RESUMO

Emerging evidence from multiple studies indicates that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suffer from a spectrum of autonomic and respiratory motor deficiencies in addition to the classical motor symptoms attributed to substantia nigra degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Animal models of PD show a decrease in the resting respiratory rate as well as a decrease in the number of Phox2b-expressing retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which substantia nigra pars compact (SNc) degeneration induced RTN biomolecular changes and to identify the extent to which RTN pharmacological or optogenetic stimulations rescue respiratory function following PD-induction. SNc degeneration was achieved in adult male Wistar rats by bilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine injection. For proteomic analysis, laser capture microdissection and pressure catapulting were used to isolate the RTN for subsequent comparative proteomic analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The respiratory parameters were evaluated by whole-body plethysmography and electromyographic analysis of respiratory muscles. The results confirmed reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons of SNc and respiratory rate in the PD-animals. Our proteomic data suggested extensive RTN remodeling, and that pharmacological or optogenetic stimulations of the diseased RTN neurons promoted rescued the respiratory deficiency. Our data indicate that despite neuroanatomical and biomolecular RTN pathologies, that RTN-directed interventions can rescue respiratory control dysfunction.

Assuntos

Neurônios/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Insuficiência Respiratória/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/fisiologia , Masculino , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Parte Compacta da Substância Negra/metabolismo , Parte Compacta da Substância Negra/fisiologia , Proteômica , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Respiração , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , Substância Negra/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/fisiologia

RESUMO

In previous reports, we developed a method to apply Brownian optogenetic noise-photostimulation (BONP, 470 nm) up to 0.67 mW on the barrel cortex of in vivo ChR2 transgenic mice. In such studies, we found that the BONP produces an increase in the evoked field potentials and the neuronal responses of pyramidal neurons induced by somatosensory mechanical stimulation. Here we extended such findings by examining whether the same type of BONP augments the Na+ current amplitude elicited by voltage-clamp ramps of dissociated pyramidal neurons from the somatosensory cortex of ChR2 transgenic and wild type mice. We found that in all neurons from the ChR2 transgenic mice, but none of the wild type mice, the peak amplitude of a TTX-sensitive Na+ current and its inverse of latency exhibited inverted U-like graphs as a function of the BONP level. It means that an intermediate level of BONP increases both the peak amplitude of the Na+ current and its inverse of latency. Our research suggests that the impact of BONP on the Na+ channels of pyramidal neurons could be associated with the observed augmentation-effects in our previous in vivo preparation. Moreover, it provides caution information for the use of an appropriate range of light intensity, <0.67 mW, which could avoid opto non-genetics (also termed "optonongenetic") related responses due to light-induced temperature changes.

RESUMO

Pre-treatment of boar semen with a red light photostimulation procedure increases its "in vivo" fertilising ability. However, "in vitro" conducted studies shown contradictory results regarding the ability of photostimulated spermatozoa to react against strong stress and to achieve the capacitation status. The aim here was to determine the effect of photostimulation on the response to short-term moderate thermal stress of boar semen. Boar semen was exposed to red LED light regime emitting a 620-630 nm during 10 min of light, 10 min of rest and 10 min of light after 3 hr since semen was collected. An aliquot without photostimulation was included as a control. After the photostimulation, the sperm cells were incubated for 15 min at 37°C. Afterwards, motility, viability, intracellular Ca2+ level and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxynitrite were analysed. The results showed that the photostimulated group maintained total motility throughout the time, whereas a significant decrease in total motility was observed in the nonphotostimulated control group. Furthermore, for kinetic parameters of motility, a significant increase was observed in LIN, STR and WOB in photostimulated spermatozoa. Peroxynitrite production was significantly increased in the photostimulated spermatozoa, whereas viability, ROS production and intracellular Ca2+ levels were not affected by photostimulation. In conclusion, photostimulation of commercial boar semen has a positive effect on motility of spermatozoa subjected to a short-term moderate thermal stress, which was concomitant with an increase in peroxynitrite production.

