RESUMO
Resumen Los nacimientos prematuros representan un in dicador importante de salud de un país. Estos niños tienen un mayor riesgo de mortalidad y morbilidad. Las principales lesiones encefálicas en los prematuros incluyen lesiones de la sustancia blanca, hemorragias intracraneanas y lesiones cerebelosas, que pueden ser detectadas mediante ecografía encefálica y resonancia magnética, siendo esta última la técnica más sensible. Estas lesiones pueden tener repercusión a largo plazo en el neurodesarrollo de los prematuros, con un mayor riesgo de parálisis cerebral, trastornos cognitivos, con ductuales, sensoriales y del aprendizaje, entre otros. Es fundamental aplicar estrategias de prevención y aten ción temprana para reducir las consecuencias negativas de las lesiones encefálicas asociadas a la prematuridad.
Abstract Premature births are an important health indicator for a country. These children have a higher risk of mor tality and morbidity. The main brain injuries in preterm infants include white matter injuries, intracranial hem orrhages, and cerebellar injuries. These injuries can be detected through brain ultrasound and magnetic reso nance imaging (MRI), with MRI being the most sensitive technique. Perinatal brain injuries may have long-term consequences on the neurodevelopment of preterm infants, with an increased risk of cerebral palsy, cogni tive, behavioral, sensory, and learning disorders, among others. It is key to implement prevention strategies and early intervention to reduce the negative consequences of brain injuries associated with prematurity.
RESUMO
Premature births are an important health indicator for a country. These children have a higher risk of mortality and morbidity. The main brain injuries in preterm infants include white matter injuries, intracranial hemorrhages, and cerebellar injuries. These injuries can be detected through brain ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with MRI being the most sensitive technique. Perinatal brain injuries may have long-term consequences on the neurodevelopment of preterm infants, with an increased risk of cerebral palsy, cognitive, behavioral, sensory, and learning disorders, among others. It is key to implement prevention strategies and early intervention to reduce the negative consequences of brain injuries associated with prematurity. Key words: prematurity, periventricular leukomalacia, intracranial hemorrhage, neurodevelopmental disorders, cerebral palsy.
Los nacimientos prematuros representan un indicador importante de salud de un país. Estos niños tienen un mayor riesgo de mortalidad y morbilidad. Las principales lesiones encefálicas en los prematuros incluyen lesiones de la sustancia blanca, hemorragias intracraneanas y lesiones cerebelosas, que pueden ser detectadas mediante ecografía encefálica y resonancia magnética, siendo esta última la técnica más sensible. Estas lesiones pueden tener repercusión a largo plazo en el neurodesarrollo de los prematuros, con un mayor riesgo de parálisis cerebral, trastornos cognitivos, conductuales, sensoriales y del aprendizaje, entre otros. Es fundamental aplicar estrategias de prevención y atención temprana para reducir las consecuencias negativas de las lesiones encefálicas asociadas a la prematuridad.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas , Paralisia Cerebral , Recém-Nascido , Criança , Lactente , Feminino , Gravidez , Humanos , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Encéfalo , CerebeloRESUMO
Para determinar los efectos de la corioamnionitis histológica en el neurodesarrollo de los prematuros menores de 34 semanas evaluados a los 2 años de edad corregida se realizó un estudio secundario de casos y controles. Fueron analizados los datos clínicos, hallazgos histológicos de la placenta e índices del desarrollo medidos por la Escala Bayley III de 38 niños expuestos y 53 niños no expuestos. Las infecciones genitourinarias de la madre y la sepsis precoz fueron más frecuentes en el grupo expuesto (p<0,005). Las dimensiones del desarrollo cognitivo, motor y lenguaje fueron normales en ambos grupos. Los expuestos al subtipo subcorionitis obtuvieron menor desempeño en las tres dimensiones. La corioamnionitis histológica no mostró influencia sobre el neurodesarrollo en prematuros menores de 34 semanas a los 2 años de edad. Se recomienda estudios longitudinales y multicéntricos para definir los efectos a largo plazo.
SUMMARY The objective of this study was to determine the effects of histologically diagnosed chorioamnionitis on neurodevelopment of premature babies born with less than 34-week gestational age who were assessed at two-year corrected age. A secondary case-control study was carried out. Clinical data, placental histological findings, and development indexes assessed using the Bayley III scale were analyzed in 38 exposed children and 53 non-exposed children. Genitourinary infections in mothers and early sepsis were more frequent in the exposed group (p<0.005). Cognitive development, motor development and language were normal in both groups. Those children exposed to the chorionitis subtype had lower scores in the aforementioned variables. Histologically diagnosed chorioamnionitis did not show any influence on neurodevelopment in premature babies born with less than 34-week gestational age when they were assessed at two years. Longitudinal and multicenter studies are advised in order to define the long-term effects.
