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The definition of quaternary prevention as the set of interventions that avoids or mitigates the consequences of unnecessary or excessive activity of medical interventionism and the health system. The definition of a new disease is a complex process that involves the identification, characterization and description of a medical condition that has not been previously recognized or documented. Since mid-2020, the term chronic COVID/long COVID has been used to describe the presence of signs and symptoms after an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, with multiple terminologies and definitions in international literature. Post-infectious syndromes, myalgia encephalomyelitis and fibromyalgia, are some of the diseases that have similarities with chronic COVID. This article presents an analysis relating the concepts of new disease and quaternary prevention with chronic COVID and other diseases described in the literature.
Se define prevención cuaternaria como el conjunto de intervenciones que evita o atenúa las consecuencias de la actividad innecesaria o excesiva del intervencionismo médico y del sistema sanitario. La definición de una nueva enfermedad es un proceso complejo que involucra la identificación, caracterización y descripción de un cuadro clínico que no ha sido previamente reconocida o documentada. Desde mediados del año 2020 se utiliza el término COVID crónico/long COVID para describir la presencia de signos y síntomas luego de una infección aguda por SARS-CoV-2, con múltiples terminologías y definiciones en la literatura internacional. Los síndromes posinfecciosos, la encefalomielitis mialgia y la fibromialgia, son algunas de las enfermedades que tienen similitudes con el COVID crónico. En este artículo se presenta un análisis relacionando los conceptos de nueva enfermedad y prevención cuaternaria con el COVID crónico y otras enfermedades descritas en la literatura.
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COVID-19 , Síndrome de COVID-19 Pós-Aguda , Humanos , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2 , Doença Crônica , FibromialgiaRESUMO
Infectious diseases have consistently served as pivotal influences on numerous civilizations, inducing morbidity, mortality, and consequently redirecting the course of history. Their impact extends far beyond the acute phase, characterized by the majority of symptom presentations, to a multitude of adverse events and sequelae that follow viral, parasitic, fungal, or bacterial infections. In this context, myriad sequelae related to various infectious diseases have been identified, spanning short to long-term durations. Although these sequelae are known to affect thousands of individuals individually, a comprehensive evaluation of all potential long-term effects of infectious diseases has yet to be undertaken. We present a comprehensive literature review delineating the primary sequelae attributable to major infectious diseases, categorized by systems, symptoms, and duration. This compilation serves as a crucial resource, illuminating the long-term ramifications of infectious diseases for healthcare professionals worldwide. Moreover, this review highlights the substantial burden that these sequelae impose on global health and economies, a facet often overshadowed by the predominant focus on the acute phase. Patients are frequently discharged following the resolution of the acute phase, with minimal long-term follow-up to comprehend and address potential sequelae. This emphasizes the pressing need for sustained vigilance, thorough patient monitoring, strategic health management, and rigorous research to understand and mitigate the lasting economic and health impacts of infectious diseases more fully.
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Infecções Bacterianas , Doenças Transmissíveis , Humanos , Doenças Transmissíveis/complicações , Causalidade , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Introduction: Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis (APIGN) is an immunological glomerular disease that is an important health issue in developing countries. The incidence remains high in developing countries with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1 and age predominantly above 50 years. In this case study, we present a patient with a history of Staphylococcus epidermidis infection, a past medical history of diabetes mellitus, and histopathological findings of APIGN with Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposition. Methods: A 58-year-old male presented to the emergency room with a 6-day history of severe low back pain. Three days later, the patient developed fever, chills, abdominal pain in the upper quadrant and a subsequent lower limb cellulitis. Various immunological tests, imaging studies, and kidney biopsy were performed to arrive at a diagnosis. Results: Following the diagnosis and treatment of Cholangitis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, further investigation led to a diagnosis of IgA-dominant APIGN. IgA-dominant APIGN was treated with antibiotics, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and steroids, and the patient was discharged from the hospital. Conclusion: In developing countries, APIGN is a relatively common presentation of kidney damage due to acute kidney injury and nephritic syndrome. IgA-dominant APIGN is a rare but increasingly recognized morphological variant in which IgA is the sole or dominant immunoglobulin. This unique presentation and multidisciplinary approach for diagnosing and treating IgA-dominant APIGN need to be considered and understood by healthcare professionals to better help these patients. Further investigation is needed to understand the best treatment of this IgA-dominant APIGN presentation and its prognosis.
