RESUMO

Floods have caused socio-economic and environmental damage globally and, thus, require research. Several factors influence flooding events, such as extreme rainfall, physical characteristics, and local anthropogenic factors; therefore, such factors are essential for mapping flood risk areas and enabling measures that mitigate the damage they cause. This study aimed to map and analyze regions susceptible to flood risk in three different study areas belonging to the same Atlantic Forest biome, in which flood disasters are recurrent. Due to the presence of numerous factors, a multicriteria analysis using the Analytical Hierarchical Process was conducted. First, a geospatial database was composed of layers of elevation, slope, drainage distance, soil drainage, soil hydrological group, precipitation, relief, and land use and cover. Flood risk maps for the study area were then generated, and patterns in the study areas were verified, with the greatest influence being exerted by intense precipitation on consecutive days, elevation at the edges of the channel with low altimetric variation and a flat combination, densely built areas close to the banks of the main river, and an expressive water mass in the main watercourse. The results demonstrate that these characteristics together can indicate the occurrence of flooding events.

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Cocoa is one of the most important tropical fruits worldwide, its importance lies in its use in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Cocoa yield has been affected by different environmental, cultural and phytosanitary aspects. The emergence of new growing areas allows exploring the possibility of generating new economic and ecological systems that comply with current trends in organic farming. For them, pre-harvest practices such as pruning and soil fertilization are two necessary tools to control the productivity of cocoa agroecosystems. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyses the implementation of pre-harvest techniques and the quality soil to increase the yield in a cocoa agroecosystem in an emerging zone in the Huasteca Potosina of Mexico. The work was carried out in an emerging zone in the cultivation of cocoa in three different zones delimited in 30 × 30 m. Thinning and pruning practices were carried out to keep the space clear and observe the influence on fruit yield. In addition, the quality of the soil was measured in terms of physical conditions and nutrient content. 25 kg/ha of nitrogen, 22 kg/ha of P2O5, 24 kg/ha of K2O and 4 kg/ha of magnesium were added following the recommendation of the fertilization laboratory. The physical properties of the pod were also analyzed, such as size, weight, number of grains and color. And some of the cocoa bean such as size, weight and hardness, all these parameters to measure the average yield of cocoa pods. The results show a clear influence of the soil quality and pre-harvest practices on the physical properties of the fruit and the total yield from 472.36 ± 52.01 to 520.06 ± 104.91 kg. However, other aspects are also modified, such as the increase in the size of the pod and the cocoa bean. Other aspects such as the color of the pod and the hardness of the grain do not present statistical difference. In conclusion, pre-harvest practices together with the application of fertilizers are factors that positively influence the yield of cocoa fruit. Some of the limitations of this research were the age of the plants and the local plant species.

RESUMO

As both coffee quality and sustainability become increasingly important, there is growing interest in understanding how ecological quality affects coffee quality. Here we analyze, for the first time, the state of evidence that ecological quality, in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem functions, impacts the quality of Coffea arabica and C. canephora, based on 78 studies. The following ecosystem functions were included: pollination; weed, disease, and pest control; water and soil fertility regulation. Biodiversity was described by the presence, percentage, and diversity of shade trees. Coffee quality was described by the green bean physical characteristics, biochemical compounds, and organoleptic characteristics. The presence and diversity of shade trees positively impacted bean size and weight and reduced the percentage of rejected beans, but these observations were not consistent over different altitudes. In fact, little is known about the diversity of shade trees and their influence on biochemical compounds. All biochemical compounds varied with the presence of shade, percentage of shade, and elevation. Coffee beans from more diverse tree shade plantations obtained higher scores for final total organoleptic quality than simplified tree shade and unshaded plantations. Decreasing ecological quality diminished ecosystem functions such as pollination, which in turn negatively affected bean quality. Shade affected pests and diseases in different ways, but weeds were reduced. High soil quality positively affected coffee quality. Shade improved the water use efficiency, such that coffee plants were not water stressed and coffee quality was improved. While knowledge on the influence of shade trees on overall coffee quality remains scarce, there is evidence that agroecosystem simplification is negatively correlated with coffee quality. Given global concerns about biodiversity and habitat loss, we recommend that the overall definition of coffee quality include measures of ecological quality, although these aspects are not always detectable in certain coffee quality characteristics or the final cup.