Assuntos

Temperatura Baixa/efeitos adversos , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , Luz , Sêmen/efeitos da radiação , Estresse Fisiológico/efeitos da radiação , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos da radiação , Inseminação Artificial/métodos , Masculino , Ácido Peroxinitroso/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Sêmen/metabolismo , Preservação do Sêmen/efeitos adversos , Preservação do Sêmen/métodos , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/efeitos da radiação , Suínos , Fatores de Tempo

RESUMO

It is well known that, under exposure to bright light, eggs tend to hatch earlier than control, without any damage to the birds. This report aims to systematically show the effect and establishes a proposal for a possible application to accelerate chicken egg formation, which could be extrapolated or adapted as a great advance in premature human newborns. Comparing several protocols, the experiments show that lower doses of light slowly delivered for 24 h promote higher efficiency in embryo development, increasing on average 25% of its size and more than 70% in weight when compared to the control. This weight difference shows promising results compared to rates of up to 17% found in the literature. These results can be a first step to reduce the stay of premature human infants in hospitals because light, when applied in very low doses, can accelerate the natural biological processes without risks.

Assuntos

Luz , Óvulo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Óvulo/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Membrana Corioalantoide/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Óvulo/imunologia , Fototerapia

RESUMO

Stochastic resonance (SR) is an inherent and counter-intuitive mechanism of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) facilitation in biological systems associated with the application of an intermediate level of noise. As a first step to investigate in detail this phenomenon in the somatosensory system, here we examined whether the direct application of noisy light on pyramidal neurons from the mouse-barrel cortex expressing a light-gated channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) can produce facilitation in somatosensory evoked field potentials. Using anesthetized Thy1-ChR2-YFP transgenic mice, and a new neural technology, that we called Brownian optogenetic-noise-photostimulation (BONP), we provide evidence for how BONP directly applied on the barrel cortex modulates the SNR in the amplitude of whisker-evoked field potentials (whisker-EFP). In all transgenic mice, we found that the SNR in the amplitude of whisker-EFP (at 30% of the maximal whisker-EFP) exhibited an inverted U-like shape as a function of the BONP level. As a control, we also applied the same experimental paradigm, but in wild-type mice, as expected, we did not find any facilitation effects. Our results show that the application of an intermediate intensity of BONP on the barrel cortex of ChR2 transgenic mice amplifies the SNR of somatosensory whisker-EFPs. This result may be relevant to explain the improvements found in sensory detection in humans produced by the application of transcranial-random-noise-stimulation (tRNS) on the scalp.

RESUMO

Artificial lights are essential for controlling the reproductive tract development of birds during puberty and therefore influence reproductive quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different light sources on reproductive anatomic and physiological characteristics of female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A total of 270 birds from one day of age were housed in a masonry shed divided into six rooms with light isolation. Each room was equipped with a different type of light bulb and contained seven cages with five birds in each. The light bulbs tested were: incandescent; compact fluorescent; and light-emitting diode (LED) in the colors white, blue, red and green. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and seven replications of individual birds each. The anatomic and physiological condition of the birds was evaluated at four, eight and 12 weeks of age. The white LED bulb advanced (P<0.05) the sexual maturity by one week, resulted (P<0.05) in higher live weights and greater weight and relative percentage of ovarian stroma, oviduct and ovarian tissue at eight weeks of age. Higher plasma concentrations of estradiol and lipids were also observed (P<0.05) at eight weeks under the white LED bulb. At 12 weeks of age, the magnum and isthmus folding characteristics were better (P<0.05) with the red LED bulb. In conclusion, the photostimulation with the white LED bulb was more efficient at activating the reproductive cycle, hastening the onset of sexual maturity and increasing the development of reproductive organs after puberty.

Assuntos

Coturnix/anatomia & histologia , Luz , Animais , Cor , Coturnix/fisiologia , Feminino , Genitália Feminina/anatomia & histologia , Genitália Feminina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Genitália Feminina/fisiologia , Genitália Feminina/efeitos da radiação , Ovário/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ovário/efeitos da radiação , Oviductos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oviductos/efeitos da radiação , Maturidade Sexual/efeitos da radiação