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ABSTRACT Historically, all efforts against tuberculosis were focused on rapid diagnosis and effective treatment to break the chain of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, in the last few years, more and more evidence has been found on the dramatic consequences of the condition defined as post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD). Approximately one third of patients surviving pulmonary tuberculosis face considerable ongoing morbidities, including respiratory impairment, psychosocial challenges, and reduced health-related quality of life after treatment completion. Given the important global and local burden of tuberculosis, as well as the estimated burden of PTLD, the development of a consensus document by a Brazilian scientific society-Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT)-was considered urgent for the prevention and management of this condition in order to allocate resources to and within tuberculosis services appropriately and serve as a guide for health care professionals. A team of eleven pulmonologists and one methodologist was created by the SBPT to review the current evidence on PTLD and develop recommendations adapted to the Brazilian context. The expert panel selected the topics on the basis of current evidence and international guidelines. During the first phase, three panel members drafted the recommendations, which were divided into three sections: definition and prevalence of PTLD, assessment of PTLD, and management of PTLD. In the second phase, all panel members reviewed, discussed, and revised the recommendations until a consensus was reached. The document was formally approved by the SBPT in a special session organized during the 2023 SBPT Annual Conference.
RESUMO Historicamente, todos os esforços contra a tuberculose concentraram-se no diagnóstico rápido e no tratamento efetivo para quebrar a cadeia de transmissão do Mycobacterium tuberculosis. No entanto, nos últimos anos, têm sido encontradas mais e mais evidências sobre as dramáticas consequências da condição definida como doença pulmonar pós-tuberculose (DPPT). Aproximadamente um terço dos pacientes que sobrevivem à tuberculose pulmonar enfrenta morbidades consideráveis e persistentes, incluindo comprometimento respiratório, desafios psicossociais e redução da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde após o término do tratamento. Diante da importante carga global e local da tuberculose, bem como da carga estimada da DPPT, considerou-se urgente o desenvolvimento de um documento de consenso por uma sociedade científica brasileira - a Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT) - para a prevenção e manejo dessa condição, a fim de alocar recursos de forma adequada para e nos serviços de tuberculose e servir de guia para os profissionais de saúde. Uma equipe de onze pneumologistas e um metodologista foi criada pela SBPT para revisar as evidências atuais sobre a DPPT e desenvolver recomendações adaptadas ao contexto brasileiro. O painel de especialistas selecionou os temas com base nas evidências atuais e diretrizes internacionais. Durante a primeira fase, três membros do painel redigiram as recomendações, que foram divididas em três seções: definição e prevalência de DPPT, avaliação da DPPT e manejo da DPPT. Na segunda fase, todos os membros do painel analisaram, discutiram e revisaram as recomendações até chegar a um consenso. O documento foi aprovado formalmente pela SBPT em sessão especial organizada durante o Congresso Anual da SBPT de 2023.
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La ataxia es una alteración de la coordinación motora voluntaria y del control postural. Es una entidad poco frecuente en la infancia, siendo la principal causa de ataxia aguda descripta en la bibliografía, de origen inmunológico (post infecciosa), seguida de las intoxicaciones. Para el diagnóstico es fundamental una anamnesis detallada, cronología de los síntomas, antecedentes infecciosos o de contacto con sustancias tóxicas y un examen neurológico completo. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue analizar retrospectivamente la causa de ataxia aguda como signo neurológico predominante en pacientes que consultaron en el Hospital Juan P. Garrahan. Diseño: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo y de corte transversal. Población: niños de 1 a 18 años, con o sin patología previa conocida, que consultaron al servicio de emergencias del hospital por ataxia entre enero de 2013 y octubre de 2018. Método: recolección y análisis de historias clínicas comprendidas en esa fecha, con alteración en la marcha como síntoma de consulta. Resultados: de un total de 237 pacientes, la causa más frecuente de ataxia aguda fue la inmunológica (incluyendo en este grupo a las postinfecciosas y a las no asociadas a infección). Conclusión: En nuestro hospital con tercer nivel de atención, la causa más frecuente de ataxia aguda fue la inmunológica. En segundo lugar, las intoxicaciones y, en tercer lugar, las enfermedades neurológicas. (AU)
Ataxia is a disorder of voluntary motor coordination and postural control, which is rare in childhood. The main cause of acute ataxia described in the literature is immune-mediated inflammation (postinfectious), followed by intoxication. A detailed anamnesis, chronology of symptoms, history of infection or contact with toxic substances, and a complete neurological examination are essential in the diagnostic work-up. The aim of our study was to retrospectively analyze the cause of acute ataxia as a predominant neurological sign in patients who consulted at Hospital Juan P. Garrahan. Study design: A descriptive, observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted. Study population: children aged 1 to 18 years, with or without known previous disease, who presented to the hospital emergency department for ataxia between January 2013 and October 2018. Method: collection and analysis of medical records from that period of patients with gait disturbance as the reason for consultation. Results: out of a total of 237 patients, the most frequent cause of acute ataxia was immune-mediated inflammation (both post-infectious and noninfectious). Conclusion: In our tertiary care hospital, the most frequent cause of acute ataxia was immune-mediated inflammation. The second most frequent cause was intoxication and the third neurological diseases (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Ataxia/diagnóstico , Ataxia/etiologia , Ataxia/induzido quimicamente , Exame Neurológico , Doença Aguda , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Diagnóstico DiferencialAssuntos
Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Encéfalo/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/complicações , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Encefalite/complicações , Encefalite/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Pandemias , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/complicações , Pneumonia Viral/complicações , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Introducción: La ataxia constituye una alteración en la coordinación de los movimientos, resultado de una disfunción del cerebelo, sus conexiones, así como alteraciones en la médula espinal, nervios periféricos o una combinación de estas condiciones. Las ataxias se clasifican en hereditarias, esporádicas y en adquiridas o secundarias, en las cuales los virus neurotrópicos constituyen los principales causantes. Objetivo: Actualizar los conocimientos relacionados con las ataxias causadas por virus neurotrópicos y los mecanismos neurodegenerativos que pudieran tener relación con la ataxia. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica incluyendo artículos publicados en las principales bases de datos bibliográficas (Web of Sciences, Scopus, SciELO). Se utilizaron las palabras claves: ataxia, virus neurotrópicos, ataxias cerebelosas, ataxias infecciosas, en inglés y español. Análisis e integración de la información: Los virus más conocidos que provocan ataxias infecciosas son el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, virus del herpes simple, virus del herpes humano tipo 6, virus de la varicela zoster, virus Epstein-Barr, virus del Nilo Occidental, y enterovirus 71, aunque existen otros virus que causan esta afectación. Los mecanismos neuropatogénicos sugeridos son la invasión directa del virus y procesos inmunopatogénicos desencadenados por la infección. Estos virus pueden causar ataxia cerebelosa aguda, ataxia aguda posinfecciosa, síndrome opsoclono-mioclono-atáxico y ataxia por encefalomielitis aguda diseminada. Aunque la mayoría de los reportes de casos informan la evolución satisfactoria de los pacientes, algunos refieren complicaciones neurológicas e incluso la muerte. Conclusiones: Actualmente existe la necesidad de profundizar en el estudio de este tipo de ataxia para favorecer su diagnóstico y tratamiento(AU)
Introduction: Ataxia is an alteration in the coordination of movements caused by a dysfunction of the cerebellum and its connections, as well as alterations in the spinal cord, the peripheral nerves, or a combination of these factors. Ataxias are classified into hereditary, sporadic and acquired or secondary, in which neurotropic viruses are the main causative agents. Objective: Update knowledge about ataxias caused by neurotropic viruses and the neurodegenerative mechanisms which could bear a relationship to ataxia. Methods: A review was conducted of papers published in the main bibliographic databases (Web of Sciences, Scopus, SciELO), using the search terms ataxia, neurotropic virus, cerebellar ataxias, infectious ataxias, in English and in Spanish. Discussion: The best known viruses causing infectious ataxias are the human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, human herpesvirus 6, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Western Nile virus and enterovirus 71, though other viruses may also cause this condition. The neuropathogenic mechanisms suggested are direct invasion of the virus and immunopathogenic processes triggered by the infection. These viruses may cause acute cerebellar ataxia, acute postinfectious ataxia, opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome and ataxia due to acute encephalomyelitis disseminata. Though most case reports describe a satisfactory evolution of patients, some refer to neurological complications and even death. Conclusions: There is a current need to carry out further research about this type of ataxia to improve its diagnosis and treatment(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Ataxia Cerebelar/diagnóstico , Ataxia Cerebelar/epidemiologia , Fatores de VirulênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a highly prevalent genetic disease worldwide. In the natural evolution of SCD, glomerular lesions can develop, presenting histopathological patterns of segmental or focal membranoproliferative glomerulosclerosis, with or without thrombotic microangiopathy. We report two cases of acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis (APIGN), with atypical presentations, in patients with SCD. CASE PRESENTATION: Case 1: An 18-year-old female with SCD presented with a 21-day history of progressive oedema, accompanied by dyspnoea, productive cough, fever, and chest pain. Blood tests showed the following: haemoglobin 6.1 g/dl; leucocytes 18,820 cells/mm3; and creatinine 0.49 mg/dl. A urine sample evidenced leucocyturia and haematuria. The 24-h proteinuria was 8.99 g, serum albumin level was 1.2 g/dl, low serum C3 levels and high levels of anti-streptolysin O. Renal biopsy was consistent with APIGN. The patient was treated with diuretic and anti-proteinuric agents, subsequently evolving to reversal of the renal alterations. Case 2: A 12-year-old male with SCD presented with a 20-day history of a non-productive cough and progressive oedema, together with hypertension. The serum creatinine concentration was 0.48 mg/dl. A urine sample evidenced leukocyturia and haematuria. The 24-h proteinuria was 12.5 g, and the serum albumin level was 2.6 g/dl. The levels of C3 and C4 were normal. Renal biopsy revealed APIGN. The patient was treated with diuretic and anti-proteinuric agents, subsequently evolving reversal of the renal alterations. CONCLUSIONS: The presentation of the two cases reported here are not typical of SCD-related kidney injury. Analysis of the renal biopsy specimens elucidated the diagnosis, affecting the prognosis, because that of APIGN is highly favourable, unlike that of nephrotic syndrome associated with SCD glomerulopathy.