RESUMO

Santiago, capital city of Chile, presents air pollution problems for decades mainly by particulate matter, which significantly affects population health, despite national authority efforts to improve air quality. Different properties of the particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 fractions, particle surface and number) were measured with an optical spectrometer. The sampling was done during spring 2019 at different sites within the official representative area of Independencia monitoring station (ORMS-IS). The results of this study evidence large variations in PM mass concentration at small-scale areas within the ORMS-IS representative zone, which reports the same value for the total area. Results from PM properties such as PM1, particle number and particle surface distribution show that these properties should be incorporated in regular monitoring in order to improve the understanding of the effects of these factors on human health. The use of urban-climate canopy-layer models in a portion of the sampled area around the monitoring station demonstrates the influence of street geometry, building densities and vegetation covers on wind velocity and direction. These factors, consequently, have an effect on the potential for air pollutants concentrations. The results of this study evidence the existence of hot spots of PM pollution within the area of representativeness of the ORMS-IS. This result is relevant from the point of view of human health and contributes to improve the effectiveness of emission reduction policies.

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This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and the vitamin, carotenoid, and mineral profile in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) collected from the Middle Doce River region (Médio Rio Doce) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. To accomplish this, the physicochemical parameters, such as titratable acidity, pH, and soluble solids were determined, in addition to the evaluation of the plants' proximate composition (moisture, ash, proteins, dietary fibers, and lipids). The vitamin E, carotenoids and vitamin C were determined by HPLC and the minerals were analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The T. officinale samples presented a low content of macronutrients, a total energy value of 27.88 kcal.100 g-1 FW, a high fiber content (3.7 g.100 g-1 FW), low levels of total vitamin E (43.67 µg.100 g-1 FW), total carotenoids of 11.95 g.100 g-1 FW, and did not present vitamin C in detectable levels. The mineral analysis revealed a high concentration of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, and selenium, and small amounts or traces of aluminium, cadmium, nickel, and chromium. In conclusion, T. officinale was shown to be an important source of nutrients, especially fiber, iron and manganese.

RESUMO

In the last 30 years soils decreased 73 % of their productive capacity in the world. One of the main reasons for this decrease has been the politics implemented, as well as the absence of opportunity for the small producer to implement improvement strategies that can increase their productivity in the field. Therefore, in this research a soil measurement system is proposed for small farmers, based on the design of two sensors of low cost: (i) Apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) sensor and (ii) moisture sensor. These measurement variables have the particularity that their characteristics can be associated with the physical properties of the soil for decision-making. The sensors developed in this work employ two techniques: Wenner's method for ECa and electrical impedance measurement to identify the dielectric permittivity associated with the water content of the soil. The system is controlled by the Raspberry Pi 3 board through developed software that allows correlating data with its geolocation. The device was tested in controlled laboratory measurements with calibrated instruments, obtaining a coefficient of . Finally, on-site tests were made to validate their use for small farmers.

Durante los últimos 30 años, los suelos han disminuido un 73 % su capacidad productiva, a nivel mundial. Una de las principales razones para esta cifra a la baja son las políticas implementadas, así como la falta de oportunidad para que el pequeño productor adopte estrategias de mejora, con lo cual, pueda aumentar la productividad. Por lo anterior, en esta investigación, se propone un sistema de medición de suelo para pequeños productores, a partir del diseño de dos sensores de bajo costo: (i) sensor de conductividad eléctrica aparente (CEa) y (ii) sensor de humedad. Estas variables de medición tienen la particularidad que sus características se pueden asociar a las propiedades físicas del suelo, para tomar decisiones. Los sensores desarrollados en este trabajo usan dos técnicas: el método de Wenner, para la CEa y la medición de impedancia eléctrica, para identificar la permitividad dieléctrica asociada con el contenido de agua del suelo. El sistema es controlado mediante la tarjeta Raspberry Pi 3, a través de un software desarrollado, que permite correlacionar los datos con su geolocalización. El dispositivo, se probó en mediciones controladas en laboratorio, con instrumentos calibrados, obteniendo un coeficiente . Finalmente, se hicieron pruebas in situ, con el fin de validar su uso por pequeños agricultores.

