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Glacial periods have been considered as inhospitable environments that consist of treeless vegetation at higher latitudes. The fossil record suggests many species survived the Last Glacial Maximum within refugia, usually at lower latitudes. However, phylogeographic studies have given support to the existence of previously unknown high-latitude refugia that were not detected in the fossil record. Here, we test the hypothesis that cold-tolerant trees of Patagonia survived cold periods in microclimatically favourable locales where hybridization occurred between sister taxa. To study local presence through glacial periods in multiple refugia, we used pollen records and genetic information (isozymes, microsatellites, and combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences) of population pairs of Nothofagus antarctica and N. pumilio that belong to the ancient subgenus Nothofagus which can potentially hybridize in nature, along their entire latitudinal range in Patagonia. Studied species share the N. dombeyi type pollen, which was abundant at >20% in the northernmost latitudinal bands (35-43°S), even during the Last Glacial Maximum. Mid- and southern latitudinal records (44-55°S) yielded lower abundances of ~10% that increased after c. 15.0 cal. ka BP. Therefore, fossil pollen evidence suggests a long-lasting local presence of Nothofagus throughout glacial-interglacial cycles but mostly as small populations between 44°S and 51°S. We found species-specific and shared genetic variants, the latter of which attained relatively high frequencies, thus providing evidence of ancestral polymorphisms. Populations of each species were similarly diverse, suggesting survival throughout the latitudinal range. Estimates of coalescent divergence times were broadly synchronous across latitudes, suggesting that regional climates similarly affected populations and species that hybridized through climate cycles, fostering local persistence.

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This article presents the determination of eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by LC-MS/MS in honeys, pollen, and Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) samples, all from Santa Catarina state, Brazil. In addition, the Box-Behnken design was used to perform an optimized sample preparation on pollens and S. brasiliensis parts. Senecionine and its N-oxide, besides retrorsine N-oxide, were determined in six of the seven honeys samples. Pollen from species of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Boraginaceae families were found with greater predominance in three of the seven honeys samples. In these three honeys samples were also found the highest PAs levels. In beehive pollen, flower, and leaf of S. brasiliensis, the total levels of PAs and their N-oxides reached 221, 14.1 × 104, and 14.8 × 104 mg kg-1, respectively. In honeys, these compounds are chemical contaminants and therefore undesirable when the sum exceeds 71 µg kg-1, according to EFSA. On the other hand, although PAs are naturally present in plant and pollen of some species (Senecio, Crotalaria, Bacharis, Ecchium, Mimosa scabrella, Vernonia), it is important to monitor their levels in plants but also in honeys, and other beehive products since these compounds are transferred to the final product.

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Abstract Many different types of honey are available in the Brazilian market. They vary in color, flavor, smell, thereby increasing interest in honey characterization relating to botanical origin. A total of 155 honey samples belonging to Brazilian flora were examined on the pollen analysis; sampling is made in a span of one year. The preparation followed melisso palynological analysis based on the specific botanical variety. The pollen spectra revealed 60 pollen types belonging to 27 plant families and Myrtaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae were the dominant plant families. Few pollen types were found in most samples of honey. The families that showed major richness of pollen types were Fabaceae and Asteraceae. Only six floral sources of pollen plants and three floral sources of nectar plants appeared in the category of predominant pollen. The unifloral honeys were slightly more frequent than polyfloral, and wild floral species dominated most of the honey samples. These floral sources, even in minor parts in the honeys samples, are also part of the biological feature of theses honeys. The honeys from natural fields cannot be completely accounted by the term unifloral honeys.

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A Palinologia é responsável pelo estudo do pólen de angiospermas, esporos de pteridófitas e de fungos, cistos de algas, dinoflagelados, foraminíferos acritarcas e partículas de carvão. Três hipóteses embasam as análises palinológicas: (1) a chuva polínica vigente reflete a vegetação presente na área em estudo; (2) o acúmulo e a conservação dos palinomorfos não prejudicam a personificação da chuva polínica; e (3) a amostragem, o processamento químico, a contagem e a identificação dos palinomorfos reconstituem fielmente a chuva polínica da área. A aplicação da Palinologia nos diversos ramos da ciência torna-se viável graças à imensa variabilidade morfológica presente no pólen (ou nos palinomorfos), o que possibilita definir famílias, gêneros e espécies botânicas. As relações entre abelhas e plantas podem ser feitas por meio da análise do pólen transportado pelas fêmeas ou daquele armazenado em células de cria ou em potes de alimento. A interação entre abelhas e plantas está relacionada ao processo de polinização, responsável pela renovação da flora de vários ecossistemas.(AU)

