RESUMO
Growth traits are economically important characteristics for the genetic improvement of local cattle breeds. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide valuable information to enhance the understanding on the genetics of complex traits. The aim of this study was to perform a GWAS to identify genomic regions and genes associated to birth weight, weaning weight adjusted for 240 days, 16 months, and 24 months weight in Romosinuano (ROMO) and Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle. A single-step genomic-BLUP was implemented using 596 BON and 569 ROMO individuals that were genotyped with an Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip. There were 25 regions of interest identified on different chromosomes, with few of them simultaneously associated with two or more growth traits and some were common to both breeds. The gene mapping allowed to find 173 annotations on these regions, from which 49 represent potential candidate genes with known growth-related functions in cattle and other species. Among the regions that were associated with several growth traits, that at 24 - 27 MB of BTA14, has important candidate genes such as LYPLA1, XKR4, TMEM68 and PLAG1. Another region of interest at 0.40-0.77 Mb of BTA23 was identified in both breeds, containing KHDRBS2 as a potential candidate gene influencing body weight. Future studies targeting these regions could provide more knowledge to uncover the genetic architecture underlying growth traits in BON and ROMO cattle. The genomic regions and genes identified in this study could be used to improve the prediction of genetic merit for growth traits in these creole cattle breeds.
Assuntos
Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genoma , Humanos , Bovinos/genética , Animais , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/veterinária , Fenótipo , Genótipo , Desmame , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels at birth in postnatal growth at discharge and 12 mo of corrected age in preterm infants. METHODS: This prospective cohort included 63 preterm newborns born before 34 gestational weeks evaluated from birth until 12 mo of corrected age. The serum 25(OH)D levels in umbilical cord blood and from their mothers were evaluated at delivery. RESULTS: The mean 25(OH)D levels in preterm newborns were higher than maternal levels (24.8 ± 13.3 ng/mL versus 21 ± 10.2 ng/mL, P < 0.001) and showed a moderate correlation between (r = 0.548; P < 0.001). Considering the body mass index Z-score at 12 mo, 3 (10%), 25 (83%), and 2 (7%) of the preterm infants were thin, had normal body mass index, and were overweight, respectively. The 25(OH)D levels in the umbilical cord did not influence the anthropometric indicators at hospital discharge and 12 mo of corrected age. We observed improvement in all anthropometric indicators assessed over the months, and there was no difference between preterm infants with 25(OH)D levels >20 ng/mL and <20 ng/mL in the umbilical cord. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggested that the 25(OH)D serum levels in the umbilical cord did not influence postnatal growth from birth to the first year of life in preterm infants. There was a direct association between maternal and umbilical cord serum 25(OH)D levels.
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Deficiência de Vitamina D , Lactente , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Prospectivos , Vitamina D , Vitaminas , Sangue Fetal , Cordão UmbilicalRESUMO
In birds, the jaw musculature is a crucial adaptive feature involved in feeding. The morphological traits and postnatal growth patterns of jaw muscles constitute a useful proxy to interpret feeding function and ecology. This study aims to describe the jaw muscles of Rhea americana and explore their postnatal growth pattern. A total of 20 specimens of R. americana representing four ontogenetic stages were studied. Jaw muscles were described, weighed and their proportions with respect to body mass were calculated. Linear regression analysis was used to characterize ontogenetic scaling patterns. The morphological patterns of jaw muscles were characterized by their simplicity: bellies with few or no subdivisions and similar to those described for other flightless paleognathous birds. In all stages, the muscles pterygoideus lateralis, depressor mandibulae, and pseudotemporalis had the greatest mass values. The proportion of total jaw muscle mass decreased with age from 0.22% in 1-month-old chicks to 0.05% in adults. Linear regression analysis showed that all muscles scaled with negative allometry with respect to body mass. The progressive decrease of jaw muscle mass relative to body mass in adults could be related to the generation of less force, which is in accordance with the herbivorous diet of adults. In contrast, the diet of rhea chicks includes a large proportion of insects thus, this greater muscle proportion could be associated with the ability to generate more force, thus providing better abilities to grasp and hold more mobile prey.