Assuntos
Anemia Falciforme/complicações , Glomerulonefrite/etiologia , Rim/patologia , Síndrome Nefrótica/etiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Creatinina/sangue , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Glomerulonefrite/diagnóstico , Hematúria/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Proteinúria/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Untreated hydrocephalus poses a significant health risk to children in the developing world. In response to this risk, global neurosurgical efforts have increasingly focused on endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) in the management of infantile hydrocephalus in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Here, the authors report their experience with ETV/CPC at the Hospital Bernard-Mevs/Project Medishare (HBMPM) in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of a series of consecutive children who had undergone ETV/CPC for hydrocephalus over a 1-year period at HBMPM. The primary outcome of interest was time to ETV/CPC failure. Univariate and multivariate analyses using a Cox proportional hazards regression were performed to identify preoperative factors that were associated with outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 82 children who underwent ETV/CPC, 52.2% remained shunt free at the last follow-up (mean 6.4 months). On univariate analysis, the ETV success score (ETVSS; p = 0.002), success of the attempted ETV (p = 0.018), and bilateral CPC (p = 0.045) were associated with shunt freedom. In the multivariate models, a lower ETVSS was independently associated with a poor outcome (HR 0.072, 95% CI 0.016-0.32, p < 0.001). Two children (2.4%) died of postoperative seizures. CONCLUSIONS: As in other LMICs, ETV/CPC is an effective treatment for hydrocephalus in children in Haiti, with a low but significant risk profile. Larger multinational prospective databases may further elucidate the ideal candidate for ETV/CPC in resource-poor settings.
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Los procesos pulmonares en menores de dos años son causados en su mayoría por agentes virales, los cuales, en gran parte, se resuelven sin complicaciones posteriores. Sin embargo, hay agentes causales que debemos tener presentes puesto que pueden dejar secuelas importantes a nivel pulmonar. A continuación, presentamos un caso de bronquiolitis obliterante como secuela de infección por adenovirus
Pulmonary processes in children under two years are mostly caused by viral agents, which are largely resolved without further complications, however there are causal agents that we must keep in mind that can leave important sequelae at the lungs. We present a case of Bronchiolitis Obliterans as sequel of Adenovirus infection
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Bronquiolite Obliterante , Adenovírus HumanosRESUMO
La glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva de etiología posinfecciosa es rara en la infancia, con una prevalencia estimada del 1-3 %. La mayoría debuta como insuficiencia renal aguda y su tratamiento se basa en el uso de corticoides y ciclofosfamida. Si se realiza diagnóstico precoz, el 70 % presenta una recuperación temprana de la función renal. En los últimos años, se han descrito "glomerulopatías por C3", que presentan características que se superponen. Son útiles, en el diagnóstico diferencial, la inmunofluorescencia y la determinación del factor nefrítico. Se presenta un varón de 4 años que acude por fiebre y cuadro respiratorio. Se observa microhematuria, proteinuria, descenso de filtrado glomerular y descenso de C3, y se sospecha glomerulonefritis aguda. Se realiza una biopsia, cuya microscopía óptica muestra la presencia de semilunas epiteliales, y la electrónica, depósitos subepiteliales en forma de joroba, por lo que se diagnostica glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva de etiología posinfecciosa.
Postinfectious glomerulonephritis is rarely presented as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in children; the prevalence is approximately 1-3 %. Most children have acute onset of renal failure; initial treatment involves corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy. Early diagnosis improves prognosis. In recent years, an entity known as "C3 glomerulopathies" has been described, presenting characteristics that overlap. In the differential diagnosis, the immunofluorescence and the determination of the nephritic factor are useful. We report a 4-year-old boy with fever, respiratory symptoms and hyporexia. Microhematuria, proteinuria, decline in glomerular filtration and depressed C3 were found. Acute glomerulonephritis was suspected. Renal biopsy showed crescent formation, immunofluorescence staining for C3 and subepithelial humps. Therefore, postinfectious glomerulonephritis with crescent formations was diagnosed.