RESUMO

Purple corn (Zea mays L.) is native to the Andean region, but limited research has been performed about the potential metabolic variability when grown under Andean environmental conditions. This study was aimed at evaluating the phenolic and primary polar metabolites composition of purple corn (kernels and cobs) grown at two Peruvian Andean locations (lowland and highland) using targeted UHPLC (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography) and untargeted GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) metabolomic platforms, respectively. Changes in the physical characteristics and the in vitro bioactivity were also determined. Purple corn from the highland zone showed higher contents of ash, crude fiber, total phenolic contents, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant capacity, and α-amylase inhibitory activity in kernels, whereas increased levels of flavonoids (anthocyanins and quercetin derivatives) and ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] antioxidant capacity were observed in cobs in comparison to lowland samples. No effect of the Andean location was found on the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity relevant for hyperglycemia management, while yield-linked physical characteristics were high in purple corn grown at the lowland zone. Polar primary metabolites related to the carbohydrate (monosaccharides, sucrose, and d-sorbitol), amino acid (valine and alanine), and tricarboxylic acid cycle (succinic, fumaric, and aconitic acid) metabolism were higher in highland purple corn (cob and kernel) likely due to abiotic stress factors from the highland environment. This study provides the foundation for further breeding improvements at Andean locations.

RESUMO

1. Broiler breeders are subjected to qualitative or quantitative feed restrictions to prevent obesity, which causes major health and welfare problems. Diluting their feed by adding inert or low nutrient, bulky materials can reduce obesity, but the capacity of the gut needs to be determined to apply this strategy successfully. Two trials were conducted to measure the bulk capacity of Ross 308 broiler breeders prior to and after the onset of lay. The trial was completely randomised, with nine individually-caged breeders, with each cage as a replicate, totalling 189 birds per trial2. Birds were given ad libitum access to one of 21 maize-soyabean based feeds, an undiluted control or progressive dilution (10, 20, 30 and 40%) with either cellulose fibre, rice husk, sand, vermiculite or sawdust. Feeds were analysed for density, crude-, acid detergent- and neutral detergent-fibre, water-holding capacity (WHC), cation-exchange capacity and oil-holding capacity.2. In general, feed intake (scaled to body weight0.67) increased and then declined as the proportion of each diluent increased. Intake increased linearly when rice hulls and sand were used as diluents.3. Water holding capacity was the most appropriate measure to define the gut capacity of broiler breeders.4. The trial data was used to estimate the maximum-scaled feed intake (SFImax) in broiler breeders, which was 240-56.1WHC + 4.34WHC2 g/kg0.67/d.

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RESUMO

Everyday consumer food choices are influenced by a variety of interacting biological, situational, economical, and psychological factors [1], [2], [3], [4]. The choice between animal-based and plant-based protein has implications for overall and cause-specific mortality and cardiometabolic health (e.g. [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]). During laboratory experiments that are designed to better understand factors that influence protein choice specifically, controlling for the sensory aspects of stimuli, health information, consumers' physical characteristics, and dietary preferences is crucial. To illustrate the point, if a choice task included two stimuli, brown rice with tofu and steak with fries for example, a variety of factors, such as visual appeal and hedonic attributes could influence protein choice and dilute the effect of the experimental manipulation. This article provides a template for a generic experiment to measure participant choice among salt-cured jerky protein sources (e.g. beef, salmon, soy, textured vegetable protein, turkey, tuna) and consumed amounts. Using jerky products as stimuli minimizes variance in visual appearance, texture, and nutritional values, therefore facilitating the attribution of the experimental factor(s). A list of methods to experimentally and/or statistically control for potential sources of measurement error is provided.•Consumer choice of animal vs. plant-based protein has implications for individual and environmental health.•The methods can be used to customize experiments in consumer behavior research, psychology, and nutrition sciences.•Food choice is influenced by a variety of factors; experimentally and/or statistically controlling for major sources of measurement error increases confidence in the effect of the manipulated variable.

RESUMO

The present study aimed to compare the physicochemical (pH), physical (rheology parameters and particle size), microstructure (optical microscopy) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry) of guava flavored whey-beverages submitted to cold plama technology in different processing time (5, 10, and 15 min) and gas flow (10, 20, and 30 mL min-1) conditions with a conventional pasteurized product. Whey beverages treated by cold plasma presented higher pH values, lower consistency and lower viscosity, and a flow behavior index similar to Newtonian fluids. Milder cold plasma conditions resulted in whey beverages with higher pH, lower viscosity and consistency, and similar particle distribution and microstructure compared to the pasteurized product. In contrast, more severe processing conditions resulted in a higher particle surface area ([D 3,2]) and smaller particles (~10 µM), due to the decrease in the number of larger particles (1000 µM), cell rupture, the formation of cell fragments, and higher viscosity and consistency. The treatments did not affect the thermal properties (enthalpy and bound water) of any sample.