Assuntos
Paleógnatas , Reiformes , Struthioniformes , Animais , Galinhas , Ciclo CelularRESUMO
This cohort study evaluated the nutritional supply in 78 very preterm newborns, with 20.5% developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This work aimed to evaluate the nutritional intake and the calorie/protein ratio received in the first 4 weeks of life. Anthropometric measures at birth and term age, the weight at each of the first 4 weeks of life, and the feeding practices were registered. The mean gestational age and birth weight were lower in those who developed BPD. At term age, head circumference and length Z-scores were significantly lower in newborns with BPD, who started enteral feeding and reached full diet later, staying longer in parenteral nutrition. The protein rate received by all newborns was similar, whether developing BPD or not, but those who developed BPD received significantly lower fluid volume and calorie rates after the second week. The daily calorie/protein ratio (30 kcal/1-g protein) was reached by 88.7% of the newborns who did not develop BPD in the third week, with those who developed BPD receiving less than this ratio until the second week, persisting in 56.3% of them on the fourth week.Conclusion: A calorie/protein ratio below that recommended for growth was found in preterm newborns who developed BPD, and providing nutrition for these newborns remains a challenge. What is Known: ⢠The importance of preterm newborn nutrition is well known. ⢠Early nutritional support may avoid severe BPD. What is New: ⢠Newborns who developed BPD received a calorie/protein ratio below that recommended for preterm newborns' growth during the first 2 weeks of life, lasting until the fourth week in most of these newborns.
Assuntos
Displasia Broncopulmonar , Displasia Broncopulmonar/prevenção & controle , Estudos de Coortes , Ingestão de Alimentos , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido PrematuroRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the fetal linear growth effects of maternal nutrition supplementation would be maintained through 6 months postnatal age. STUDY DESIGN: The Women First trial was a multicountry, individually randomized clinical trial that compared the impact of maternal nutrition supplementation initiated preconception (Arm 1) vs at â¼11 weeks of gestation (Arm 2), vs no supplement (Arm 3); the intervention was discontinued at delivery. Trial sites were in Democratic Republic of Congo, Guatemala, India, and Pakistan. Analysis includes 2421 infants born to 2408 randomized women. Primary outcome was the trajectory of length-for-age z scores (LAZ) by arm, based on assessments at birth and 1, 3, and 6 months. We fitted longitudinal models on growth from birth to 6 months using generalized estimating equations; maternal intervention effects were evaluated, adjusting for site and baseline maternal covariates. RESULTS: Linear growth for Arms 1 and 2 was statistically greater than for Arm 3 in 3 of the 4 countries, with average pairwise mean differences in LAZ of 0.25 (95% CI 0.15-0.35; P < .001) and 0.19 (95% CI 0.09-0.28; P < .001), respectively. Compared with Arm 3, average overall adjusted relative risks (95% CI) for stunting (LAZ <-2) were lower for Arms 1 and 2: 0.76 (0.66-0.87; P < .001) and 0.77 (0.67-0.88; P < .001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improved linear growth in early infancy observed for the 2 intervention arms supports the critical importance of maternal nutrition before conception and in the early phase of gestation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01883193.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Crescimento , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Cuidado Pré-Concepcional , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We measured percent body fat by air-displacement plethysmography in 86 infants born at <32 weeks of gestation randomized to receive either high-volume (180-200 mL/kg/day) or usual volume feeding (140-160 mL/kg/day). High-volume feeding increased percent body fat by ≤2% at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (within a predefined range of equivalence). TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClincialTrials.gov: NCT02377050.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/anatomia & histologia , Fórmulas Infantis , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Pletismografia , Nascimento PrematuroRESUMO
Twin-bearing pregnancies of sheep reared in harsh environmental conditions result in maternal undernutrition and feto-maternal oxidative stress, leading to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). We assessed the efficiency of supplementation with antioxidant herbal vitamins C and E alone or in combination with concentrate throughout gestation on pregnancy outcomes, pre-weaning growth, and survival of twin lambs from grazing ewes at the Magellan Steppe. Four groups (n = 30 each) of twin-bearing ewes received a base natural prairie (P) diet, supplemented with either herbal vitamins C 500 mg and E 350 IU per day (V) or concentrated food (S); groups were: P, P + V, P + S, and P + VS. Vitamins and concentrate were supplemented until parturition. At birth, lambs were weighed, and blood was drawn for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) evaluation. Lamb body weight (BW) and survival rate were evaluated at mid-lactation (60 days) and at weaning (120 days). Vitamin supplementation resulted in increased lamb birth weight and TAC, with a trend towards higher BW at weaning, while nutritional supplementation only had a positive effect on birth weight. Lamb survival was higher in both vitamin supplemented groups. In conclusion, supplementation with herbal vitamins C and E alone or in combination with concentrate food during pregnancy may constitute a good nutritional strategy for sheep reared in harsh environmental conditions.