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Humanos , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Glomerulonefrite/diagnóstico , Pediatria , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Glomerulonefrite/tratamento farmacológico , Imunossupressores/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Previous models have been utilized in other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to explore and assess the cost, sustainability, and effectiveness of infant hydrocephalus treatment. However, similar models have not been implemented in Haiti due to a paucity of data, epidemiology, and outcomes for hydrocephalus. Therefore, the authors utilized previously described economic modeling to estimate the annual cost and benefit of treating hydrocephalus in infants at a neurosurgery referral center, Hospital Bernard Mevs (HBM), in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of data obtained in all children treated for hydrocephalus at the HBM from 2008 to 2015. The raw data were pooled with previously described surgical outcomes for hydrocephalus in other LMICs. Modeling was performed to determine outcomes, neurosurgical costs, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and economic benefits of Haitian hydrocephalus treatment during this time frame. Standard account methodology was employed to calculate cost per procedure. Using these formulas, the net economic benefit and cost/DALY were determined for hydrocephalus treatment at HBM from 2008 to 2015. RESULTS: Of the 401 patients treated during the study period, 158 (39.4%) met criteria for postinfectious hydrocephalus, 54 (13.5%) had congenital hydrocephalus, 38 (9.5%) had myelomeningocele, 19 (4.7%) had aqueductal stenosis, and 132 (33%) were not placed into a category. Overall, 317 individuals underwent surgical treatment of their hydrocephalus, averting 3077 DALYs. The total cost of the procedures was $754,000, and the cost per DALY ranged between $86 and $245. The resulting net economic benefit for neurosurgical intervention ranged from $2.5 to $5.5 million. CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates the substantial economic benefit of neurosurgical intervention for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus at a single hospital in Haiti. Based on DALYs averted, the need for additional centers offering basic neurosurgical services is apparent. A single center offering these services for several days each month was able to generate between $2.5 to $5.5 million in economic benefits, suggesting the need to develop neurosurgical capacity building in Haiti. Ultimately, prevention, screening, and early surgical treatment of these infants represent a public health and socioeconomic requisite for Haiti.
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Postinfectious glomerulonephritis is rarely presented as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in children; the prevalence is approximately 1-3 %. Most children have acute onset of renal failure; initial treatment involves corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy. Early diagnosis improves prognosis. In recent years, an entity known as "C3 glomerulopathies" has been described, presenting characteristics that overlap. In the differential diagnosis, the immunofluorescence and the determination of the nephritic factor are useful. We report a 4-year-old boy with fever, respiratory symptoms and hyporexia. Microhematuria, proteinuria, decline in glomerular filtration and depressed C3 were found. Acute glomerulonephritis was suspected. Renal biopsy showed crescent formation, immunofluorescence staining for C3 and subepithelial humps. Therefore, postinfectious glomerulonephritis with crescent formations was diagnosed.
La glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva de etiología posinfecciosa es rara en la infancia, con una prevalencia estimada del 1-3 %. La mayoría debuta como insuficiencia renal aguda y su tratamiento se basa en el uso de corticoides y ciclofosfamida. Si se realiza diagnóstico precoz, el 70 % presenta una recuperación temprana de la función renal. En los últimos años, se han descrito "glomerulopatías por C3", que presentan características que se superponen. Son útiles, en el diagnóstico diferencial, la inmunofluorescencia y la determinación del factor nefrítico. Se presenta un varón de 4 años que acude por fiebre y cuadro respiratorio. Se observa microhematuria, proteinuria, descenso de filtrado glomerular y descenso de C3, y se sospecha glomerulonefritis aguda. Se realiza una biopsia, cuya microscopía óptica muestra la presencia de semilunas epiteliales, y la electrónica, depósitos subepiteliales en forma de joroba, por lo que se diagnostica glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva de etiología posinfecciosa.
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Glomerulonefrite/microbiologia , Doença Aguda , Pré-Escolar , Progressão da Doença , Glomerulonefrite/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a renal disease with an extensive differential diagnosis. This paper reports the case of a 55-year-old female patient diagnosed with Hansen's disease with acute progressive renal impairment after developing lower limb pyoderma. The association between Hansen's and kidney disease has been well documented, with glomerulonephritis (GN) ranked as the most common form of renal involvement. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) in adults has been associated with a number of pathogens occurring in diverse sites. The patient described in this case report had RPGN and biopsy findings suggestive of PIGN with C3 and IgA detected on immunofluorescence and kidney injury secondary to recent infection by Staphylococcus, a well-documented manifestation of renal impairment in patients with Hansen's disease.
RESUMO A Glomerulonefrite Rapidamente Progressiva (GNRP) é um padrão de doença renal com amplo diagnóstico diferencial. O caso reporta uma paciente de 55 anos com deterioração aguda e progressiva da função renal após quadro de piodermite em membro inferior com diagnóstico concomitante de hanseníase. Associação da hanseníase com doença renal é bem descrita, sendo a GN a forma de acometimento renal mais comum. As glomerulonefrites pós-infecciosas (GNPIs) em adultos ocorrem devido a um grande número de patógenos, nos mais diversos sítios. A paciente do caso relatado apresentava quadro de GNRP e achados de biópsia que sugerem GNPI com marcação de C3 e IgA na imunofluorescência, sugestiva de lesão renal secundária a infecção recente por Staphylococcus, uma manifestação bem descrita de doença renal em pacientes com hanseníase.