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Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the age and inter- and intra-position differences in the anthropometric variables and physical performance in young female players of Brazilian women's volleyball. Fifty-eight female volleyball players participated, divided into 3 age groups: (a) 14 and under (n=20; mean age = 12.6±0.7 years), (b) between 14 and 17 (n=31; mean age = 15.6±1.2 years), and (c) over 17 (n=7; mean age = 18.9±0.9 years). In addition, the players were also divided according to their positions: setters (n=7), opposites (n=13), passer-hitters (n=17), middle blockers (n=12) and liberos (n=9). Anthropometric characteristics, flexibility, strength / resistance abdominal muscles, pushups, explosive power of the arms, jumping abilities, shuttle run and 20-m sprint tests were evaluated. Analyses showed differences among age and playing positions for the height and bone mass (p<0.05). In the fitness assessment, no differences were found between playing positions (p>0.05). However, differences were found among for age groups horizontal jump, shuttle run and 20-m sprint, with players >17 performing better than <14 and between 14-17 years of age (p<0.05). These results demonstrated that the height, bone mass and horizontal jump, shuttle run and 20-m sprint are age dependent, while physical performance independent on the playing positions.

Resumo Objetiva-se avaliar a idade e as diferenças inter e intra-posições nas variáveis antropométricas e no desempenho físico de jovens jogadoras do voleibol feminino brasileiro. Participaram 58 atletas femininas de voleibol, divididas em 3 grupos por faixa etária: (a) até 14 (n = 20; idade média = 12,6 ± 0,7 anos), (b) entre 14 e 17 (n = 31; média de idade = 15,6 ± 1,2 anos); (c) acima de 17 (n = 7; idade média = 18,9 ± 0,9 anos). Além disso, os jogadores também foram divididos de acordo com suas posições: levantadores (n = 7), opostos (n = 13), passadores (n = 17), bloqueadores (n = 12) e líberos. (n = 9). Foram avaliadas as características antropométricas, flexibilidade, força / resistência dos músculos abdominais, flexões, poder explosivo dos braços, habilidades de salto, corrida e corrida de 20 m. As análises mostraram diferenças entre idade e posições de jogo para a altura e massa óssea (p<0,05). Na avaliação da aptidão, não foram encontradas diferenças entre as posições de jogo (p>0,05). No entanto, foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos etários: salto horizontal, corrida e corrida de 20 m, com os jogadores acima de 17, com desempenho melhor que menores que 14 e entre 14 e 17 anos de idade (p<0,05). Estes resultados demonstraram que a altura, a massa óssea e o salto horizontal, o deslocamento e a velocidade de 20m são dependentes da idade, enquanto que o desempenho físico é independente das posições de jogo.

RESUMO

No presente estudo foram elaboradas quatro formulações de salame tipo italiano, sendo uma isenta de antioxidante (controle), uma adicionada de antioxidante sintético (BHT) e duas contendo extrato de própolis (0,01% e 0,05%). As amostras foram submetidas a análises microbiológicas, sensoriais e perfil de textura e cor, além da perda de peso e o pH durante o período de maturação. Os resultados mostraram perda de peso das formulações durante a maturação, indicando que a incorporação da própolis não afetou o processo de secagem. A formulação adicionada de 0,01% de própolis apresentou coloração vermelha mais acentuada no final da maturação em comparação as demais. Os valores de pH variaram entre algumas amostras, bem como em relação ao dia de maturação. A adição de BHT acelerou o processo de desidratação do salame, deixando-o com maior grau de dureza. As formulações controle e aquela adicionada de 0,05% de própolis apresentaram melhores resultados para o perfil de textura, embora não tenham diferido das demais em relação ao atributo textura durante o teste sensorial. A formulação controle e a contendo BHT apresentaram os melhores resultados para intenção de compra e preferência. Por outro lado, todas as formulações apresentaram percentuais de certeza de compra acima de 70%, sugerindo aceitação por parte dos consumidores.(AU)

In this study, four formulations of Italian-type salami were prepared, being one antioxidant free (control), one containing synthetic antioxidant (BHT) and two containing propolis extract (0.01% and 0.05%). The samples were submitted to microbiological and sensorial analyses and texture and color profiles, besides the weight loss and the pH during the maturation period. The results showed weight loss of the formulations during maturation, indicating that the incorporation of propolis did not affect the drying process. The formulation with 0.01% propolis showed a more intense red color at the end of maturation compared with the others. The pH values varied between some samples as well as in relation to the maturation day. The addition of BHT accelerated the dehydration process of salami at the end of the maturation period, making it harder. The control formulations and that with 0.05% propolis added showed better results for the texture profile, although they did not differ from the others in relation to the texture during the sensorial test. The control formulation and that containing BHT showed the best results for purchase intent and preference. Moreover, all formulations presented certainty percentage of purchase above 70%, suggesting acceptance by consumers.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