RESUMO
Knowledge of the ontogenetic pattern of morphological features is essential to improve biological interpretations. The study of morphological features of the pelvic girdle and hind limb apparatus throughout growth is an excellent approach to understand how the skeletal morphology and muscles are interrelated during growth in a bird with a specialized mode of locomotion. The Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) is a large cursorial palaeognathous bird with long legs and powerful musculature. The postnatal shape changes of the pelvis of this bird were studied with geometric morphometric techniques, using landmarks and semilandmarks. In addition, regression analyses were used to explore the association between pelvic shape changes with muscle and body mass. The pelvises of 16 specimens of Rhea americana from 1 month old to adulthood were studied in dorsal and lateral views. Noticeable differences in pelvic shape were noted between ages, particularly in lateral view. In young birds, the pre- and post-acetabular ilium was subequal in length, whereas in adults the pre-acetabular ilium became shorter. In dorsal view, the main shape changes observed were the progressive thinning of both ilium portions and the elongation of the vertex craniolateralis ilii from chicks to adulthood. In this view, the only clear differentiation was between young and adult birds. Shape differences were influenced by body mass and pelvic muscles; the post-acetabular muscle mass explained the highest percentage of the variation. The specialized locomotion of Greater Rhea is reflected in their pelvic musculoskeletal system, in which the change to a longer post-acetabular ilium correlates with the growth of the powerful post-acetabular muscles. The actions of these muscles provide the necessary strength to support the body mass, minimize the body swinging movements and propel the body forward during locomotion. Bone morphology is affected by the forces produced by body mass and the muscle activity, demonstrating the presence of common growth mechanisms, which are primordial and gave rise to a functional and properly proportioned adult.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Membro Posterior/anatomia & histologia , Locomoção/fisiologia , Pelve/anatomia & histologia , Corrida/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Membro Posterior/fisiologia , Masculino , Pelve/fisiologia , ReiformesRESUMO
Objective: Insulin like growth factors-1 (IGF-1) is essential for normal in utero and postnatal human growth. It mediates its effects through the IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R), a widely expressed cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor. The aim of the study was to analyze pre- and post-natal growth, clinical features and laboratory findings in a small for gestational age (SGA) girl in whom discordant postnatal growth persisted and her appropriate for gestational age (AGA) brother. Methods: A girl born with a low weight and length [-2.3 and -2.4 standard deviation (SD) score (SDS), respectively] but borderline low head circumference (-1.6 SD) presented with a height of -1.7 SDS, in contrast to a normal height twin brother (0.0 SDS). IGF-1 resistance was suspected because of elevated serum IGF-1 levels. Results: Sequencing revealed the presence of a previously described pathogenic heterozygous mutation (p.Glu1050Lys) in the SGA girl which was not present in the parents nor in the AGA twin brother. Conclusion: The pathogenic IGF1R mutation in this girl led to intrauterine growth retardation followed by partial postnatal catch-up growth. Height in mid-childhood was in the lower half of the reference range, but still 1.7 SD shorter than her twin brother.
Assuntos
Insuficiência de Crescimento/patologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/patologia , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mutação , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/genética , Estatura , Insuficiência de Crescimento/sangue , Insuficiência de Crescimento/genética , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/sangue , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/genética , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional/sangue , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/análise , Masculino , Prognóstico , Gêmeos DizigóticosRESUMO
AIM: Evaluation of early growth in preterm infants receiving kinesthetic stimulation with massage in Kangaroo position or in incubator. METHODS: A cohort of 66 infants between 30 and 33 weeks of gestational age (GA), born at a university hospital in 2013 in Bogota, were randomised when eligible to intervention. We measured weight gain (g/kg/day) at five days and 15 days postrandomisation and weight at 40 weeks, according to chronological age at randomisation. RESULTS: Daily weight gain was significantly higher (p = 0.02) with kinesthetic stimulation in Kangaroo position with a growth at five days of 11.0 g/kg/day (95% CI 5.7;16.3) and at 15 days of 12.1 g/kg/day (95% CI 10.4;13.7) versus 2.1 g/kg/day (95% CI -3.1;7.4) at five days and 9.4 g/kg/day (95% CI 7.7;11.1) at 15 days in incubator. Weight at 40 weeks was higher (p = 0.05) in Kangaroo position group (2.904 g) than in incubator group (2.722 g) (95% CI 2.784;3.007). Daily weight gain according to chronological age at randomisation was higher when kinesthetic stimulation initiates before five days of life in Kangaroo position with 1.53 g/kg/day (95% CI 5.9;9.0) versus -11.9 g/kg/day (95% CI -19.0;-4.8) in incubator. CONCLUSION: Early kinesthetic stimulation in Kangaroo position reduces the initial weight loss in infants between 30-33 weeks born without major health problems.