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Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complemento C3/metabolismo , Hanseníase Multibacilar/diagnóstico , Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/diagnóstico , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Nitrogênio da Ureia Sanguínea , Imunofluorescência , Clofazimina/uso terapêutico , Creatinina/sangue , Dapsona/uso terapêutico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Injúria Renal Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/tratamento farmacológico , Glucocorticoides/administração & dosagem , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVEHydrocephalus is recognized as a common disabling pediatric disease afflicting infants and children disproportionately in the developing world, where access to neurosurgical care is limited and risk of perinatal infection is high. This surgical case series describes the Project Medishare Hydrocephalus Specialty Surgery (PMHSS) program experience treating hydrocephalus in Haiti between 2008 and 2015.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective review of all cases involving children treated for hydrocephalus within the PMHSS program in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, from 2008 through 2015. All relevant epidemiological information of children treated were prospectively collected including relevant demographics, birth history, hydrocephalus etiology, head circumference, and operative notes. All appropriate associations and statistical tests were performed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.RESULTSAmong the 401 children treated within PMHSS, postinfectious hydrocephalus (PIH) accounted for 39.4% (n = 158) of cases based on clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic findings. The majority of children with hydrocephalus in Haiti were male (54.8%, n = 197), born in the rainy season (59.7%, n = 233), and born in a coastal/inland location (43.3%, n = 61). The most common surgical intervention was endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) (45.7%, n = 175). Multivariate logistic regression analysis yielded coastal birth location (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.16-12.18) as a statistically significant predictor of PIH. Increasing head circumference (adjusted OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.99-1.13) demonstrated a slight trend toward significance with the incidence of PIH.CONCLUSIONSThis information will provide the foundation for future clinical and public health studies to better understand hydrocephalus in Haiti. The 39.4% prevalence of PIH falls within observed rates in Africa as does the apparently higher prevalence for those born during the rainy season. Although PIH was the most frequent etiology seen in almost all birth locations, the potential relationship with geography noted in this series will be the focus of further research in an effort to understand the link between climate and PIH in Haiti. The ultimate goal will be to develop an appropriate public health strategy to reduce the burden of PIH on the children of Haiti.
RESUMO
Infectious gastroenteritis is a risk factor for developing post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders (PI-FGDs), mainly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD). It is a significant subgroup of patients due to frequent episodes of gastrointestinal infections. Symptoms in PI-FGD patients can prevail for more than twelve months, especially if infective agents are bacteria or parasites. Symptoms are indistinguishable from their non-infective equivalents (IBS and FD). Risk factors for developing PI-FGD are: female gender, type and severity of the gastrointestinal infection, high anxiety levels and younger age. Main pathogenic mechanisms are alteration of permeability and immunity. Mucosa inflammation prevails only at early stage; however, with follow-up it can be reduced or normalized. Nevertheless, certain alterations prevail, such as hypersensitivity. These events are treated in the same way as IBS or FD.
La gastroenteritis infecciosa es un factor de riesgo para desarrollar un trastorno digestivo funcional postinfeccioso (TDF-PI), principalmente síndrome de intestino irritable (SII) y dispepsia funcional (DF). Es un subgrupo de pacientes relevante debido a lo frecuente que son las infecciones gastrointestinales. Los síntomas en los pacientes con TDF-PI se pueden prolongar por más de un año, especialmente cuando los agentes infecciosos son bacterias o parásitos. Los síntomas son indistinguibles con respecto a los de sus equivalentes no infecciosos (SII y DF). Los factores de riesgo para desarrollar TDF-PI son el sexo femenino, el tipo y la severidad de la infección gastrointestinal, los niveles altos de ansiedad, y la menor edad. Los principales mecanismos patogénicos son la alteración de la permeabilidad y de inmunidad. La inflamación de la mucosa predomina solo al principio pero con el seguimiento esta disminuye o se normaliza, a pesar de lo cual ciertas alteraciones como la hiperensibilidad permanecen. Estos cuadros se tratan de la misma manera que un SII o DF.
