to surgery. The following two groups were created: cases with and without an opioid prescribed on the day of surgery. We recorded baseline demographics for all patients and recorded all unplanned communication (phone calls and EPPM) sent from a patient to the surgeon's office within 14 days after surgery. Unadjusted associations between unplanned communication and case characteristics were evaluated. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between opioid status and unplanned communication. Results: A total of 5,735 CTRs were included, and 54% of the patients were prescribed an opioid on the day of surgery. Forty-two percent of cases had unplanned postoperative communication, and 48.1% of cases, without an opioid prescription, had unplanned communication compared with 36.8% in the opioid group. Patients who were prescribed opioids were 0.62 times less likely to contact the surgeon's office via phone calls or EPPM (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56, 0.70). Increased age was associated with a reduction in the odds of unplanned contact (odds ratios [OR] = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93, 0.97), whereas higher body mass index was significantly associated with increased communication (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09). Conclusions: Patients prescribed opioids after CTR are 0.62 times less likely to contact the surgeon's office after surgery. Considering the 11% increase in unplanned postoperative communication after CTR, surgeons should consider alternative methods that have previously been demonstrated to reduce opioid consumption. Type of study/level of evidence: Prognostic II.

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Abstract Background: Many adjuvants are added to prolong the effects of spinal analgesia. We investigated the postoperative analgesic efficacy of the addition of midazolam or fentanyl to intrathe-cal levobupivacaine in women undergoing cesarean delivery. Methods: Eighty patients were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 40). Group M received 10 mg of 0.5% levobupivacaine plus 2 mg of midazolam. Group F received 10 mg of 0.5% levobupivacaine plus 25 μg of fentanyl. Assessments included motor and sensory block, APGAR score, time to first request for analgesia, postoperative pain score, total consumption of rescue analgesics, and adverse effects. Results: Sensory blockade was prolonged in Group M compared with Group F (215.58 ± 27.94 vs. 199.43 ± 19.77 min; p = 0.004), with no differences in other characteristics of the spinal block in intraoperative hemodynamics or APGAR score. The mean time to first request for rescue analgesia was longer in Group M (351.45 ± 11.05 min) than in Group F (268.83 ± 10.35 min; p = 0.000). The median total consumption of rescue analgesics in the first 24 hours postoperatively was 30 mg in Group M vs. 60 mg in Group F (p = 0.003). The median Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were lower in Group Ethan in Group F from the 8th to the 12th hour postoperatively, with no differences between the groups at other time points. The incidence of adverse effects was higher in Group F than in Group M. Conclusion: Intrathecal midazolam (2 mg) was superior to intrathecal fentanyl (25 μg) in increasing the duration of the sensory blockade and postoperative analgesia with lower postoperative pain scores and decreasing the incidence of adverse effects.

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Postoperative pain is one of the main negative symptoms resulting from surgery and the use of new methods to control this symptom is of ever-increasing relevance. Opioid-sparing strategies, such as multimodal analgesia, are trends in this scenario. Pregabalin is a well-established treatment for neuropathic pain; however, it is still controversial in the surgical context for postoperative analgesia. This study investigated the effect of pregabalin on postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. It is a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Female patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy were randomised to use pregabalin (group P1), 300 mg orally 2 h before surgery, or identical placebo pills (group P0). The main outcome includes the postoperative pain index by visual analogue scale (VAS) and McGill's pain questionnaire. Secondary outcomes include opioid consumption and the presence of adverse effects. A value of p < 0.05 was used to reject type I error. Fifty-five patients were randomised amongst the groups. Patients in group P1 had lower pain rates by VAS scale, both at rest and in active motion, than group P0. In McGill's questionnaire, patients from group P1 also had lower pain rates (12 × 28.5). There was approximately twice as much opioid consumption amongst patients in group P0. Regarding side effects, there was a difference between the two groups only for dizziness, being more incident in group P1. This study suggests that pregabalin is an important adjuvant drug in treating postoperative pain in patients with abdominal hysterectomy.