RESUMO
Las investigaciones muestran que un número importante de niños nacidos prematuros (antes de las 37 semanas de gestación) presentan dificultades en su desarrollo, entre ellas el desarrollo lingüístico. Las investigaciones previas indican que algunas complicaciones biomédicas, como la hemorragia intraventricular (los grados III y IV), la leucomalacia periventricular y la displasia broncopulmonar, incrementan la probabilidad de presentar alteraciones en el desarrollo de la cognición y/o del lenguaje, por lo que se hace necesario realizar investigaciones que proporcionen más información y con ello poder anticiparse a posibles consecuencias en los aprendizajes futuros de estos niños nacidos bajo la condición de prematuridad. Es así, que los objetivos de este estudio fueron medir el tamaño del léxico temprano en niños muy prematuros y prematuros extremos (con y sin complicaciones biomédicas) a los 24 meses de edad corregida, así como también determinar la asociación entre número de complicaciones biomédicas presentes y el tamaño del léxico. Para ello, se trabajó con 108 niños divididos en tres grupos: 39 niños prematuros de alto riesgo (con complicaciones biomédicas), 36 niños prematuros de bajo riesgo (sin complicaciones biomédicas asociadas a alteraciones del lenguaje y /o cognición) y 33 niños nacidos de término. Todos fueron evaluados con el Inventario II de Desarrollo de Habilidades Comunicativas MacArthur-Bates. Los resultados muestran que los niños nacidos de término tienen significativamente mayor tamaño del léxico que los prematuros, no existiendo diferencias en los resultados entre prematuros de bajo riesgo y los prematuros de alto riesgo. Por otra parte, el tamaño del léxico no presenta correlación con las complicaciones biomédicas.
Research shows that a significant number of children born preterm (before 37 weeks of gestation) have developmental difficulties, among them disturbances in language development. Studies indicate that some biomedical complications such as intraventricular hemorrhage (grades III and IV), periventricular leukomalacia, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia increase the probability of cognitive and/or language development disorders. Therefore, there is a need to conduct more studies that provide information that allows anticipating possible consequences in the learning process of children born prematurely. The aims of this study were to measure the early vocabulary size in very preterm and extremely preterm children (with and without biomedical complications) at 24 months of corrected age and to determine the association between the number of biomedical complications and vocabulary size. To that effect, we worked with 108 children divided into three groups: 39 high-risk preterm children (with biomedical complications), 36 low-risk preterm children (without biomedical complications associated with language and/or cognitive disturbances), and 33 full-term children. All children were evaluated using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory II. The results show that the vocabulary size of full-term children is significantly larger than that of preterm children and that no differences exist between the group of high-risk versus low-risk preterm children. On the other hand, vocabulary size does not correlate withbiomedical complications.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Vocabulário , Lactente Extremamente Prematuro , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Leucomalácia Periventricular , Displasia Broncopulmonar , Estudos Transversais , Medição de Risco , Hemorragia Cerebral IntraventricularRESUMO
The effect of perinatal asphyxia (PA) on oligodendrocyte (OL), neuroinflammation, and cell viability was evaluated in telencephalon of rats at postnatal day (P)1, 7, and 14, a period characterized by a spur of neuronal networking, evaluating the effect of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)-treatment. The issue was investigated with a rat model of global PA, mimicking a clinical risk occurring under labor. PA was induced by immersing fetus-containing uterine horns into a water bath for 21 min (AS), using sibling-caesarean-delivered fetuses (CS) as controls. Two hours after delivery, AS and CS neonates were injected with either 5 µL of vehicle (10% plasma) or 5 × 104 MSCs into the lateral ventricle. Samples were assayed for myelin-basic protein (MBP) levels; Olig-1/Olig-2 transcriptional factors; Gglial phenotype; neuroinflammation, and delayed cell death. The main effects were observed at P7, including: (i) A decrease of MBP-immunoreactivity in external capsule, corpus callosum, cingulum, but not in fimbriae of hippocampus; (ii) an increase of Olig-1-mRNA levels; (iii) an increase of IL-6-mRNA, but not in protein levels; (iv) an increase in cell death, including OLs; and (v) MSCs treatment prevented the effect of PA on myelination, OLs number, and cell death. The present findings show that PA induces regional- and developmental-dependent changes on myelination and OLs maturation. Neonatal MSCs treatment improves survival of mature OLs and myelination in telencephalic white matter.