Assuntos
Humanos , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/etiologia , Dispepsia/etiologia , Gastroenterite/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/fisiopatologia , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/epidemiologia , Dispepsia/fisiopatologia , Dispepsia/epidemiologia , Infecções/complicaçõesRESUMO
Se evaluó paciente femenino de 51 años, con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus tipo II e infecciones urinarias a repetición, procedente de la comunidad Mario Briceño Iragorry, quien acude al ambulatorio centro de especialidades "Los Grillitos", de la Corporación de Salud del Estado de Aragua - Venezuela, presentando lesión ulcerada a nivel de hemicadera izquierda, posterior a la colocación vía intramuscular de diclofenac sódico el 28/03/17, el que fue indicado por facultativo para tratar dolor por infección urinaria alta. Posteriormente, a las 24 horas presenta en la zona de la inyección una coloración violácea, induración y mucho dolor, motivo por el que acude nuevamente al facultativo. Se le realizó ecosonograma de partes blandas en región glútea izquierda, reportando imagen heterogénea a predominio hipoecoico con ecos internos de mediana intensidad, que genera reforzamiento posterior de 49x39 mm, con aproximadamente 30 cc de líquido, que correspondería a un proceso inflamatorio e infeccioso (absceso). Posteriormente a la evaluación, se indica antibiótico terapia a base de oxacilina 1 g cada 8 horas vía endovenosa por siete días, además 100 mg cada 12 horas vía oral de nitrofurantoína para el proceso infeccioso urinario, que el urocultivo indica ser sensible a la E. Coli. Al tercer día de la enfermedad actual, se le drena absceso con material purulento aproximadamente 20 cc y cura sucesiva por cinco días, evolucionando satisfactoriamente del proceso infeccioso de partes blandas e infección urinaria.
A 51-year-old female patient with a history of type II diabetes mellitus and recurrent urinary tract infections from the Mario Briceño Iragorry community, attended the outpatient clinic "Los Grillitos" of the health corporation of Aragua Venezuela, with an ulcerated lesion at the left hemi-hip level, following the intramuscular placement of diclofenac sodium on 03/28/17, which was indicated by facultative to treat pain due to high urinary tract infection, afterwards approximately 24 hours presents at the injection site a violet coloration, induration and a lot of pain, which is why she returned to facultative, she performed a soft-tissue echosonogram in the left gluteal region reporting a heterogeneous image to hypoechoic predominance with internal echoes of medium intensity that generates posterior reinforcement which measures 49x39 mm with approximately 30 cc of liquid that could correspond to an inflammatory and infectious process (abscess), post-evaluation is indicated antibiotic therapy based on oxacillin 1 g every 8 hours intravenous route for seven days plus 100 mg every 12 hours oral route of nitrofurantoin for the urinary infectious process that the urine culture indicates to be sensitive E. coli, the third day of illness is drained abscess purulent material approximately 20 cc and successive cure for five days. Satisfactory evolution of the infectious process of soft tissue and urinary tract infection.
RESUMO
Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a lung disease characterized by chronic airflow limitation associated with small airway fibrosis and obliteration, caused by viral infection in the first years of life. According to the current clinical guidelines in our country, the bases of its treatment involve pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. Among non-pharmacological strategies, pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is the standout, which consists of diagnostic and therapeutic management designed to evaluate and reverse function deterioration, and aimed at improving the quality of life and the prognosis of these patients.The objective of this review is to describe and discuss the components associated with pulmonary rehabilitation of PIBO patients, emphasizing the properties and attributes of the evaluation methods and the main treatment strategies that contribute to improving these patients' functionality
La bronquiolitis obliterante post infecciosa (BOPI) es una enfermedad pulmonar caracterizada por limitación crónica al flujo de aire asociado a fibrosis y obliteración de la vía aérea pequeña, que se produce como consecuencia de un cuadro infeccioso de origen viral durante los primeros años de vida. De acuerdo a la guía clínica vigente en nuestro país, las bases de su tratamiento se sustentan en estrategias farmacológicas y no farmacológicas. Entre las estrategias no farmacológicas destaca la rehabilitación respiratoria (RR), que se estructura a partir de la ejecución de protocolos de intervención con fines diagnósticos y terapéuticos, dirigidos a evaluar y revertir el deterioro funcional, teniendo como propósito central el mejorar la calidad de vida y el pronóstico de estos pacientes. El objetivo de la presente revisión es describir y discutir los componentes asociados a la rehabilitación pulmonar de los pacientes con BOPI, haciendo énfasis en las propiedades y atributos de los métodos de evaluación y en las principales estrategias de tratamiento que contribuyen a mejorar la funcionalidad de estos pacientes
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Bronquiolite Obliterante/reabilitação , Bronquiolite Obliterante/virologia , Qualidade de Vida , Testes de Função Respiratória , Terapia Respiratória , Infecções Respiratórias/complicações , Exercícios Respiratórios , Bronquiolite Obliterante/fisiopatologia , Bronquiolite Obliterante/microbiologia , Tolerância ao Exercício , Força MuscularRESUMO
Absctrat Endocarditis associated with antiPR3 ANCA and acute kidney injure generates a challenge in its diagnosis and treatment. In order to make a review about that combination, we presented a patient with necrotizing glomerulonephritis produced by a Enterococcus faecalis's subacute endocarditis and antiPR3 ANCA positive. Differential diagnosis is made between an acute kidney failure produced by ANCA's vasculitis vs necrotizing glomerulonephritis by endocarditis. Frequently it is necessary to make a biopsy to get a diagnosis. Negative immunofluorescence will guide to vasculitis associated ANCA, while positive immune complexes will guide to poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Other challenge that generates the association of acute kidney disease, endocarditis and antiPR3 ANCA is the treatment. ANCA positive can prompt to start immunosuppressant treatments. However, in the context of endocarditis, it could be inadvisable and even dangerous to use it. For this reason, it is controversial the use of immunosuppressant in combination with antibiotics in the acute process, in contrast with the use of only antibiotics. In the current paper we collect the 19 reports in the literature about endocarditis associated with antiPR3 ANCA, the treatment and the renal evolution of each patient. We concluded, generally, a better improvement of kidney function in patients treated with only antibiotics than those patients treated with the combination of antibiotics and corticoids. However, there are so few reports that we can't consider significant the different between both treatment groups.