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Abstract Interscalene brachial plexus (ISB) block is considered the analgesic technique of choice for shoulder surgery. However, the hemidiaphragmatic paresis that may occur after the block has led to the search for an alternative to the ISB block. In this case report, the pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block was performed for both surgical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in two patients who underwent shoulder surgery. It is suggested that the PENG block can be safely applied for analgesia and can be part of surgical anesthesia, but alone is not sufficient for anesthesia. The block of this area did not cause motor block or pulmonary complications, nor result in muscle laxity, blocking only the shoulder and the upper third of the humerus. It was demonstrated that the PENG block may be safely applied for both partial anesthesia and analgesia in selected shoulder surgery cases.

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The United States' opioid epidemic has taken an immense toll over the past 2 decades when assessed by morbidities, mortalities, and economic costs. Prescription opioids are a substantial contribution to this public health emergency, and it is critical for health care providers to practice good analgesic stewardship. Interventions have effectively curtailed opioid overuse, including prescription drug monitoring programs, educational initiatives, and multimodal analgesia strategies. Surgeons, particularly hand surgeons or those who perform musculoskeletal procedures, have been implicated as high-volume opioid prescribers. Guidelines for appropriate opioid dosing and analgesic management strategies after common hand and upper-extremity surgeries are sparse and offer an area for meaningful improvement. We sought to generate comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations for postoperative analgesia regimens for common hand and upper-extremity procedures.

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BACKGROUND: Many adjuvants are added to prolong the effects of spinal analgesia. We investigated the postoperative analgesic efficacy of the addition of midazolam or fentanyl to intrathecal levobupivacaine in women undergoing cesarean delivery. METHODS: Eighty patients were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 40). Group M received 10 mg of 0.5% levobupivacaine plus 2 mg of midazolam. Group F received 10 mg of 0.5% levobupivacaine plus 25 µg of fentanyl. Assessments included motor and sensory block, APGAR score, time to first request for analgesia, postoperative pain score, total consumption of rescue analgesics, and adverse effects. RESULTS: Sensory blockade was prolonged in Group M compared with Group F (215.58 ± 27.94 vs. 199.43 ± 19.77 min; p = 0.004), with no differences in other characteristics of the spinal block in intraoperative hemodynamics or APGAR score. The mean time to first request for rescue analgesia was longer in Group M (351.45 ± 11.05 min) than in Group F (268.83 ± 10.35 min; p = 0.000). The median total consumption of rescue analgesics in the first 24 hours postoperatively was 30 mg in Group M vs. 60 mg in Group F (p = 0.003). The median Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were lower in Group Ethan in Group F from the 8th to the 12th hour postoperatively, with no differences between the groups at other time points. The incidence of adverse effects was higher in Group F than in Group M. CONCLUSION: Intrathecal midazolam (2 mg) was superior to intrathecal fentanyl (25 µg) in increasing the duration of the sensory blockade and postoperative analgesia with lower postoperative pain scores and decreasing the incidence of adverse effects.

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BACKGROUND: Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is a recently described block. In many reports, ESPB has been reported to provide effective postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing cesarean delivery (CD). Herein, we compared the effectiveness of ESPB and control group in postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing CD under spinal anesthesia. METHODS: This assessor-blinded, prospective, randomized, efficiency study was conducted in the postoperative recovery room and ward at a tertiary university hospital. Eighty-six patients ASA II-III were recruited. Following exclusion, 80 patients were randomized into two equal groups (block and control group). Standard multimodal analgesia was performed in the control group while ESPB block was performed in the intervention (ESPB) group. Opioid consumption was measured and pain intensity between groups was compared using Numeric Rating Scores (NRS). RESULTS: NRS was lower in Group ESPB at 3rd and 6th hours. There was no difference between NRS scores at other hours. Opioid consumption was lower in Group ESPB. CONCLUSION: When added to multimodal analgesia, bilateral ultrasound guided low thoracic ESPB leads to improve the quality of analgesia in the first 24 hours in patients undergoing CD.

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Interscalene brachial plexus (ISB) block is considered the analgesic technique of choice for shoulder surgery. However, the hemidiaphragmatic paresis that may occur after the block has led to the search for an alternative to the ISB block. In this case report, the pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block was performed for both surgical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in two patients who underwent shoulder surgery. It is suggested that the PENG block can be safely applied for analgesia and can be part of surgical anesthesia, but alone is not sufficient for anesthesia. The block of this area did not cause motor block or pulmonary complications, nor result in muscle laxity, blocking only the shoulder and the upper third of the humerus. It was demonstrated that the PENG block may be safely applied for both partial anesthesia and analgesia in selected shoulder surgery cases.