Palynology is responsible for the study of angiosperms pollen, pteridophyte and fungal spores, algae cysts, dinoflagellates, actinic foraminifera and charcoal particles. Three hypotheses support palynological analyzes: (1) the pollen rain reflects the vegetation present in the study area; (2) the accumulation and conservation of palynomorphs do not impair the personification of pollen rain; and (3) the sampling, chemical processing, counting, and identification of palynomorphs faithfully reconstitute the pollen rain area. The application of palynology in the various branches of science becomes feasible due to the immense morphological variability present in pollen (or palynomorphs), which makes it possible to define families, genera and botanical species. The relationships between bees and plants can be made through the analysis of pollen carried by the female animals or stored in the breeding cells or food pots. The interaction between bees and plants is related to the pollination process, responsible for the renewal of the flora of several ecosystems.(AU)

La Palinología es responsable por el estudio del polen de angiospermas, esporos de pteridofitas y de hongos, quistes de algas, dinoflagelados, foraminíferos, acritarcas y partículas de carbón. Tres hipótesis embazan los análisis palinológicos: (1) la lluvia polínica vigente refleja la vegetación presente en el área en estudio; (2) el acúmulo y la conservación de los palinomorfos no perjudican la personificación de la lluvia polínica; y (3) el muestreo, el procesamiento químico, el conteo y la identificación de los palinomorfos reconstituyen fielmente la lluvia polínica del área. La aplicación de la Palinología en los diversos seguimientos de la ciencia se hace viable gracias a la inmensa variabilidad morfológica presente en el polen (o en los palinomorfos), lo que posibilita definir familias, géneros y especies botánicas. Las relaciones ente abejas y plantas pueden ser hechas a través del análisis del polen transportado por las hembras o de aquel almacenado en células de cría o en potes de alimentos. La interacción entre abejas y plantas está relacionada al proceso de polinización, responsable por la renovación de la flora de varios ecosistemas.(AU)

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A Palinologia é responsável pelo estudo do pólen de angiospermas, esporos de pteridófitas e de fungos, cistos de algas, dinoflagelados, foraminíferos acritarcas e partículas de carvão. Três hipóteses embasam as análises palinológicas: (1) a chuva polínica vigente reflete a vegetação presente na área em estudo; (2) o acúmulo e a conservação dos palinomorfos não prejudicam a personificação da chuva polínica; e (3) a amostragem, o processamento químico, a contagem e a identificação dos palinomorfos reconstituem fielmente a chuva polínica da área. A aplicação da Palinologia nos diversos ramos da ciência torna-se viável graças à imensa variabilidade morfológica presente no pólen (ou nos palinomorfos), o que possibilita definir famílias, gêneros e espécies botânicas. As relações entre abelhas e plantas podem ser feitas por meio da análise do pólen transportado pelas fêmeas ou daquele armazenado em células de cria ou em potes de alimento. A interação entre abelhas e plantas está relacionada ao processo de polinização, responsável pela renovação da flora de vários ecossistemas.(AU)

Palynology is responsible for the study of angiosperms pollen, pteridophyte and fungal spores, algae cysts, dinoflagellates, actinic foraminifera and charcoal particles. Three hypotheses support palynological analyzes: (1) the pollen rain reflects the vegetation present in the study area; (2) the accumulation and conservation of palynomorphs do not impair the personification of pollen rain; and (3) the sampling, chemical processing, counting, and identification of palynomorphs faithfully reconstitute the pollen rain area. The application of palynology in the various branches of science becomes feasible due to the immense morphological variability present in pollen (or palynomorphs), which makes it possible to define families, genera and botanical species. The relationships between bees and plants can be made through the analysis of pollen carried by the female animals or stored in the breeding cells or food pots. The interaction between bees and plants is related to the pollination process, responsible for the renewal of the flora of several ecosystems.(AU)