No presente estudo foram elaboradas quatro formulações de salame tipo italiano, sendo uma isenta de antioxidante (controle), uma adicionada de antioxidante sintético (BHT) e duas contendo extrato de própolis (0,01% e 0,05%). As amostras foram submetidas a análises microbiológicas, sensoriais e perfil de textura e cor, além da perda de peso e o pH durante o período de maturação. Os resultados mostraram perda de peso das formulações durante a maturação, indicando que a incorporação da própolis não afetou o processo de secagem. A formulação adicionada de 0,01% de própolis apresentou coloração vermelha mais acentuada no final da maturação em comparação as demais. Os valores de pH variaram entre algumas amostras, bem como em relação ao dia de maturação. A adição de BHT acelerou o processo de desidratação do salame, deixando-o com maior grau de dureza. As formulações controle e aquela adicionada de 0,05% de própolis apresentaram melhores resultados para o perfil de textura, embora não tenham diferido das demais em relação ao atributo textura durante o teste sensorial. A formulação controle e a contendo BHT apresentaram os melhores resultados para intenção de compra e preferência. Por outro lado, todas as formulações apresentaram percentuais de certeza de compra acima de 70%, sugerindo aceitação por parte dos consumidores.

In this study, four formulations of Italian-type salami were prepared, being one antioxidant free (control), one containing synthetic antioxidant (BHT) and two containing propolis extract (0.01% and 0.05%). The samples were submitted to microbiological and sensorial analyses and texture and color profiles, besides the weight loss and the pH during the maturation period. The results showed weight loss of the formulations during maturation, indicating that the incorporation of propolis did not affect the drying process. The formulation with 0.01% propolis showed a more intense red color at the end of maturation compared with the others. The pH values varied between some samples as well as in relation to the maturation day. The addition of BHT accelerated the dehydration process of salami at the end of the maturation period, making it harder. The control formulations and that with 0.05% propolis added showed better results for the texture profile, although they did not differ from the others in relation to the texture during the sensorial test. The control formulation and that containing BHT showed the best results for purchase intent and preference. Moreover, all formulations presented certainty percentage of purchase above 70%, suggesting acceptance by consumers.

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RESUMO

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as características físicas e físico-químicas de limão ‘Galego (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) em diferentes estádios de maturação, oriundos de propriedades de agricultura familiar do município de Matinhas, PB. Para as avaliações físicas foram considerados, o comprimento e diâmetro do fruto; a massa fresca do fruto e rendimento de suco; já para as avaliações físico-químicas a polpa dos frutos foi submetida às determinações do pH; sólidos solúveis (SS); acidez titulável (AT); relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (SS/AT) e ácido ascórbico. Houve diferença significativa entre os estádios de maturação para as variáveis diâmetro, massa fresca e rendimento de suco, acidez titulável e ácido ascórbico. Os frutos de limão apresentaram incremento no diâmetro e rendimento de polpa, redução da acidez titulável e do ácido ascórbico, já o pH, os sólidos solúveis e a relação SS/AT não variaram com o avanço da maturação. Com base nos aspectos de qualidade avaliados, o limão galego de Matinhas, PB, Brasil apresenta qualidade satisfatória para o mercado.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical and physicochemical characteristics of lemon ‘Galego (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) in different maturation stages, from family farms in Matinhas, PB, Brazil. For the physical evaluations were considered, the length and diameter of the fruit; fresh fruit mass and juice yield; already for the physical-chemical evaluations of the pulp of the fruits was submitted to the determinations of the pH; soluble solids (SS); titratable acidity (TA); soluble solids /titratable acidity ratio (SS/AT) and ascorbic acid. There was a significant difference between the maturation stages for the variables diameter, fresh mass and juice yield, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid. Lemon fruits presented increase in pulp diameter and yield, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid reduction. pH, soluble solids and SS/AT ratio did not vary with the advancement of maturation. Based on the aspects of quality evaluated, the lemon ‘Galego from Matinhas, PB, Brazil presents satisfactory quality for the market.(AU)