RESUMO

In Brazil, the egg production chain produces fresh eggs for the consumer market and for processing. Layers are housed in battery cage systems. Rearing and development farms are separate from egg-production farms. Considering the recent advance of Brazilian chicken egg production, scientific knowledge on management practices are required to disseminate and to consistently apply this knowledge to improve such practices. Artificial lighting is widely used in poultry reproduction, both in the production of hatchable eggs and of commercial eggs. Light is required for the release of hormones responsible for reproduction; however, the best lighting practices to stimulate laying poultry during the reproductive period still need to be determined, with the aim of saving electric energy, and therefore, to dilute production costs and comply with environmental sustainability requirements. This review showed that layers are indeed photostimulated with more than 12 hours of light, independently of the artificial lighting program applied. Results demonstrate that artificial lighting programs influence egg production, but not egg quality parameters. Intermittent lighting programs are good alternatives when layers are housed in open-sided houses, which are typically used in Brazil. Transcranial light reception is the most important route for the stimulation of reproduction in poultry.(AU)

Assuntos

Animais , Ovos/análise , Iluminação/tendências , Maturidade Sexual

RESUMO

In Brazil, the egg production chain produces fresh eggs for the consumer market and for processing. Layers are housed in battery cage systems. Rearing and development farms are separate from egg-production farms. Considering the recent advance of Brazilian chicken egg production, scientific knowledge on management practices are required to disseminate and to consistently apply this knowledge to improve such practices. Artificial lighting is widely used in poultry reproduction, both in the production of hatchable eggs and of commercial eggs. Light is required for the release of hormones responsible for reproduction; however, the best lighting practices to stimulate laying poultry during the reproductive period still need to be determined, with the aim of saving electric energy, and therefore, to dilute production costs and comply with environmental sustainability requirements. This review showed that layers are indeed photostimulated with more than 12 hours of light, independently of the artificial lighting program applied. Results demonstrate that artificial lighting programs influence egg production, but not egg quality parameters. Intermittent lighting programs are good alternatives when layers are housed in open-sided houses, which are typically used in Brazil. Transcranial light reception is the most important route for the stimulation of reproduction in poultry.

Assuntos

Animais , Iluminação/tendências , Maturidade Sexual , Ovos/análise

RESUMO

In Brazil, the egg production chain produces fresh eggs for the consumer market and for processing. Layers are housed in battery cage systems. Rearing and development farms are separate from egg-production farms. Considering the recent advance of Brazilian chicken egg production, scientific knowledge on management practices are required to disseminate and to consistently apply this knowledge to improve such practices. Artificial lighting is widely used in poultry reproduction, both in the production of hatchable eggs and of commercial eggs. Light is required for the release of hormones responsible for reproduction; however, the best lighting practices to stimulate laying poultry during the reproductive period still need to be determined, with the aim of saving electric energy, and therefore, to dilute production costs and comply with environmental sustainability requirements. This review showed that layers are indeed photostimulated with more than 12 hours of light, independently of the artificial lighting program applied. Results demonstrate that artificial lighting programs influence egg production, but not egg quality parameters. Intermittent lighting programs are good alternatives when layers are housed in open-sided houses, which are typically used in Brazil. Transcranial light reception is the most important route for the stimulation of reproduction in poultry.

RESUMO

La epilepsia fotosensible es una forma de epilepsia refleja que ocurre en pacientes con crisis provocadas por la estimulación luminosa intermitente a variados estímulos (televisión, luz solar, videojuegos u otros). El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es la presentación de 4 pacientes con las características de esta epilepsia. Se describieron las manifestaciones clinicas de cada uno y su tratamiento. Ningún paciente presentó crisis epilépticas espontáneas. En todos los niños la maniobra de la fotoestimulación fue positiva, pero no provocó crisis epilépticas. Se concluyó que lograr la eliminación de los estímulos que provocan las crisis es más importante que su tratamiento medicamentoso

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Photosensitive epilepsy is a kind of reflex epilepsy occurring in patients with crises provoked by the intermittent luminous stimulation to different stimuli (television, sunlight, videogames, etc). The main objective of present paper is the presentation of four patients presenting the features of this type of epilepsy. The clinical manifestations of each and its treatment were described. Any patient had spontaneous epileptic crises. In all children the maneuver of photostimulation was positive, but without epileptic crises. We conclude that the achievement the elimination of stimuli provoking crisis is more important than its drug treatment