La Palinología es responsable por el estudio del polen de angiospermas, esporos de pteridofitas y de hongos, quistes de algas, dinoflagelados, foraminíferos, acritarcas y partículas de carbón. Tres hipótesis embazan los análisis palinológicos: (1) la lluvia polínica vigente refleja la vegetación presente en el área en estudio; (2) el acúmulo y la conservación de los palinomorfos no perjudican la personificación de la lluvia polínica; y (3) el muestreo, el procesamiento químico, el conteo y la identificación de los palinomorfos reconstituyen fielmente la lluvia polínica del área. La aplicación de la Palinología en los diversos seguimientos de la ciencia se hace viable gracias a la inmensa variabilidad morfológica presente en el polen (o en los palinomorfos), lo que posibilita definir familias, géneros y especies botánicas. Las relaciones ente abejas y plantas pueden ser hechas a través del análisis del polen transportado por las hembras o de aquel almacenado en células de cría o en potes de alimentos. La interacción entre abejas y plantas está relacionada al proceso de polinización, responsable por la renovación de la flora de varios ecosistemas.(AU)

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Abstract:The Neotropical bee Centris (Hemisiella) dichrootricha is a solitary bee that nests in pre-existing cavities that occur in the rain forest. This study describes the nesting biology of C. dichrootricha and its preference for nesting in Cerrado and gallery forest habitats. The study was conducted from January 2012 and December 2013, in Mirador State Park in the municipality of Formosa da Serra Negra, Maranhão State, Brazil. For this, wooden trap-nests of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm in diameter were used; a total of 300 trap-nests were placed in the gallery forest and Cerrado areas, respectively. Traps were monitored monthly and all completed nests were collected and replaced with empty ones. The nests were then taken to the laboratory to analyze bee development and emergence, nests characteristics and parasites presence. The species used 29 of the trap-nests, which had diameters of 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm. A total of 87 C. dichrootricha specimens emerged. The nests were parasitized by two bee species, Mesocheira bicolor (Apinae) and Coelioxys sp. (Megachilinae), and one fly species, Antrax sp. (Diptera). The highest nesting incidence of 72.4 % was observed in the gallery forest, whereas only 27.6 % in the Cerrado; this difference in habitat use was significant (χ² = 5.56; p < 0.05; DF = 1). For the nests that were built in the gallery forest, 80.9% of the soil originated from the Cerrado. The females were significantly larger than the males (F1, 76 = 595.19; p < 0.001). There were 11 pollen types that belonged to six families. Pollen of the family Malpighiaceae was most frequently used, with four species represented (Byrsonima crassifolia, B. rotunda, B. spicata and Heteropterys sp.). C. dichrootricha showed a preference for nesting in cavities of various diameters in gallery forest sites. The present study provides a novel description of the nesting habits and biology of C. dichrootricha in habitats of Central/Southern Maranhão. C. dichrootricha primarily used resources from the Cerrado, including soil to build their nests, pollen and floral oils; we concluded that gallery forest and Cerrado areas are intrinsically related to the maintenance of local populations of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1041-1056. Epub 2016 September 01.

ResumenCentris (Hemisiella) dichrootricha es una especie de abeja solitaria neotropical, que anida en cavidades preexistentes y vive en la selva tropical. El presente estudio describe la biología de anidación de C. dichrootricha y su preferencia de nidificación por áreas en Cerrado y Bosque de Galería. El área de estudio se localiza en el Parque Estadual de Mirador, municipio de Formosa da Serra Negra, Maranhão. El método empleado fue el de nidos trampa de madera de diferentes diámetros, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 y 16 mm, colocándose 300 nidos trampa por área. Las trampas fueron monitoreadas mensualmente y todos los nidos terminados fueron recogidos y sustituidos por otros vacíos. Los nidos completos fueron llevados al laboratorio para analizar el desarrollo de la abeja, la emergencia, las características de los nidos y la presencia de parásitos. La especie ocupó 29 nidos de los diámetros de 8, 10, 12 y 14 mm. Emergieron 87 individuos de C. dichrootricha. Los nidos fueron parasitados por tres especies: Mesocheira bicolor (Apinae), Coelioxys sp. (Megachilinae) y Antrax sp. (Diptera). En el Bosque de Galería se presentó la mayor nidificación (72.4 %) y en el Cerrado solamente 27.6 %, de esta forma, hubo diferencias significativas entre los hábitats (χ² = 5.56; p < 0.05; G. L.= 1). Los nidos fundados en el bosque de galería presentaron 80.9 % de sedimento originario del Cerrado. Las hembras fueron significativamente más grandes que los machos (F1, 76 = 595.19; p < 0.001). Hubo 11 tipos de polen pertenecientes a seis familias. Los tipos de polinización de la familia Malpighiaceae fueron los más representativos, con cuatro especies: Byrsonima crassifolia, B. rotunda, B. spicata y Heteropterys sp. C. dichrootricha mostró preferencia por nidificar en cavidades con diámetros variados y en el bosque de galería. El presente estudio contribuye con la descripción de los hábitos de nidificación y la biología de la especie para las áreas de Cerrado en la región centrosur de Maranhão. C. dichrootricha utilizó en su mayoría recursos provenientes del Cerrado, tanto sedimento para construir el nido, como material polínico y aceite floral. Estós datos indican que el bosque de galería y el Cerrado están intrínsecamente relacionados con el mantenimiento y conservación de C. dichrootricha.