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During the last decades, there has been a significant growth in ambulatory surgeries. Literature, unfortunately, tells us that more than 75% of children have pain during the postoperative period, when they have been discharged, and 40% of these children have mild to severe pain. Caregivers turn to the surgeon, pediatrician or the clinic, places where usually there is no pain management specialist. Frequently, even when pain is evident, children get inadequate treatment. It is inadequate to say that children don't remember or don't respond to a painful experience at the same level as adults do. Many of the transmission and perception nerve tracts are developed in early life, being present and in function since week 24 of intrauterine gestation. The mistreated pain has immediate and long-term consequences. For clinicians, it is of utmost importance the knowledge of these consequences, summarizing, lifestyle deterioration, extended usage of (analgesics) painkillers and onset of persistent or chronic pain. Toddlers are not able to describe their pain or their subjective experience, due to this, the caregiver must learn how to eva- luate properly. This evaluation is intended for every pediatric patient who meets the criteria for an ambulatory surgery. The main objective is to highlight the importance of a safe and effective analgesic management. The most appropriate method to treat postoperative severe pain is multimodal, which involves nonpharmacological, pharmacological, and local anesthetic techniques. The patients' selection, the early anesthetic strategy planning and caregivers' education are the keys for success.

La cirugía ambulatoria ha aumentado de manera importante durante las últimas décadas. La literatura refiere que más del 75% de los niños tiene dolor en el período posoperatorio, cuando ya han sido dados de alta a sus casas, y de estos, el 40% tienen dolor moderado a severo[],[],[]. Los cuidadores recurren al cirujano o al pediatra de cabecera, donde no existe un especialista en manejo de dolor. La creencia obsoleta de que los niños no recuerdan o no responden a la experiencia dolorosa en el mismo grado que los adultos es inadecuada. Muchas de las vías nerviosas de la transmisión y percepción del dolor se desarrollan a temprana edad, estando presentes y funcionales desde las 24 semanas de gestación intrauterina. El dolor mal tratado tiene consecuencias inmediatas y a largo plazo como empeoramiento de la calidad de vida, uso prolongado de analgésicos y aparición de dolor persistente o crónico[],[]. Los niños en etapa preverbal no son capaces de describir su dolor o su experiencia subjetiva y debe ser el cuidador el que aprenda a evaluarlo de manera correcta. Esta revisión está orientada a todo paciente pediátrico que cumpla criterios de selección para ser sometido a una cirugía ambulatoria. El objetivo principal es resaltar la importancia del manejo analgésico efectivo y seguro. El manejo multimodal del dolor es la estrategia más adecuada involucrando técnicas no farmacológicas, farmacológicas y técnicas de anestesia regional[],[],[],[],[]. La selección de pacientes, planificación precoz de la estrategia analgesica y educación de los cuidadores son las claves para el éxito

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The use of two intravenous lidocaine infusion rates (2 and 3 mg/kg/h) is presented, seeking an effective dose for postoperative analgesia in schoolchildren operated on for unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective, comparative, randomized, double-blind study. Which included 32 school children scheduled for ASA I-II unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernia repair surgery. They were divided into 2 groups randomly, group 1 received 1% lidocaine 2 mg/kg/h and group 2 1% lidocaine 3 mg/kg/h. RESULTS: Both groups had a higher percentage of patients who reported a score < 3 according to ENS scales; The patients belonging to group 2 reported a lower percentage of patients who required additional analgesia with diclofenac and similar requirements for tramadol, with similar mean times for the first rescue dose; adverse effects were presented in a higher percentage in group 2 in 18.7%, with agitation being the most frequent adverse effect. CONCLUSION: Follow-up of patients undergoing unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernia repair who received the lidocaine infusion analgesia protocol shows adequate and effective pain control in the immediate postoperative period, with minimal adverse effects in addition to reducing the consumption of analgesics. rescue.