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido Prematuro/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Método Canguru/estatística & dados numéricos , Massagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between catch-up growth of full-term, small for gestational age (SGA) children and their neurobehavioral development. STUDY DESIGN: Data were obtained from a population-based nationwide Japanese longitudinal survey that started in 2001. Study participants were full-term children with information on height at 2 years of age (n = 32 533). Catch-up growth for SGA infants was defined as achieving a height at 2 years of age of more than -2.0 standard deviations for chronological age. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for the associations of SGA and catch-up growth status with neurobehavioral development at 2.5 and 8 years of age, adjusting for potential infant- and parent-related confounding factors. RESULTS: Fifteen percent of term SGA infants failed to catch up in height. At 2.5 years of age, SGA children without catch-up growth were more likely to be unable to climb stairs (OR, 10.42; 95% CI, 5.55-19.56) and unable to compose a 2-word sentence (OR, 3.58; 95% CI, 1.81-7.08) compared with children with normal growth at birth. Furthermore, SGA children without catch-up growth were at increased risk for aggressive behaviors (OR, 3.85; 95% CI, 1.19-12.47) at 8 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous follow-up for full-term SGA infants with failure of catch-up growth or poor postnatal growth may be beneficial for early detection and intervention for behavioral problems.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/etiologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/etiologia , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Agressão , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/diagnóstico , Pré-Escolar , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Japão , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Longitudinais , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends that human growth should be monitored with the use of international standards. However, in obstetric practice, we continue to monitor fetal growth using numerous local charts or equations that are based on different populations for each body structure. Consistent with World Health Organization recommendations, the INTERGROWTH-21st Project has produced the first set of international standards to date pregnancies; to monitor fetal growth, estimated fetal weight, Doppler measures, and brain structures; to measure uterine growth, maternal nutrition, newborn infant size, and body composition; and to assess the postnatal growth of preterm babies. All these standards are based on the same healthy pregnancy cohort. Recognizing the importance of demonstrating that, postnatally, this cohort still adhered to the World Health Organization prescriptive approach, we followed their growth and development to the key milestone of 2 years of age. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the babies in the INTERGROWTH-21st Project maintained optimal growth and development in childhood. STUDY DESIGN: In the Infant Follow-up Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project, we evaluated postnatal growth, nutrition, morbidity, and motor development up to 2 years of age in the children who contributed data to the construction of the international fetal growth, newborn infant size and body composition at birth, and preterm postnatal growth standards. Clinical care, feeding practices, anthropometric measures, and assessment of morbidity were standardized across study sites and documented at 1 and 2 years of age. Weight, length, and head circumference age- and sex-specific z-scores and percentiles and motor development milestones were estimated with the use of the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards and World Health Organization milestone distributions, respectively. For the preterm infants, corrected age was used. Variance components analysis was used to estimate the percentage variability among individuals within a study site compared with that among study sites. RESULTS: There were 3711 eligible singleton live births; 3042 children (82%) were evaluated at 2 years of age. There were no substantive differences between the included group and the lost-to-follow up group. Infant mortality rate was 3 per 1000; neonatal mortality rate was 1.6 per 1000. At the 2-year visit, the children included in the INTERGROWTH-21st Fetal Growth Standards were at the 49th percentile for length, 50th percentile for head circumference, and 58th percentile for weight of the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards. Similar results were seen for the preterm subgroup that was included in the INTERGROWTH-21st Preterm Postnatal Growth Standards. The cohort overlapped between the 3rd and 97th percentiles of the World Health Organization motor development milestones. We estimated that the variance among study sites explains only 5.5% of the total variability in the length of the children between birth and 2 years of age, although the variance among individuals within a study site explains 42.9% (ie, 8 times the amount explained by the variation among sites). An increase of 8.9 cm in adult height over mean parental height is estimated to occur in the cohort from low-middle income countries, provided that children continue to have adequate health, environmental, and nutritional conditions. CONCLUSION: The cohort enrolled in the INTERGROWTH-21st standards remained healthy with adequate growth and motor development up to 2 years of age, which supports its appropriateness for the construction of international fetal and preterm postnatal growth standards.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Gráficos de Crescimento , Nível de Saúde , Destreza Motora , Estado Nutricional , Brasil , Cefalometria , China , Feminino , Humanos , Índia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Itália , Quênia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Omã , Gravidez , Reino Unido , Estados Unidos , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
PURPOSE: Zinc restriction during fetal and postnatal development could program cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of zinc restriction during fetal life, lactation, and/or post-weaning growth on cardiac inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide system of male and female adult rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were fed a low- or a control zinc diet during pregnancy and up to weaning. Afterward, offspring were fed either a low- or a control zinc diet until 81 days of life. IL-6 and TNF-α levels, TUNEL assay, TGF-ß1 expression, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances that determine lipoperoxidation damage, NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide anion production, antioxidant and nitric oxide synthase activity, mRNA and protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and serine1177 phosphorylation isoform were determined in left ventricle. RESULTS: Zinc deficiency activated apoptotic and inflammatory processes and decreased TGF-ß1 expression and nitric oxide synthase activity in cardiac tissue of both sexes. Male zinc-deficient rats showed no changes in endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, but a lower serine1177 phosphorylation. Zinc deficiency induced an increase in antioxidant enzymes activity and no differences in lipoperoxidation products levels in males. Females were less sensitive to this deficiency exhibiting lower increase in apoptosis, lower decrease in expression of TGF-ß1, and higher antioxidant and nitric oxide enzymes activities. A zinc-adequate diet during postnatal life reversed most of these mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Prenatal and postnatal zinc deficiency induces alterations in cardiac apoptotic, inflammatory, oxidative, and nitric oxide pathways that could predispose the onset of cardiovascular diseases in adult life.
Assuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Lactação , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Miocardite/etiologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Zinco/deficiência , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Vasos Coronários/imunologia , Vasos Coronários/metabolismo , Vasos Coronários/patologia , Vasos Coronários/fisiopatologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/imunologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/patologia , Endotélio Vascular/imunologia , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/patologia , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Mediadores da Inflamação/sangue , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Masculino , Miométrio/imunologia , Miométrio/metabolismo , Miométrio/patologia , Miométrio/fisiopatologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Gravidez , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Wistar , DesmameRESUMO
Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the regulation of the Growth Hormone- Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (GH-IGF1) axis and in processes for controlling long bone growth, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Improvement of methodologies that allow for the assessment of epigenetic regulation have contributed enormously to the understanding of GH action, but many questions still remain to be clarified. The reversible nature of epigenetic factors and, particularly, their role as mediators between the genome and the environment, make them viable therapeutic target candidates. Rather than reviewing the molecular and epigenetic pathways regulated by GH action, in this review we have focused on the use of epigenetic modulators as potential drugs to improve the GH response. We first discuss recent progress in the understanding of intracellular molecular mechanisms controlling GH and IGF-I action. We then emphasize current advances in genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression, and which support a key role for epigenetic regulation in the cascade of intracellular events that trigger GH action when coupled to its receptor. Thirdly, we focus on fetal programming and epigenetic regulation at the IGF1 locus. We then discuss epigenetic alterations in intrauterine growth retardation, and the possibility for a potential epigenetic pharmaceutical approach in short stature associated with this fetal condition. Lastly, we review an example of epigenetic therapeutics in the context of growth-related epigenetic deregulation disorders. The advance of our understanding of epigenetic changes and the impact they are having on new forms of therapy creates exciting prospects for the future.
Assuntos
Epigênese Genética/genética , Hormônio do Crescimento/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/genética , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/metabolismo , Hormônio do Crescimento/genética , Humanos , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/genética , GravidezRESUMO
Summary Background: a series of events take place in a precise spatial and temporal context during the development of any organism. Typically, certain ontogenetic processes are consistent with the proper completion of previous events. Objective: to identify possible heterochronic events that may relate to altricial and precocious development patterns. Methods: we analyzed the ontogeny of three species of birds with two different development models: Columba livia (semialtricial 2), Coturnix coturnix, and Gallus gallus domesticus (precocial 2). The starts and endings of thirteen morphological events were compared, from hour 16 of incubation to the time of hatching. Results: while no differences in the sequence of developmental events were found, the events of the maturation stage in the altricial kind started earlier compared to the precocial species. Ontogenetic acceleration events in C. livia and C. coturnix explain how these species reach a level of morphological development similar to that of G. gallus domesticus, but with shorter incubation period. Conclusion: the results provide information not considered in the literature of the specialty about heterochronic events in early developmental stages of poultry.
Resumen Antecedentes: durante el desarrollo de cualquier organismo, tienen lugar una serie de eventos en un contexto espacial y temporal preciso. Comúnmente, ciertos procesos ontogenéticos son congruentes con la adecuada culminación de eventos previos. Objetivo: identificar posibles eventos heterocrónicos que pueden relacionarse con los patrones de desarrollo altriciales y precoces. Métodos: se analizó la ontogenia de tres especies de aves con dos modelos de desarrollo diferentes: Columba livia (semialtricial 2), Coturnix coturnix y Gallus gallus domesticus (precocial 2). Se comparó el inicio y la finalización de trece eventos morfogenéticos, desde las 16 h de incubación hasta el momento de la eclosión. Resultados: si bien no se observaron diferencias en la secuencia de eventos del desarrollo, en la especie altricial los eventos de maduración se iniciaron antes que en las especies precoces. La aceleración de eventos ontogenéticos en C. livia y C. coturnix explicaría cómo estas especies alcanzan un grado de desarrollo morfológico semejante al de G. gallus domesticus pero en un periodo de incubación menor. Conclusión: los resultados de este trabajo aportan información sobre eventos heterocrónicos en las etapas temprana del desarrollo de las aves, no consideradas en la literatura de la especialidad.