RESUMO

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as características físicas e físico-químicas de limão ‘Galego’ (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) em diferentes estádios de maturação, oriundos de propriedades de agricultura familiar do município de Matinhas, PB. Para as avaliações físicas foram considerados, o comprimento e diâmetro do fruto; a massa fresca do fruto e rendimento de suco; já para as avaliações físico-químicas a polpa dos frutos foi submetida às determinações do pH; sólidos solúveis (SS); acidez titulável (AT); relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (SS/AT) e ácido ascórbico. Houve diferença significativa entre os estádios de maturação para as variáveis diâmetro, massa fresca e rendimento de suco, acidez titulável e ácido ascórbico. Os frutos de limão apresentaram incremento no diâmetro e rendimento de polpa, redução da acidez titulável e do ácido ascórbico, já o pH, os sólidos solúveis e a relação SS/AT não variaram com o avanço da maturação. Com base nos aspectos de qualidade avaliados, o limão galego de Matinhas, PB, Brasil apresenta qualidade satisfatória para o mercado.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical and physicochemical characteristics of lemon ‘Galego’ (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) in different maturation stages, from family farms in Matinhas, PB, Brazil. For the physical evaluations were considered, the length and diameter of the fruit; fresh fruit mass and juice yield; already for the physical-chemical evaluations of the pulp of the fruits was submitted to the determinations of the pH; soluble solids (SS); titratable acidity (TA); soluble solids /titratable acidity ratio (SS/AT) and ascorbic acid. There was a significant difference between the maturation stages for the variables diameter, fresh mass and juice yield, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid. Lemon fruits presented increase in pulp diameter and yield, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid reduction. pH, soluble solids and SS/AT ratio did not vary with the advancement of maturation. Based on the aspects of quality evaluated, the lemon ‘Galego’ from Matinhas, PB, Brazil presents satisfactory quality for the market.

RESUMO

Resumen Antecedente. Los ecotopos son entornos con condiciones edafológicas, acuíferas, y ambientales bien definidas, en las cuales se producen granos con características de calidad que cautivan mercados locales e internacionales. Objetivo. Correlacionar fisicoquímicamente café crudo y torrefactado proveniente de 2 zonas del Ecotopo_E-220A. Materiales y método. La investigación, se desarrolló en cuatro etapas con cafés variedad Colombia de tipo supremo y extra especial, provenientes del departamento de Nariño de los municipios de La Unión y de Buesaco, siguiendo un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con análisis multivariado, complementado con la técnica de componentes principales. Resultados. Se correlacionaron las zonas de estudio con las características intrínsecas del café crudo_ mayor altura, color verde intenso, granos grandes más uniformes y de mayor acidez titulable. Y a menor altura mayor contenido de lípidos. Los cafés de la zona 2_ mayor altura_ tienen menor acidez titulable, menor contenido de lípidos, presentan la mayor pérdida de estos durante la torrefacción y genera cafés torrefactados de color entre medio y medio ligero. La zona 1 por el mayor contenido de lípidos genera cafés más aromáticos. Igualmente, con la metodología de componentes principales se determinó que la de pérdida de peso en café tostado, los carbohidratos y la densidad aparente explican el primer componente en 0.846, 0.745, 0.845 respectivamente y el segundo componente agrupa al contenido de lípidos en 0.801 y el contenido de proteína cruda en 0.620.

Abstract Background. Ecotopos are environments with well-defined soil, aquifer and environmental conditions, in which grains with quality characteristics are produced that captivate local and international markets. Objective. Physically and chemically correlate raw and roasted coffee beans from 2 zones of Ecotopo E-220A. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in four stages with Colombian varieties of supreme and extra special type, from the department of Nariño of the municipalities of the Union and Buesaco, following an experimental design of random blocks with multivariate analysis, complemented with the technique of main components. Results. The study areas were correlated with the intrinsic characteristics of raw coffee - higher height, intense green color, larger, more uniform grain and higher titratable acidity. And at lower height, higher lipid content. The coffees of zone 2_ greater height_ have lower titratable acidity, lower lipid content, they present the greater loss of these during the roasting and generates roasted cafes of color between medium and light medium. Zone 1 due to its higher content of lipids produces more aromatic coffees. Likewise with the main components methodology it was determined that the loss of weight in roasted coffee, carbohydrates and apparent density explain the first component in 0.846, 0.745, 0.845 respectively and the second component groups the lipid content in 0.801 and The crude protein content at 0.620.