Se presenta el uso de dos tasas de infusión de lidocaína endovenosa (2 y 3 mg/kg/h), buscando una dosis eficaz para analgesia posoperatoria en escolares intervenidos de hernia inguinal uni o bilateral. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, comparativo, aleatorizado, doble ciego. Que incluyó a 32 escolares programados a cirugía de reparación de hernia inguinal unilateral o bilateral ASA I-II. Se dividieron en 2 grupos de forma aleatorizada, el grupo 1 recibió lidocaína 1% 2 mg/kg/h y el grupo 2 lidocaína al 1% 3 mg/kg/h. RESULTADOS: Ambos grupos tuvieron mayor porcentaje de pacientes que refirieron puntuación < 3 según escalas ENS; los pacientes pertenecientes al grupo 2 reportaron menor porcentaje de pacientes que requirieron analgesia adicional con diclofenac y requerimientos similares para tramadol, con tiempos promedios similares para primera dosis de rescate, los efectos adversos se presentaron en mayor porcentaje en el grupo 2 en 18,7%, siendo la agitación el efecto adverso más frecuente. CONCLUSIÓN: El seguimiento a los pacientes sometidos a reparación de hernia inguinal uni o bilateral que recibieron el protocolo de analgesia de infusión de lidocaína muestra un control adecuado y eficaz del dolor en el posoperatorio inmediato, con mínimos efectos adversos además de reducir el consumo de analgesicos de rescate.

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Abstract Introduction: The use of intravenous lidocaine infusion has increased over the past decade as part of a multimodal approach to analgesia in adults; however, information about its safety and tolerability in the pediatric population is limited. Methods: Acute pain management using lidocaine infusion in eleven patients treated in the pediatric intensive care unit. Results: Five cases of postoperative abdominal pain and six cases of non-operative abdominal pain. Two cases were cancer patients affected by neutropenic colitis. Analgesic control achieved was good. Conclusion: Lidocaine infusions are apparently a safe option for the management of acute pain, either post-operative or not, in the pediatric population.

Resumen Introducción: El uso de la infusión de lidocaína endovenosa ha aumentado en la última década como parte de un enfoque analgésico multimodal en los adultos; sin embargo, se dispone de información limitada sobre su seguridad y tolerabilidad en la población pediátrica. Métodos: Se presentan once casos de manejo de dolor agudo con lidocaína en infusión tratados en unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico. Resultados: Cinco casos fueron postoperatorio abdominal y seis casos tenían dolor abdominal no postoperatorio. Dos pacientes tenían cáncer y cursaban con colitis neutropénica. El control analgésico alcanzado fue bueno. Conclusión: Las infusiones de lidocaína parecen ser una opción segura para el manejo del dolor agudo ya sea posquirúrgico o no en la población pediátrica.

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Introducción: La videolaparascopía es un procedimiento frecuente en los servicios de urgencias de cirugía general. El dolor agudo después de estas intervenciones es de naturaleza compleja y requiere un tratamiento analgésico efectivo. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad del empleo de bupivacaína intraperitoneal en el alivio del dolor posoperatorio en la videolaparascopía de urgencia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo y analítico en 80 pacientes mayores de 18 años, anunciados para videolaparoscopía bajo anestesia general orotraqueal en el servicio de urgencias del HMC: Dr. Luis Díaz Soto, desde septiembre de 2016 hasta septiembre de 2018. Los pacientes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 40 cada uno. Al grupo 1 se aplicó lidocaína transdérmica preincisional en las incisiones de piel y, al término de la cirugía, se irrigaron ambos hemidiafragmas con bupivacaína al 0,25 por ciento. Al grupo 2 se le administró dosis preincisional de analgésicos endovenosos solamente. Resultados: Predominó significativamente el sexo femenino sin diferencia entre grupos. La analgesia posoperatoria fue mejor en el grupo 1 estadísticamente significativa a las 4, 8 y 12 horas. Los requerimientos de analgesia de rescate fueron menores en el grupo 1 (p=0,0024). No se reportaron efectos adversos. Conclusiones: La administración de lidocaína transdérmica preincisional y la instilación de bupivacaína intraperitoneal al final de la videolaparoscopía de urgencia, reduce significativamente el dolor en las primeras horas de posoperatorio. Su aplicación es sencilla, fácil y segura sin evidencias de efectos adversos(AU)