Resumo Antecedentes: durante o desenvolvimento de qualquer organismo ocorrem uma série de eventos num contexto espacial e temporal preciso. Comumente, certos processos ontogênicos são consistentes com a conclusão correta de eventos anteriores. Objetivo: identificar possíveis eventos heterocrônicos que podem estar relacionados a padrões de desenvolvimento altriciais e precoces. Métodos: Foi analisada a ontogenia de três espécies de aves com dois modelos diferentes de desenvolvimento: Columba livia (semialtricial 2), Coturnix coturnix e Gallus gallus domesticus (precoce 2). Foram comparados o início e o fim de treze eventos morfogenéticos, a partir das 16 h de incubação até a eclosão. Resultados: embora não foram observadas diferenças na sequência de eventos do desenvolvimento, na espécie altricial os eventos de maturação iniciaram-se mais cedo do que nas espécies precoces. A aceleração de eventos ontogênicos em C. coturnix C. livia pode explicar como essas espécies atingem um grau de desenvolvimento morfológico semelhante ao G. gallus domesticus em um período de incubação mais curto. Conclusão: os resultados deste estudo fornecem informação sobre eventos heterocrônicos nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento das aves, não são considerados na literatura da especialidade.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of birth size and weight gain during 4 early-life age intervals with midchildhood adiposity and metabolic profile and to evaluate for an interaction between birth size and early-life weight gain. STUDY DESIGN: Using data from 963 participants of Project Viva, a US prebirth cohort, we used multivariable linear regression to examine relations of birth size (tertiles of birthweight-for-gestational-age z-score) and weight gain (body mass index z-score [BMIZ] change) during 4 age intervals (birth-6 months, 6 months-1 year, 1-2 years, 2-3 years) with body composition and metabolic biomarkers during midchildhood (6.6-10.7 years). RESULTS: After accounting for confounders and previous growth, greater BMIZ change during all 4 age intervals corresponded with higher midchildhood adiposity, with larger effect sizes for later (1-2 years and 2-3 years) vs earlier (birth-6 months and 6 months-1 year) time frames. We observed effect modification by birth size for the birth-6 months and 6 months-1 year intervals. Greater birth-6 months BMIZ change was associated with higher overall adiposity (0.40 [95% CI 0.29, 0.51] kg dual x-ray absorptiometry total fat mass per z-score) among children in the highest birth size tertile. Similar associations were observed for central adiposity. Each increment in 6 months-1 year BMIZ change corresponded with 0.55 (0.05, 1.05) units higher homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and 2.68 (0.96, 4.40) ng/mL higher leptin among the smallest infants. CONCLUSIONS: BMIZ gain after 1 year is associated with greater midchildhood adiposity regardless of birth size, whereas the long-term influence of weight gain during the first postnatal year may depend on size at birth. Future studies are warranted to validate findings and examine relations with conventional birth size cut-offs.
Assuntos
Adiposidade , Peso ao Nascer , Resistência à Insulina , Leptina/sangue , Aumento de Peso , Absorciometria de Fóton , Biomarcadores/sangue , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Análise MultivariadaRESUMO
PURPOSE: During the postnatal stage, cardiovascular nitric oxide (NO) system and caveolins (cav) may be regulated differentially in response to hypovolemic state induced by water restriction. Our aim was to examine the effects of water restriction on NO synthases (NOS) and cav in the atria, ventricle and aorta of growing rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 25 and 50 days were divided into (n = 15): WR: water restriction 3 days; WAL: water ad libitum 3 days. Systolic blood pressure, NOS activity and NOS/cav protein levels were measured. RESULTS: Dehydration induced a larger increase in SBP in WR25 group. Ventricular NOS activity, endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal isoform (nNOS) of WR25 pups were increased, and both cav were decreased. In the WR50 group, NOS activity remained unchanged. In the atria, NOS activity, eNOS and nNOS decreased in WR25 associated with increased cav-1; in the WR50 group, NOS activity was increased without changes in NOS isoforms. In the aorta of WR25, NOS activity and inducible NOS (iNOS) were decreased; NOS activity was unchanged in WR50, despite the decreased levels of eNOS and increased iNOS, cav-1 and cav-3. CONCLUSIONS: NO system adjustments in cardiovascular system under osmotic stress in vivo depend on postnatal age, being eNOS and nNOS, the isoforms that determine NOS activity in cardiac tissue in 25-day-old pups. Changes in cav abundance during hypovolemic state may contribute to age-related NO production.