Assuntos
Asfixia/metabolismo , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Bainha de Mielina/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Índice de Apgar , Asfixia/etiologia , Biomarcadores , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Diferenciação Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Mediadores da Inflamação , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Bainha de Mielina/patologia , Neuroglia/imunologia , Neuroglia/metabolismo , Oligodendroglia/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro , RatosRESUMO
RESUMEN La enfermedad hipóxico-isquémica constituye una de las principales causas de morbi-mortalidad neurológica en el recién nacido. Las diferentes adaptacio-nes vasculares a la hipoxia tanto en el neonato pretérmino como en niño a término hacen que su presentación en neuroimagen, sobre todo en el ultrasonido (US) sea caracterizable según el territorio afectado y el momento de la enfermedad. El ultrasonido se ha convertido en una poderosa herramienta para la evaluación del recién nacido con sospecha de EHI, y el patrón de las lesiones tiene importantes implicaciones en el tratamiento y en el pronóstico neurológico a largo plazo. A continuación, presentamos el caso de un recién nacido masculino, prematuro extremo, que requirió reanimación cardiopulmonar avanzada en el nacimiento y que además presento dos episodios de parada cardiorrespiratoria en el segundo y tercer día de vida, en el cual se llegó al diagnóstico con patrones ecográficos característicos de lesión isquémica y además se detalla la evolución de los hallazgos en el tiempo.Palabras claves: Enfermedad hipóxico-isquémica, ultrasonido transfontanelar, matriz germinal, leucomalacia periventricular.
ABSTRACT Hypoxic-ischemic disease is one of the main causes of neurological morbidity and mortality in the newborn. The different vascular adaptations to hypoxia in both the preterm and term infants make their presentation on neuroimaging, especially on ultrasound (US), characterizable according to the affected terri-tory and the time of the disease. Ultrasound has become a powerful tool for evaluating the newborn with suspected IBD, and the pattern of the lesions has important implications for treatment and long-term neurological prognosis. Next, we present the case of a male newborn, extremely premature, who required advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation at birth and who also presented two episodes of cardiorespiratory arrest on the second and third day of life, in which the diagnosis was reached with patterns sonographic characteristics of ischemic injury and also the evolution of the findings over time.Keywords: Hypoxic-ischemic disease, transfontanelar ultrasound, germ matrix, periventricular leukomalacia
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Ultrassonografia , Hipóxia , Leucomalácia Periventricular , Morbidade , NeuroimagemRESUMO
Preterm birth is one of the main country health indicators. It is associated with high mortality and significant morbidity in preterm newborns with cerebral palsy and potential long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities like cognitive and learning problems. The main lesions could be: a) white matter injuries, generally associated with cortical and other regions of grey matter neuronal-axonal disturbances; b) intracranial hemorrhage that includes germinal matrix, intraventricular and parenchymal, c) cerebellum injuries. The white matter lesions include cystic and non-cystic (with microscopic focal necrosis) periventricular leukomalacia and non-necrotic diffuse white matter injury. Multiple etiologic factors are associated with these injuries. Anatomical and physiological characteristics of periventricular vascular structures predispose white matter to cerebral ischemia and, interacting with infection/inflammation factors, activate microglia, generating oxidative stress (mediated by free oxygen and nitrogen radicals), pro-inflammatory cytokine and glutamate toxicity, energetic failure and vascular integrity disturbances. All these factors lead to a particular vulnerability of pre-oligodendrocytes that will affect myelination. Hypoxia-ischemia also may produce selective neuronal necrosis in different cerebral regions. Germinal matrix is a highly vascularized zone beneath ependymal or periventricular region that constitutes a capillary bed with a particular structural fragility that predispose it to hemorrhage.