Introduction: Videolaparoscopy is a frequent general surgery procedure in emergency services. Acute pain after these interventions is complex in nature and requires effective analgesic treatment. Objective: To determine the usefulness of intraperitoneal bupivacaine in the relief of postoperative pain in emergency videolaparoscopy. Methods: A prospective, analytical and longitudinal study was carried out in eighty patients older than eighteen years old, announced for videolaparoscopy under orotracheal general anesthesia in the emergency department of Hospital Militar Central Dr. Luis Díaz Soto, from September 2016 to September 2018. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of forty individuals each. Group 1 was applied pre-incisional transdermal lidocaine on skin incisions and, at the end of surgery, both hemidiaphragms were irrigated with bupivacaine 0.25 percent. Group 2 received pre-incisional doses of intravenous analgesics only. Results: The female sex predominated significantly, without difference between the two groups. Postoperative analgesia was better in group 1, insofar it was statistically significant at four, eight and twelve hours. Rescue analgesia requirements were lower in group 1 (p=0.0024). No adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: The administration of pre-incisional transdermal lidocaine and the instillation of intraperitoneal bupivacaine at the end of emergency videolaparoscopy significantly reduces pain during the first hours after surgery. Its application is simple, easy and safe, without evidence of adverse effects(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) has emerged as an effective and feasible mode of providing analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Though a variety of local anaesthetic combinations are used for providing TPVB, literature is sparse on use of dexmedetomidine in TPVB. We aimed to compare levobupivacaine and levobupivacaine-dexmedetomidine combination in ultrasound guided TPVB in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODOLOGY: 70 ASA I/II patients, aged 18-60 years, scheduled to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia were enrolled and divided into two groups. Before anaesthesia induction, group A patients received unilateral right sided ultrasound guided TPVB with 15 ml 0.25% levobupivacaine plus 2 ml normal saline while group B patients received unilateral right sided ultrasound guided TPVB with 15 ml 0.25% levobupivacaine plus 2 ml solution containing dexmedetomidine 1 µg.kg-1. Patients were monitored for pain using Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at rest, on movement, coughing and comfort scores post surgery. Total analgesic consumption in first 48 hour postoperative period, time to first request analgesic and pain scores were recorded. RESULTS: Total amount of rescue analgesia (injection tramadol plus injection tramadol intravenous equivalent dose) consumed during 48 hours postoperatively in group A was 146.55 mg while in group B was 111.30 mg (p = 0.026). Mean time for demanding rescue analgesia was 273 minutes in group A while in group B was 340 minutes (p = 0.00). CONCLUSION: TPVB using dexmedetomidine 1 µg.kg-1 added to levobupivacaine 0.25% in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy significantly reduced total analgesic consumption in first 48 hours and provided longer duration of analgesia postoperatively compared to levobupivacaine 0.25% alone.

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BACKGROUND: The lateral sagittal brachial plexus block is the most used method for pediatric upper extremity surgery, whereas the applications of costoclavicular brachial plexus block are limited. This study aimed to compare the lateral sagittal and costoclavicular approaches for the ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block in pediatric patients. METHODS: Sixty pediatric patients aged 5-15 years undergoing hand or forearm surgery were randomly assigned to two groups. Group LS (n = 30) received ultrasound-guided lateral sagittal block, and Group CC (n = 30) received ultrasound-guided costoclavicular block. The block performing time, needling time, imaging time, needle visibility, number of passes, sensorial/motor block time, and postoperative pain scores were evaluated. RESULTS: The needling time (82.90 ± 28.17 seconds vs. 64.77 ± 28.11 seconds respectively, p = 0.004) and total block performance time (109.53 ± 29.75 seconds vs. 89.70 ± 29.98 seconds respectively, p = 0.005) were significantly longer in Group LS than in Group CC. However, there was no significant difference between the groups in imaging time, needle visibility, number of passes, sensorial/motor block time, and postoperative pain scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Costoclavicular and lateral sagittal brachial plexus blocks resulted in similar anesthetics effects. Moreover, the costoclavicular method can be a better alternative to lateral sagittal as it has a shorter block performance time.