Assuntos
Sistema Cardiovascular/metabolismo , Caveolina 1/metabolismo , Caveolina 3/metabolismo , Desidratação , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea , Caveolina 1/genética , Caveolina 3/genética , Endotélio/metabolismo , Átrios do Coração/metabolismo , Ventrículos do Coração/metabolismo , Hemodinâmica , Hipovolemia/metabolismo , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo I/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Pressão Osmótica , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido TiobarbitúricoRESUMO
OBJETIVO: identificar la asociación entre factores prenatales y relacionados con el primer año de vida y su influencia en el sobrepeso corporal de edades ulteriores. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, analítico, de casos y controles en el municipio Bayamo con 200 escolares con sobrepeso corporal y 200 niños normales de 6-11 años de edad, de la misma zona de residencia, nacidos de madres con similar edad gestacional de 37-42 semanas, homogéneos en edad y sexo y con historia de no afecciones de salud. En el análisis estadístico se estimó el riesgo asociado como Odd Ratio. RESULTADOS: se mostró una fuerte asociación entre el sobrepeso corporal en la edad escolar y la ganancia de peso excesiva en los primeros 4 meses de vida, bajo peso, reducida longitud supina y circunferencia cefálica en el momento del nacimiento y hábito de fumar, insuficiente ganancia de peso corporal, bajo IMC y enfermedades de la madre durante el embarazo. CONCLUSIONES: estos factores deben ser considerados en la prevención de la obesidad infantil. La ganancia de peso acelerada en los primeros meses de vida de niños nacidos con afectación del crecimiento fetal debe ser prevenida.
OBJECTIVE: describe the relationship between prenatal factors and those occurring during the first year of life, and determine their influence on overweight in later stages. METHODS: an analytical observational retrospective case-control study was conducted in the municipality of Bayamo with 200 overweight school-age children and 200 normal children aged 6-11 years from the same area of residence, born to mothers with similar gestational age of 37-42 weeks, homogeneous as to age and sex, and with a history of good health. The statistical analysis included estimation of the associated risk as odd ratio. RESULTS: a strong association was found between overweight at school age and the following factors: excessive weight gain during the first 4 months of life, low weight, reduced supine length and head circumference at birth, smoking, insufficient weight gain, low BMI and maternal diseases during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: these factors should be borne in mind in the prevention of child obesity. Rapid weight gain during the first months of life should be prevented among children born with fetal growth disorders.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Obesidade Infantil/prevenção & controle , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudo Observacional , Consentimento Livre e EsclarecidoRESUMO
Introducción. Los estándares para evaluar el crecimiento en los prematuros se han utilizado como referencia desde el año 1986. La introducción de las curvas OMS en la Argentina podría incrementar la detección de los niños con crecimiento subóptimo. Objetivo. Comparar la proporción de retraso del crecimiento en peso, longitud corporal y perímetro cefálico en prematuros con peso al nacer menor de 1500 g (RNMBPN) evaluados por las curvas OMS y las curvas SAP. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio de cohorte en RNMBPN. Se incluyeron las mediciones de peso, longitud corporal y perímetro cefálico, realizadas a las 40, 53, 66, 79 y 92 semanas posmenstruales (± 1 semana). Se registró como variable independiente el sexo para ambas curvas (OMS y SAP). Se analizaron las medias del puntaje Z para ambas curvas mediante la prueba de Student y la diferencia de proporciones mediante la prueba de la χ² (OR; IC 95%). Resultados. Ingresaron 204 niños. Las variables antropométricas al nacer divididas por sexo no mostraron diferencias. El peso y la longitud mostraron una apreciación mayor del crecimiento por las curvas SAP vs. OMS, más en los varones que en las mujeres, y se atenuaron al año de edad. La estatura evaluada por OMS presentó retraso en ambos sexos. La circunferencia craneal no arrojó diferencias. Se encontró una mayor proporción de pacientes con peso por debajo de 2 desviaciones estándar a los 3 meses de edad según OMS (p < 0,01; OR 0,36; IC 95% 0,15 a 0,78), no así para la longitud y el perímetro cefálico. Conclusiones. Este estudio permite sugerir que el cambio de estándar no implicaría una modificación significativa a nuestras prácticas de seguimiento durante el primer año de edad.