Los nacimientos prematuros son uno de los principales indicadores de salud de un país. Están asociados a una alta mortalidad e importante morbilidad en niños con parálisis cerebral y otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo, incluyendo problemas cognitivos y del aprendizaje. Los principales tipos de lesión encefálica en los recién nacidos prematuros son: a) las lesiones de la sustancia blanca, generalmente asociadas a alteraciones neuronales y axonales en la corteza cerebral y otras zonas de sustancia gris; b) hemorragias intracraneanas que incluyen las de la matriz germinal, intraventriculares e intraparenquimatosas y c) del cerebelo. Las lesiones de sustancia blanca incluyen la leucomalacia periventricular quística, no quística (con focos de necrosis microscópicos) y lesiones difusas de sustancia blanca, no necróticas. Estas lesiones tienen múltiples factores etiológicos. Las características anatómicas y fisiológicas de las estructuras vasculares periventriculares predisponen a la sustancia blanca a ser muy vulnerable a las situaciones de isquemia cerebral y, en interacción con factores infecciosos/inflamatorios, activan a las microglías generando estrés oxidativo (por liberación de radicales libres del oxígeno y del nitrógeno), liberación de citoquinas proinflamatorias, liberación de glutamato, fallo energético y alteración de la integridad vascular. Todo lo anteriormente mencionado genera una particular vulnerabilidad de los pre-oligodendrocitos que termina alterando la mielinización. La hipoxia-isquemia también puede producir necrosis neuronal selectiva en diferentes regiones encefálicas. La matriz germinal es un área altamente vascularizada en la región subependimaria periventricular con una estructura capilar muy frágil que la predispone a las hemorragias.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/etiologia , Isquemia Encefálica/etiologia , Paralisia Cerebral/etiologia , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/etiologia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Leucomalácia Periventricular/etiologia , Lesões Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Lesões Encefálicas/mortalidade , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Isquemia Encefálica/mortalidade , Paralisia Cerebral/mortalidade , Humanos , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/mortalidade , Recém-Nascido , Leucomalácia Periventricular/diagnóstico por imagem , Leucomalácia Periventricular/mortalidade , Substância Branca/patologiaRESUMO
Los nacimientos prematuros son uno de los principales indicadores de salud de un país. Están asociados a una alta mortalidad e importante morbilidad en niños con parálisis cerebral y otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo, incluyendo problemas cognitivos y del aprendizaje. Los principales tipos de lesión encefálica en los recién nacidos prematuros son: a) las lesiones de la sustancia blanca, generalmente asociadas a alteraciones neuronales y axonales en la corteza cerebral y otras zonas de sustancia gris; b) hemorragias intracraneanas que incluyen las de la matriz germinal, intraventriculares e intraparenquimatosas y c) del cerebelo. Las lesiones de sustancia blanca incluyen la leucomalacia periventricular quística, no quística (con focos de necrosis microscópicos) y lesiones difusas de sustancia blanca, no necróticas. Estas lesiones tienen múltiples factores etiológicos. Las características anatómicas y fisiológicas de las estructuras vasculares periventriculares predisponen a la sustancia blanca a ser muy vulnerable a las situaciones de isquemia cerebral y, en interacción con factores infecciosos/inflamatorios, activan a las microglías generando estrés oxidativo (por liberación de radicales libres del oxígeno y del nitrógeno), liberación de citoquinas proinflamatorias, liberación de glutamato, fallo energético y alteración de la integridad vascular. Todo lo anteriormente mencionado genera una particular vulnerabilidad de los pre-oligodendrocitos que termina alterando la mielinización. La hipoxia-isquemia también puede producir necrosis neuronal selectiva en diferentes regiones encefálicas. La matriz germinal es un área altamente vascularizada en la región subependimaria periventricular con una estructura capilar muy frágil que la predispone a las hemorragias.
Preterm birth is one of the main country health indicators. It is associated with high mortality and significant morbidity in preterm newborns with cerebral palsy and potential long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities like cognitive and learning problems. The main lesions could be: a) white matter injuries, generally associated with cortical and other regions of grey matter neuronal-axonal disturbances; b) intracranial hemorrhage that includes germinal matrix, intraventricular and parenchymal, c) cerebellum injuries. The white matter lesions include cystic and non-cystic (with microscopic focal necrosis) periventricular leukomalacia and non-necrotic diffuse white matter injury. Multiple etiologic factors are associated with these injuries. Anatomical and physiological characteristics of periventricular vascular structures predispose white matter to cerebral ischemia and, interacting with infection/inflammation factors, activate microglia, generating oxidative stress (mediated by free oxygen and nitrogen radicals), pro-inflammatory cytokine and glutamate toxicity, energetic failure and vascular integrity disturbances. All these factors lead to a particular vulnerability of pre-oligodendrocytes that will affect myelination. Hypoxia-ischemia also may produce selective neuronal necrosis in different cerebral regions. Germinal matrix is a highly vascularized zone beneath ependymal or periventricular region that constitutes a capillary bed with a particular structural fragility that predispose it to hemorrhage.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Leucomalácia Periventricular/etiologia , Lesões Encefálicas/etiologia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Isquemia Encefálica/etiologia , Paralisia Cerebral/etiologia , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/etiologia , Lesões Encefálicas/mortalidade , Lesões Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Isquemia Encefálica/mortalidade , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Paralisia Cerebral/mortalidade , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/mortalidade , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/patologiaRESUMO
RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir la frecuencia y severidad de la hemorragia intraventricular y leucomalacia periventricular en neonatos de bajo peso en tres hospitales de Lima, Perú se evaluaron 385 neonatos menores de 2000 g de peso al nacer durante mayo del 2012 a julio del 2014. Se obtuvo ultrasonidos cerebrales a las 40 semanas de gestación, 3-5 días de vida y 3-4 semanas de vida. Hemorragia intraventricular se presentó en 19,2% neonatos con menos de 1500 g y fue severa (grado III o con infarto hemorrágico periventricular) en 9,6% neonatos menores de 1500 g. La mortalidad en neonatos con hemorragia intraventricular fue de 47,1%, se encontró leucomalacia periventricular en 5,4% de los neonatos menores de 1500 g. Ambos diagnósticos fueron más frecuentes en neonatos con menor peso. La frecuencia de hemorragia intraventricular es similar a lo reportado en otros países; sin embargo, la severidad y mortalidad es mayor.