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STUDY OBJECTIVE: Patients undergoing open nephrectomy surgery experience severe perioperative pain, which is primarily due to incision of several muscles. Abdominal wall blocks are known to reduce pain without causing epidural-associated hypotension. We conducted this study to compare unilateral ultrasound-guided transmuscular quadratus lumborum block and posterior transversus abdominis block in combination with general anesthesia alone in terms of intraoperative and postoperative analgesics and hemodynamics and postoperative complications. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial conducted in the operating room. This study included 48 patients aged 20-60 years, with ASA I and II, and a body mass index ≤ 30kg.m-2 who were scheduled for open nephrectomy procedure.The 48 patients scheduled for nephrectomy were randomly allocated into one of the following three groups after induction of general anesthesia: Group A (n=16) received USG transmuscular QLB; Group B (n=16) received unilateral USG posterior transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block; and Group C (n=16; control group) did not receive any blocks. Introperative fentanyl consumption, and hemodynamics (heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP)) were recorded after anesthesia induction, at surgical incision, and every 15min till the end of surgery. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was evaluated immediately at 30min and 1,2,4,6, and 12hours postoperatively. The time of first analgesic request was also recorded. RESULTS: Intraoperative fentanyl consumption (µg) was significantly lower in Groups A and B (164.69±27.35 and 190.31±44.48, respectively) than in Group C (347.50±63.64) (p<0.001). Postoperatively, total pethidine consumption was significantly lower in Groups A and B than in Group C (85.31±6.68, 84.06±4.17mg, and 152.19±43.43mg, respectively) (p<0.001. Time to rescue analgesia was longer in Groups A and B than in Group C (138.75±52.39min, 202.50±72.25min, and 37.50±13.42min, respectively) (p<0.001). VAS score was significantly lower in Groups A and B than in Group C at 30min and 1, 2, 4, and 6hours postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Transmuscular quadratus lumborum block and posterior transversus abdominis blocks were effective in providing perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing open nephrectomy. However, quadratus lumborum block provided superior analgesia.

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Resumen: Introducción: La analgesia preventiva es la administración de un fármaco o realización de una intervención capaz de inhibir o bloquear la respuesta dolorosa con la finalidad de prevenir el dolor asociado a un procedimiento quirúrgico. Objetivo: Identificar si existen diferencias en el control del dolor postoperatorio utilizando analgesia preventiva versus analgesia postoperatoria, manejado con paracetamol + ketorolaco en pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva. Material y métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado, comparativo, aleatorizado, longitudinal, unicéntrico, prospectivo, homodémico, doble ciego; con 70 pacientes divididos en dos grupos. En el grupo 1 que recibió analgesia preventiva se usó paracetamol + ketorolaco y en el grupo 2 se utilizó el mismo esquema de manera postquirúrgica inmediata. Se midió tensión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca, escala verbal numérica del dolor y presencia de efectos secundarios de los fármacos en distintos momentos. Prueba estadística T de Student con significancia estadística de p < 0.05. Resultados: A los 60 minutos la tensión arterial diastólica en el grupo 1 tuvo diferencia de medias -4.20 con p = 0.027 y la escala verbal numérica presentó diferencia de medias de -0.71 y p = 0.002. A las cuatro horas la tensión arterial diastólica mostró diferencia de medias de -3.5 y p = 0.033. Las náuseas se constataron en 2.9% para el grupo 1 y 8.6% para el grupo 2. Conclusiones: Existe una mejor respuesta al dolor en aquellos pacientes que reciben un esquema de analgesia preventiva en comparación a los que se les administra un esquema de analgesia postquirúrgica inmediata.