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Little is known about the southernmost occurrence of small areas with Araucaria angustifolia populations in Caçapava do Sul in low elevated areas of Rio Grande do Sul State, about 130 km to the south of to the highlands of southern Brazil where the main distribution of Araucaria is found. This occurrence is about 130 km further south to the main area of Araucaria angustifolia which is on the highlands in southern Brazil. The question is whether this occurrence is natural, due to indigenous peoples, or due to plantation by post-Columbian settlers. To trace the origin of this little known southernmost existence of Araucaria angustifolia trees is of particular interest for conservation issues. To address this question we did a vegetation survey and studied a 150 cm-long radiocarbon dated sediment core from the Fazenda da Mônica by pollen analysis. The vegetation survey of the study area indicates that also other typical taxa of the Araucaria forest as well as the Atlantic lowland rainforest are found in the present-day semi-deciduous forest, such as Podocarpus, Ilex, Myrsine and Prunus for the former, and Alchornea, Moraceae, Arecaceae, and Myrtaceae for the later. The pollen record, due to bad pollen preservation, starts only after 44 cm core depth, which is about 515 cal yr BP old (AD 1490), indicating that Araucaria angustifolia as well as other Araucaria forest and Atlantic rainforest taxa occurred in this area since the beginning of the pollen record. The occurrence of these taxa can be seen as natural and not introduced during the post-Columbian colonisation. First settlers at the beginning of the 19th century reduced existing population of Araucaria markedly and in particular since about AD 1950. The population of Araucaria angustilfolia before the post-Columbian settlement was much larger than today.

RESUMO

Melipona marginata is an endangered species of stingless bee from Brazil that produces honey with particular physicochemical features and a remarkable exotic flavor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report devoted to exploring the medicinal potential of this honey. Thus, the aim of this paper was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory activity of honey extract from M. marginata on skin inflammation. The honey sample was classified as a monofloral honey of Mimosa scabrella. The presence of 11 phenolic compounds as kaempferol and caffeic acid was detected using the high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-ESI-MS) method. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured using a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear edema model of inflammation in mice. The topical application of the M. marginata honey extract (1.0 mg/ear) was able to reduce ear edema with an inhibitory effect of 54 ± 5%. This extract decreased the myeloperoxidase activity in 75 ± 3%, which suggests a lower leucocyte infiltration that was confirmed by histological analysis. This extract also provided a reduction of 55 ± 14% in the production of reactive oxygen species. This anti-inflammatory activity could be due to a synergic effect of the phenolic compounds identified in the honey sample. Taken together, these results open up new possibilities for the use of M. marginata honey extract in skin disorders.

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The pollen spectrum of propolis is a good indicative of the phytogeographical origin of the bee product and the local flora available for bee visiting. The present study aimed to perform pollen analysis of propolis produced by Apis mellifera L., in the São Paulo State, Brazil. Propolis samples were directly obtained from beekeepers and slides were prepared for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pollen after propolis extraction. According to the results twenty-eight types of pollen were found and distributed in fifteen botanical families. Pollens from Mimosoideae and Myrtaceae types were found in all samples. In São Paulo State, there is a wide variety of vegetal sources which are components of the final propolis composition.(AU) 