Resumen La endocarditis asociada a ANCA anti-PR3 e insuficiencia renal plantea un dilema tanto en su diagnóstico como tratamiento. Para abordar una revisión de dicho tema, se presenta el caso de un paciente con glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva secundaria a endocarditis subaguda por Enterococcus faecalis y positividad para ANCA anti-PR3. El diagnóstico diferencial principal se establecería entre una afectación renal de una vasculitis asociada a ANCA no diagnosticada previamente vs una glomerulonefritis postinfecciosa secundaria a la endocarditis. En muchos casos es necesario disponer de una biopsia renal que esclarezca el diagnóstico, ya que una inmunofluorescencia negativa orientará hacia una vasculitis, mientras que una positividad para inmunocomplejos iría a favor de una glomerulonefritis postestreptocócica. El tratamiento a seguir es otro reto que se plantea en la coexistencia de insuficiencia renal aguda, endocarditis y ANCA anti-PR3 positivo. La positividad de ANCAs induce a valorar iniciar tratamiento con inmunosupresores, no obstante, en el lecho de una endocarditis puede resultar desaconsejado e incluso poner en riesgo la vida del paciente someterlo a un estado de inmunosupresión. Es, por tanto, controvertido el uso de inmunosupresión en combinación con antibioterapia en el proceso agudo en contraposición al uso de antibioterapia exclusivamente. En el actual artículo se recogen los 19 casos publicados en la literatura de endocarditis asociados a ANCA anti-PR3, así como el tratamiento que se realizó en cada uno de los casos y la evolución en la función renal de cada paciente, concluyendo, en general, una mejor recuperación de la función renal en los pacientes tratados con antibioterapia en exclusiva que en aquellos tratados con la combinación antibiótico-corticoides. Sin embargo, dado el pequeño tamaño muestral, no se puede considerar significativa la diferencia entre ambos tratamientos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Anticorpos Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos , Endocardite , Glomerulonefrite , Espanha , Injúria Renal AgudaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Foodborne illness affects 15% of the US population each year, and is a risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We evaluated risk of, risk factors for, and outcomes of IBS after infectious enteritis. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of electronic databases from 1994 through August 31, 2015 to identify cohort studies of the prevalence of IBS 3 months or more after infectious enteritis. We used random-effects meta-analysis to calculate the summary point prevalence of IBS after infectious enteritis, as well as relative risk (compared with individuals without infectious enteritis) and host- and enteritis-related risk factors. RESULTS: We identified 45 studies, comprising 21,421 individuals with enteritis, followed for 3 months to 10 years for development of IBS. The pooled prevalence of IBS at 12 months after infectious enteritis was 10.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2-14.1) and at more than 12 months after infectious enteritis was 14.5% (95% CI, 7.7-25.5). Risk of IBS was 4.2-fold higher in patients who had infectious enteritis in the past 12 months than in those who had not (95% CI, 3.1-5.7); risk of IBS was 2.3-fold higher in individuals who had infectious enteritis more than 12 months ago than in individuals who had not (95% CI, 1.8-3.0). Of patients with enteritis caused by protozoa or parasites, 41.9% developed IBS, and of patients with enteritis caused by bacterial infection, 13.8% developed IBS. Risk of IBS was significantly increased in women (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-3.1) and individuals with antibiotic exposure (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4), anxiety (OR, 2; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9), depression (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9), somatization (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 2.7-6.0), neuroticism (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.6-6.5), and clinical indicators of enteritis severity. There was a considerable level of heterogeneity among studies. CONCLUSIONS: In a systematic review and meta-analysis, we found >10% of patients with infectious enteritis develop IBS later; risk of IBS was 4-fold higher than in individuals who did not have infectious enteritis, although there was heterogeneity among studies analyzed. Women-particularly those with severe enteritis-are at increased risk for developing IBS, as are individuals with psychological distress and users of antibiotics during the enteritis.