Abstract: Introduction: Preventive analgesia is the administration of a drug or performance of an intervention capable of inhibiting or blocking the painful response in order to prevent the pain associated with a surgical procedure. Objective: To identify whether there are differences in postoperative pain control using preventive analgesia versus postoperative analgesia, managed with paracetamol + ketorolac in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and methods: Controlled clinical trial, randomized, longitudinal, unicentric, prolective, homodemic, double blind; 70 patients divided into two groups. group 1 received preventive analgesia using paracetamol + ketorolac and group 2 same scheme in an immediate postsurgical manner. Bloodpressure, heartrate, numerical verbal scale of pain and presence of side effects of drugs at different times were measured. Student's t-test with statistical significance of p < 0.05. Results: At 60 minutes the diastolic blood pressure in group 1 had difference of means -4.20 with p = 0.027 and numerical verbal scale presented difference of means of -0.71 and p = 0.002. At four hours diastolic bloodpressure showed difference of means of -3.5 and p = 0.033. Nausea was reported in 2.9% for group 1 and 8.6% for group 2. Conclusions: There is a better response to pain in those patients who receive a preventive analgesia scheme compared to those who are administered an immediate post-surgical analgesia scheme.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative analgesic effect of protocols with and without the opioid methadone in dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion undergoing decompressive surgery. Sixteen paraplegic dogs with preserved nociception underwent hemilaminectomy/disc fenestration and were randomly assigned to two groups. The analgesic protocol consisted of methadone, meloxicam and dipyrone in Group I (G1), and meloxicam and dipyrone in Group II (G2). The animals were blindly assessed by two observers, using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF). Assessments occurred every 2 hours during first 24 hours post-surgery, and every 4 hours afterwards. There was no statistical difference among groups regarding pain scores or analgesic rescues. Both analgesic protocols provided analgesia in the initial 48 hours postoperatively, demonstrating that opioids are not necessary in the postoperative period of dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy and disc fenestration.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a analgesia pós-operatória de protocolos com e sem o opioide metadona em cães com extrusão de disco intervertebral submetidos à descompressão cirúrgica. Dezesseis cães paraplégicos com presença de nocicepção foram submetidos à hemilaminectomia/fenestração de disco e distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. No Grupo I (G1), o protocolo analgésico consistiu em metadona, meloxicam e dipirona e, no Grupo II (G2), por meloxicam e dipirona. Os pacientes foram avaliados de maneira cega por dois avaliadores, com base na escala visual analógica (EVA) e na escala simplificada composta de dor de Glasgow (CMPS-SF). As avaliações ocorreram a cada 2 horas durante as primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório e, por mais 24 horas, a cada 4 horas. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos avaliados em relação à escores de dor e nem a necessidade de resgate analgésico. Ambos os protocolos promoveram analgesia nas 48 horas iniciais de pós-operatório, demonstrando não haver a necessidade do uso de opioide em cães submetidos à hemilaminectomia e fenestração de disco.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative analgesic effect of protocols with and without the opioid methadone in dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion undergoing decompressive surgery. Sixteen paraplegic dogs with preserved nociception underwent hemilaminectomy/disc fenestration and were randomly assigned to two groups. The analgesic protocol consisted of methadone, meloxicam and dipyrone in Group I (G1), and meloxicam and dipyrone in Group II (G2). The animals were blindly assessed by two observers, using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF). Assessments occurred every 2 hours during first 24 hours post-surgery, and every 4 hours afterwards. There was no statistical difference among groups regarding pain scores or analgesic rescues. Both analgesic protocols provided analgesia in the initial 48 hours postoperatively, demonstrating that opioids are not necessary in the postoperative period of dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy and disc fenestration.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a analgesia pós-operatória de protocolos com e sem o opioide metadona em cães com extrusão de disco intervertebral submetidos à descompressão cirúrgica. Dezesseis cães paraplégicos com presença de nocicepção foram submetidos à hemilaminectomia/fenestração de disco e distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. No Grupo I (G1), o protocolo analgésico consistiu em metadona, meloxicam e dipirona e, no Grupo II (G2), por meloxicam e dipirona. Os pacientes foram avaliados de maneira cega por dois avaliadores, com base na escala visual analógica (EVA) e na escala simplificada composta de dor de Glasgow (CMPS-SF). As avaliações ocorreram a cada 2 horas durante as primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório e, por mais 24 horas, a cada 4 horas. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos avaliados em relação à escores de dor e nem a necessidade de resgate analgésico. Ambos os protocolos promoveram analgesia nas 48 horas iniciais de pós-operatório, demonstrando não haver a necessidade do uso de opioide em cães submetidos à hemilaminectomia e fenestração de disco.