A análise do espectro polínico presente em amostras de própolis poderia ser um bom indicativo da origem fitogeográfica do produto e da flora local disponível para visitação pelas abelhas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar o levantamento polínico em amostras de própolis produzidas por abelhas Apis mellifera L., no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As amostras de própolis foram obtidas diretamente de apicultores, processadas e lâminas foram confeccionadas para as análises qualitativas e quantitativas do pólen. De acordo com os resultados, foram encontrados 28 tipos de pólen distribuídos em 15 famílias botânicas identificadas, sendo que o pólen Tipo Mimosoideae e Myrtaceae foi encontrado em todas as amostras. Conclui-se que o estado de São Paulo apresenta ampla variedade de fontes vegetais que fazem parte da composição final da própolis.(AU)

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The pollen spectrum of propolis is a good indicative of the phytogeographical origin of the bee product and the local flora available for bee visiting. The present study aimed to perform pollen analysis of propolis produced by Apis mellifera L., in the São Paulo State, Brazil. Propolis samples were directly obtained from beekeepers and slides were prepared for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pollen after propolis extraction. According to the results twenty-eight types of pollen were found and distributed in fifteen botanical families. Pollens from Mimosoideae and Myrtaceae types were found in all samples. In São Paulo State, there is a wide variety of vegetal sources which are components of the final propolis composition.

A análise do espectro polínico presente em amostras de própolis poderia ser um bom indicativo da origem fitogeográfica do produto e da flora local disponível para visitação pelas abelhas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar o levantamento polínico em amostras de própolis produzidas por abelhas Apis mellifera L., no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As amostras de própolis foram obtidas diretamente de apicultores, processadas e lâminas foram confeccionadas para as análises qualitativas e quantitativas do pólen. De acordo com os resultados, foram encontrados 28 tipos de pólen distribuídos em 15 famílias botânicas identificadas, sendo que o pólen Tipo Mimosoideae e Myrtaceae foi encontrado em todas as amostras. Conclui-se que o estado de São Paulo apresenta ampla variedade de fontes vegetais que fazem parte da composição final da própolis.

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Nesting and use of pollen resources by Tetrapedia diversipes Klug (Apidae) in Atlantic Forest areas (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) in different stages of regeneration. The nesting in trap-nests and use of pollen sources in larval food by Tetrapedia diversipes Klug, 1810 (Apidae) was compared between regenerating areas of Atlantic Forest. The study was conducted between April 2008 and October 2009 at União Biological Reserve, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. T. diversipes nested in 66 trap-nests and showed a peak of nesting during the months of highest rainfall. The most frequent pollen type in brood cells during the wet season was Dalechampia sp. 1. During the dry season, the type Ludwigia sp. was the most frequent, followed by Dalechampia sp. 2. The high frequency of Dalechampia and Ludwigia species in the larval food, observed in both habitats and in the two seasons could be considered relevant for T. diversipes, suggesting highly selective diet based primarily on two plant species unrelated, but similar in size of pollen grains.

Nidificação e uso de fontes de pólen por Tetrapedia diversipes Klug (Apidae) em áreas de Mata Atlântica (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) em diferentes estágios de regeneração. A nidificação em ninhos-armadilha e o uso de fontes de pólen no alimento larval por Tetrapedia diversipes Klug, 1810 (Apidae) foram comparados entre áreas de Floresta Atlântica em regeneração. O estudo foi realizado entre abril de 2008 e outubro de 2009 na Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. T. diversipes nidificou em 66 ninhos-armadilha e apresentou um pico de nidificação durante os meses de maior precipitação pluviométrica. O tipo polínico mais frequente nas células de cria durante a estação chuvosa foi Dalechampia sp. 1. Durante a estação seca, o tipo Ludwigia sp. foi o mais frequente, seguido de Dalechampia sp. 2. A alta frequência de espécies de Dalechampia e Ludwigia no alimento larval, observada em ambos os habitats e nas duas estações deve ser considerada um fato relevante para T. diversipes, sugerindo uma dieta altamente seletiva baseada primariamente em duas espécies vegetais não relacionadas, porém semelhantes quanto ao tamanho dos grãos de pólen.

RESUMO

High quality of bee pollen for commercial purpose is required. In order to attend the consumer with the best identification of the botanical and floral origin of the product, 25 bee pollen batches were investigated using two techniques of pollen grain preparation. The first started to identify pollen loads of different colors in two grams of each well mixed batch, and the second to identify pollen grains in a pool made of all the pollen loads comprised in two grams. The best result was obtained by this last technique, when a pollen grain suspension was dropped on a microscope slide and circa 500 pollen grains were counted per sample. This analysis resulted in the recognition of monofloral and bifloral pollen batches, while the use of the first technique resulted in all samples receiving a heterofloral diagnosis.