Introduction. The WHO standards have been used as a gold standard for growth assessment in preterm infants since 1986. The introduction of the WHO standards in Argentina could improve detection of sub-optimal growth. Objective. To compare the proportion of growth retardation in terms of weight, body height and head circumference in preterm infants with a birth weight less than 1500 g (VLBW) assessed according to the WHO standards and the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría (SAP) standards. Population and methods. Cohort study in VLBW newborn infants. Measurements included were weight, height and head circumferences measured at 40, 53, 66, 79 and 92 postmenstrual weeks (±1 week). Sex was recorded as an independent outcome measure for both standards (WHO and SAP). Mean Z scores were analyzed for both standards using Student's test, and the difference of proportions was assessed using the c2 test (OR; 95% CI). Results. Two hundred and four infants were included. No differences were observed in anthropometric outcome measures at birth by sex. A greater growth was seen in terms of weight and height as per the SAP standards compared to the WHO standards, which was more marked in male infants than female infants, and which diminished around their first year of life. Growth retardation in terms of height was observed in both males and females assessed with the WHO standards. No differences were observed in head circumference. A higher proportion of patients with a weight below 2 standard deviations at 3 months old was found as per the WHO (p < 0.01; OR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.150.78), but that was not the case with height and head circumference. Conclusions. This study allows to suggest that changing the standards does not imply a significant modification in our follow-up practice over the first year of life of an infant.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Alta do Paciente , Argentina , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Cefalometria , Estudos de Coortes , Gráficos de Crescimento , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Introducción. Los estándares para evaluar el crecimiento en los prematuros se han utilizado como referencia desde el año 1986. La introducción de las curvas OMS en la Argentina podría incrementar la detección de los niños con crecimiento subóptimo. Objetivo. Comparar la proporción de retraso del crecimiento en peso, longitud corporal y perímetro cefálico en prematuros con peso al nacer menor de 1500 g (RNMBPN) evaluados por las curvas OMS y las curvas SAP. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio de cohorte en RNMBPN. Se incluyeron las mediciones de peso, longitud corporal y perímetro cefálico, realizadas a las 40, 53, 66, 79 y 92 semanas posmenstruales (± 1 semana). Se registró como variable independiente el sexo para ambas curvas (OMS y SAP). Se analizaron las medias del puntaje Z para ambas curvas mediante la prueba de Student y la diferencia de proporciones mediante la prueba de la χ² (OR; IC 95%). Resultados. Ingresaron 204 niños. Las variables antropométricas al nacer divididas por sexo no mostraron diferencias. El peso y la longitud mostraron una apreciación mayor del crecimiento por las curvas SAP vs. OMS, más en los varones que en las mujeres, y se atenuaron al año de edad. La estatura evaluada por OMS presentó retraso en ambos sexos. La circunferencia craneal no arrojó diferencias. Se encontró una mayor proporción de pacientes con peso por debajo de 2 desviaciones estándar a los 3 meses de edad según OMS (p < 0,01; OR 0,36; IC 95% 0,15 a 0,78), no así para la longitud y el perímetro cefálico. Conclusiones. Este estudio permite sugerir que el cambio de estándar no implicaría una modificación significativa a nuestras prácticas de seguimiento durante el primer año de edad.(AU)
Introduction. The WHO standards have been used as a gold standard for growth assessment in preterm infants since 1986. The introduction of the WHO standards in Argentina could improve detection of sub-optimal growth. Objective. To compare the proportion of growth retardation in terms of weight, body height and head circumference in preterm infants with a birth weight less than 1500 g (VLBW) assessed according to the WHO standards and the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría (SAP) standards. Population and methods. Cohort study in VLBW newborn infants. Measurements included were weight, height and head circumferences measured at 40, 53, 66, 79 and 92 postmenstrual weeks (±1 week). Sex was recorded as an independent outcome measure for both standards (WHO and SAP). Mean Z scores were analyzed for both standards using Students test, and the difference of proportions was assessed using the c2 test (OR; 95% CI). Results. Two hundred and four infants were included. No differences were observed in anthropometric outcome measures at birth by sex. A greater growth was seen in terms of weight and height as per the SAP standards compared to the WHO standards, which was more marked in male infants than female infants, and which diminished around their first year of life. Growth retardation in terms of height was observed in both males and females assessed with the WHO standards. No differences were observed in head circumference. A higher proportion of patients with a weight below 2 standard deviations at 3 months old was found as per the WHO (p < 0.01; OR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.150.78), but that was not the case with height and head circumference. Conclusions. This study allows to suggest that changing the standards does not imply a significant modification in our follow-up practice over the first year of life of an infant.(AU)