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RESUMO

A demanda por frutos de umbuzeiro é grande no Nordeste brasileiro, no entanto, plantios comerciais são ausentes e a produção é obtida de forma extrativista. Assim, estratégias voltadas para a identificação e seleção de genótipos superiores para o estabelecimento de um programa de melhoramento para a cultura são necessárias. A coleta, a caracterização e a avaliação do germoplasma são etapas essenciais para se obter êxito nesse processo. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar características físicas de frutos de 58 acessos de umbuzeiro, coletados na Paraíba e no Rio Grande do Norte. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: comprimento, largura e peso do fruto, porcentagem de casca, porcentagem de semente e rendimento de polpa. Foram estimados os componentes de variância e as proporções da variação fenotípica referente à diferença entre municípios (PMun), diferença entre acessos dentro municípios (PAcessos/Mun) e diferença entre frutos dentro de acessos (PFrutos/Acessos). Houve variação fenotípica significativa para todos os caracteres avaliados nos municípios de Juazeirinho, Campina Grande, Serra Branca, Boqueirão e Caturité, o mesmo não ocorrendo para os demais municípios avaliados. A análise de correlação entre caracteres de frutos demonstrou relações importantes, as quais auxiliarão o melhoramento genético da espécie.

The demand for umbu fruits in Northeast Brazil is very large, however, commercial production is non-existent and all fruits are obtained throughextractivism. Thus, strategies toward identifying and selecting superior genotypes in order to establish a breeding program for this culture are necessary. Collection, characterization and germplasm evaluation are essential steps in order for this process to succeed. The objective of this work was to evaluate physical characteristics of umbu fruits from 58 accessions collected at Paraiba and Rio Grande do Norte states. The following traits were analyzed: fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, skin percentage, seed percentage and pulp yield. The components of variance and the phenotypic variation among all locals (PMun), among accessions within locals (PAcessos/Mun) and among fruits within accessions (PFrutos/Acessos) were estimated. The coefficients of phenotypic correlations were also calculated. Significant phenotypic differences for all evaluated traits were detected at Juazeirinho, Campina Grande, Serra Branca, Boqueirão and Caturité. This behavior was not found in the others cities. The correlation analysis showed interesting relations among some fruit traits that will facilitate the genetic breeding of umbuzeiro.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The medicinal plant Maytenus ilicifolia is a commonly used phytomedicine for the treatment of gastritis. The high dose required and low density of these extracts make necessary a daily intake of several capsules, hindering adherence to the medication. The purpose of this work was to develop a suitable dosage form for the administration of Maytenus ilicifolia using effervescent granules. A 23 factorial design was used to study the physical characteristics of the granules (particle size distribution, repose angle, Carr index, scanning electron microscopy and disintegration time). Moisture stability was also determined. According to the experimental design, granule size is the most important factor in determining the flow characteristics of effervescent granules. In turn, the disintegration time is controlled by the content of sodium bicarbonate present in the effervescent mixture as well as the granule size. The stability of formulations when exposed to moisture is strongly influenced by the percentage of effervescent mixture present in the vegetal granules. Precautions in handling and storage should be taken to ensure the stability of these preparations. The effervescent granules produced from Maytenus ilicifolia met the pharmacopoeial quality parameters, with appropriate mechanical and physical characteristics and proved to be a promising vehicle for plant extracts.