É exigida alta qualidade para a comercialização de pólen apícola. A fim de atender o consumidor com a melhor identificação da origem botânica e floral do produto, 25 partidas de pólen apícola feram investigadas usande duas diferentes técnicas na preparação dos grãos de pólen. A primeira partiu da identificação das cargas polínicas contidas em dois gramas de cada partida bem misturada segundo suas cores. A segunda visava identificar os grãos de pólen de um agrupamento ("pool") de todas as cargas polínicas contidas em dois gramas de cada amostra. O melhor resultado foi obtido pela última técnica, quando uma suspensão de grãos de pólen era gotejada sobre uma lâmina de microscopia e cerca de 500 grãos de pólen eram centades por amostra. Esta análise resultou no reconhecimento de partidas monoflorais e biflorais de pólen apícola, enquanto que usando a primeira técnica, todas as amostras receberam a diagnose heterefloral.

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Pollen composition is variable depending on the floral origin. The purpose of present study was to correlate the centesimal composition and the antioxidants vitamins with the floral origin of dried bee pollen samples collected from the region of the Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil. Six batches of dried bee pollen pellets were analyzed. Vitamin C was quantified by titration technique, -carotene by open column chromatography, and vitamin E by HPLC. The proximate composition was determined following the methodology recommended by AOAC (1995), and the floral characterization was performed under microscopy observation. Vitamin contents varied from 114 to 340g/g for vitamin C; from16 to 39g/g for vitamin E; from 3 to 78g/g for -carotene. The analyzed samples were in compliance with the Brazilian legislation limits regarding to the proximate composition. The pollen types highly varied within the samples and some of them were strongly correlated with the vitamin C (Myrtaceae), -carotene (Arecaceae, Cecropia and Fabaceae) and lipids (Arecaceae and Fabaceae). On the other hand, other types were negatively correlated, such as Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia and Poaceae types with -carotene, Arecaceae type with proteins and Mimosa caesalpineafolia type with lipids.

A composição química do pólen é variável e depende da origem botânica. No presente trabalho foi investigada a correlação da composição centesimal e das vitaminas antioxidantes com a origem floral em amostras de pólen apícola. Foram analisadas seis amostras desidratadas de pólen apícola coletadas na região do Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brasil. A vitamina C foi quantificada por titulação, o -caroteno por cromatografia em coluna aberta e a vitamina E por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A composição centesimal foi determinada seguindo-se as metodologias recomendadas por AOAC (1995) e IAL (2005) e a caracterização floral foi feita por meio de observação em microscópio. As concentrações das vitaminas variaram de 114 a 340g/g para vitamina C, 16,27a 38,64g/g para vitamina E e de 3,14 a 77,88g/g para o -caroteno. A composição centesimal das amostras apresentou conformidade com as especificações estabelecidas pela legislação brasileira. Foi encontrada grande variabilidade de tipos polínicos nas amostras analisadas e alguns deles apresentaram alta correlação com a vitamina C (Myrtaceae), com o -caroteno (Arecaceae, Cecropia e Fabaceae) e com os lipídeos (Arecaceae e Fabaceae). Outras amostras mostraram correlação negativa com -caroteno (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia e Poaceae), com proteínas (Arecaceae) e com lipídeos (Mimosa caesalpineafolia).

RESUMO

A sample of bitter a honey collected in the Mucajaí county (Roraima, Brazil) forest of Apiaú, was analysed. The pollen analysis revealed a predominance of Protium pollen, comprising 60,9% of the total of pollen grains.

Foi analisada uma amostra de mel amargo procedente do Município de Mucajaí (Roraima, Brasil), Floresta de Apiaú. A análise polínica constatou a dominância de pólen de breu (Protium sp.) compreendendo 60,9% do total de grãos de pólen.

RESUMO

A sample of bitter a honey collected in the Mucajaí county (Roraima, Brazil) forest of Apiaú, was analysed. The pollen analysis revealed a predominance of Protium pollen, comprising 60,9% of the total of pollen grains.

Foi analisada uma amostra de mel amargo procedente do Município de Mucajaí (Roraima, Brasil), Floresta de Apiaú. A análise polínica constatou a dominância de pólen de breu (Protium sp.) compreendendo 60,9% do total de grãos de pólen.