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative analgesic effect of protocols with and without the opioid methadone in dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion undergoing decompressive surgery. Sixteen paraplegic dogs with preserved nociception underwent hemilaminectomy/disc fenestration and were randomly assigned to two groups. The analgesic protocol consisted of methadone, meloxicam and dipyrone in Group I (G1), and meloxicam and dipyrone in Group II (G2). The animals were blindly assessed by two observers, using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF). Assessments occurred every 2 hours during first 24 hours post-surgery, and every 4 hours afterwards. There was no statistical difference among groups regarding pain scores or analgesic rescues. Both analgesic protocols provided analgesia in the initial 48 hours postoperatively, demonstrating that opioids are not necessary in the postoperative period of dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy and disc fenestration.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a analgesia pós-operatória de protocolos com e sem o opioide metadona em cães com extrusão de disco intervertebral submetidos à descompressão cirúrgica. Dezesseis cães paraplégicos com presença de nocicepção foram submetidos à hemilaminectomia/fenestração de disco e distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. No Grupo I (G1), o protocolo analgésico consistiu em metadona, meloxicam e dipirona e, no Grupo II (G2), por meloxicam e dipirona. Os pacientes foram avaliados de maneira cega por dois avaliadores, com base na escala visual analógica (EVA) e na escala simplificada composta de dor de Glasgow (CMPS-SF). As avaliações ocorreram a cada 2 horas durante as primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório e, por mais 24 horas, a cada 4 horas. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos avaliados em relação à escores de dor e nem a necessidade de resgate analgésico. Ambos os protocolos promoveram analgesia nas 48 horas iniciais de pós-operatório, demonstrando não haver a necessidade do uso de opioide em cães submetidos à hemilaminectomia e fenestração de disco.(AU)

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RESUMO

Introducción: El dolor posterior a una intervención quirúrgica, es un síntoma frecuentemente observado, no cumple una función útil y el peligro de no tratarlo aumenta la morbilidad y mortalidad posoperatoria. Objetivo: Destacar la importancia de la analgesia multimodal en el control del dolor agudo posoperatorio. Métodos: Revisión en la literatura impresa tanto nacional como internacional, sobre la analgesia y la modalidad multimodal y además, se hizo búsqueda en Internet. En los artículos revisados se obtuvieron distintos aspectos clínicos de la analgesia multimodal y de sus protocolos. Resultados: En la actualidad para mitigar el dolor y alcanzar la máxima expresión en la analgesia posoperatoria se han desarrollado diferentes modalidades analgésicas, aunque de todas ellas solo ha alcanzado mayor grado de recomendación, la analgesia multimodal porque es capaz de conseguir con su efecto sinérgico y con pequeñas dosis, una mejor potencia para producir analgesia y menos efectos adversos. Consideraciones finales: La analgesia multimodal logra un control adecuado del dolor agudo posoperatorio, disminuye las complicaciones posoperatorias y la necesidad de analgesia de rescate, pero todo esto depende del protocolo de analgesia multimodal propuesto, la vía de administración de los fármacos elegidos, sus dosis y el cumplimiento de los intervalos de aplicación(AU)

Introduction: The pain after surgery is a frequently observed symptom, it is not a useful function and the danger of not treating it increases postoperative morbidity and mortality. Objective: To highlight the importance of multimodal analgesia in the control of acute postoperative pain. Methods: It was made a review in the printed literature both national and international on the multimodal analgesia, and in addition, a search in Internet. In the reviewed articles there were obtained different clinical aspects of multimodal analgesia and its protocolization. Results: Nowadays, in order to mitigate the pain and achieve the maximum expression in the postoperative analgesia, there have been developed different analgesic modalities, although of all of them it only has achieved a greater degree of recommendation, the multimodal analgesia because it is capable of achieving with its synergetic effect and with small doses, a better power to produce analgesia and fewer adverse effects. Conclusions: The multimodal analgesia achieved adequate control of acute postoperative pain, decreasing the inherent complications of this state and the need of rescue analgesia. All of the above depends on the proposed protocol of multimodal analgesia, the route of administration of the chosen drugs, their doses and the compliance of the application intervals(AU)

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