A planta medicinal Maytenus ilicifolia é comumente empregada como fitoterápico no tratamento da gastrite. As elevadas doses requeridas e a baixa densidade dos extratos dessa planta levam à ingestão diária de várias cápsulas do medicamento, dificultando a adesão ao tratamento. A proposta desse trabalho foi desenvolver uma forma farmacêutica adequada para administração de Maytenus ilicifolia usando granulados efervescentes. Um desenho fatorial 23 foi empregado para estudar as características físicas dos granulados (distribuição dos tamanhos de partícula, ângulo de repouso, índice de Carr, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e tempo de desintegração). A higroscopicidade das preparações também foi estudada. De acordo com o desenho experimental, o tamanho de partícula é o fator mais importante para a determinação das características de fluxo dos granulados efervescentes. Em contrapartida, o tempo de desintegração é controlado pelo conteúdo de bicarbonato de sódio presente na mistura efervescente, assim como pelo tamanho do granulado. A estabilidade das formulações quando expostas à umidade é fortemente influenciada pelo percentual de mistura efervescente presente nos granulados. Precauções de manipulação e armazenamento devem ser tomadas para garantir a estabilidade dessas preparações. Os granulados efervescentes produzidos com Maytenus ilicifolia cumprem os requisitos farmacopeicos de qualidade, com adequadas características físicas e mecânicas, provando ser um veículo promissor para extratos vegetais.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo com o presente estudo foi verificar a influência de diferentes proporções de turfa vermelha e areia na composição do substrato sobre a colonização radicular por fungos micorríozicos arbusculares (FMA) e no desenvolvimento vegetativo de aveia branca. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e os tratamentos foram constituídos a partir de combinações de turfa vermelha (T) e areia (A): 100%A; 25%T+75%A; 50%T+50%A; 75%T+25%A; 100%T. Dez sementes de aveia foram semeadas por vaso plástico preto (350ml de volume), contendo 5 gramas de inóculo de Glomus clarum. Quarenta e três dias após a semeadura da aveia, foram realizadas avaliações de desenvolvimento vegetativo e colonização micorrízica do sistema radicular das plantas, através da presença de estruturas, como hifas, arbúsculos e vesículas. Substratos com maior quantidade de turfa induziram maior desenvolvimento da parte aérea e maior qualidade de raízes (QR), em termos de volume de raízes. Entretanto, a presença da turfa acima de 50% no substrato diminuiu a percentagem de colonização micorrízica da aveia. A similaridade verificada entre as curvas de regressões de percentagem de colonização e Água Facilmente Disponível, com mesmo ponto de máximo, sugerem que a quantidade de mesoporos resultante da combinação turfa/areia influencia na resposta dos FMA, a melhor resposta é obtida em mistura com 32,5% de turfa vermelha.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different proportions of red peat and sand in the substrate on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the consequent growth of white oats. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and the treatments consisted of combinations of read peat (T) and sand (A): 100%A; 25%T+75%A; 50%T+50%A; 75%T+25%A; 100%T. Ten oat seeds were sown per container (350ml volume) containing 5 grams of Glomus clarum inoculum. Forty-three days after sowing, vegetative development and mycorrhizae colonization of the plants' root system were evaluated by recording the presence of structures such as hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles. Substrates with higher amount of red peat led to increased shoot growth and quality of roots. However, the presence of peat above 50% in the substrate decreased the percentage of colonization of oats by AMF. The similarity of the regression curves of percentage of colonization and readily available water, with the same maximum point, suggest that the amount of mesopores influences the AMF response. It is concluded that the best quality of the substrate for the production of inoculum of Glomus clarum in mixtures of red peat and sand is obtained with about 32,5% red peat content in the mixture.

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different proportions of red peat and sand in the substrate on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the consequent growth of white oats. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and the treatments consisted of combinations of read peat (T) and sand (A): 100%A; 25%T+75%A; 50%T+50%A; 75%T+25%A; 100%T. Ten oat seeds were sown per container (350ml volume) containing 5 grams of Glomus clarum inoculum. Forty-three days after sowing, vegetative development and mycorrhizae colonization of the plants' root system were evaluated by recording the presence of structures such as hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles. Substrates with higher amount of red peat led to increased shoot growth and quality of roots. However, the presence of peat above 50% in the substrate decreased the percentage of colonization of oats by AMF. The similarity of the regression curves of percentage of colonization and readily available water, with the same maximum point, suggest that the amount of mesopores influences the AMF response. It is concluded that the best quality of the substrate for the production of inoculum of Glomus clarum in mixtures of red peat and sand is obtained with about 32,5% red peat content in the mixture.

O objetivo com o presente estudo foi verificar a influência de diferentes proporções de turfa vermelha e areia na composição do substrato sobre a colonização radicular por fungos micorríozicos arbusculares (FMA) e no desenvolvimento vegetativo de aveia branca. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e os tratamentos foram constituídos a partir de combinações de turfa vermelha (T) e areia (A): 100%A; 25%T+75%A; 50%T+50%A; 75%T+25%A; 100%T. Dez sementes de aveia foram semeadas por vaso plástico preto (350ml de volume), contendo 5 gramas de inóculo de Glomus clarum. Quarenta e três dias após a semeadura da aveia, foram realizadas avaliações de desenvolvimento vegetativo e colonização micorrízica do sistema radicular das plantas, através da presença de estruturas, como hifas, arbúsculos e vesículas. Substratos com maior quantidade de turfa induziram maior desenvolvimento da parte aérea e maior qualidade de raízes (QR), em termos de volume de raízes. Entretanto, a presença da turfa acima de 50% no substrato diminuiu a percentagem de colonização micorrízica da aveia. A similaridade verificada entre as curvas de regressões de percentagem de colonização e Água Facilmente Disponível, com mesmo ponto de máximo, sugerem que a quantidade de mesoporos resultante da combinação turfa/areia influencia na resposta dos FMA, a melhor resposta é obtida em mistura com 32,5% de turfa vermelha.