ABSTRACT To describe the frequency and severity of intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia in low birth-weight neonates in three hospitals in Lima, Peru, 385 newborn babies weighing under 2,000 g at birth were evaluated between May 2012 and July 2014. Brain ultrasounds were obtained at 40 weeks' gestation, 3-5 days of life, and 3-4 weeks of life. Intraventricular hemorrhage occurred in 19.2% of neonates weighing under 1,500 g and was severe (grade III or with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction) in 9.6% of neonates under 1,500 g. Mortality in infants with intraventricular hemorrhage was 47.1%, while periventricular leukomalacia was found in 5.4% of neonates 1,500 g and under; both diagnoses were more frequent in lower-weight babies. The frequency of intraventricular hemorrhage is similar to that reported in other countries; however, severity and mortality are greater.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Leucomalácia Periventricular/epidemiologia , Hemorragia Cerebral/epidemiologia , Peru/epidemiologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Saúde da População Urbana , Estudos Prospectivos , HospitaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for severe neurologic injury (intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or greater and/or periventricular leukomalacia) diagnosed by ultrasound scan of the head among infants born at 300-326 weeks of gestation and compare different screening strategies. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of infants born at 300-326 weeks or >326 weeks of gestation with a birth weight <1500 g admitted to neonatal intensive care units in the Canadian Neonatal Network from 2011 to 2016. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant risk factors and calculate aORs and 95% CIs. Risk factor-based screening strategies were compared. RESULTS: The rate of severe neurologic injury was 3.1% among infants screened (285/9221). Significant risk factors included singleton birth (aOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.35-2.85), 5-minute Apgar <7 (aOR 1.81, 95% CI 1.30-2.50), mechanical ventilation on day 1 (aOR 2.65, 95% CI 1.88-3.71), and treatment with vasopressors on day 1 (aOR 3.23, 95% CI 2.19-4.75). Risk categories were low (no risk factor, 1.2%, 25/2137), moderate (singleton with no other risk factor: 1.8%, 68/3678), and high (≥1 risk factor among 5-minute Apgar <7, receipt of vasopressors or mechanical ventilation on day 1: 5.6%, 192/3408). Screening moderate- to high-risk infants identified 91% (260/285) of infants with severe neurologic injury and would require screening fewer infants (1647 infants per year) than screening all infants <33 weeks of gestation (2064 infants screened per year, 93% [265/285] of cases identified). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factor-based ultrasound scan of the head screening among infants born at 30-32 weeks of gestation could help optimize resources better than gestational age based screening.
Assuntos
Hemorragia Cerebral Intraventricular/etiologia , Regras de Decisão Clínica , Cabeça/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Prematuro/etiologia , Leucomalácia Periventricular/etiologia , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Hemorragia Cerebral Intraventricular/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomada de Decisão Clínica/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Prematuro/diagnóstico por imagem , Leucomalácia Periventricular/diagnóstico por imagem , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of gastrostomy tube (GT) placement in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, associated comorbidities, and long-term outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Analysis of ELBW infants from 25 centers enrolled in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network's Generic Database and Follow-up Registry from 2006 to 2012. Frequency of GT placement before 18-22 months, demographic and medical factors associated with GT placement, and associated long-term outcomes at 18-22 months of corrected age were described. Associations between GT placement and neonatal morbidities and long-term outcomes were assessed with logistic regression after adjustment for center and common co-variables. RESULTS: Of the 4549 ELBW infants included in these analyses, 333 (7.3%) underwent GT placement; 76% had the GT placed postdischarge. Of infants with GTs, 11% had birth weights small for gestational age, 77% had bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and 29% severe intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia. At follow-up, 56% of infants with a GT had weight <10th percentile, 61% had neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI), and 55% had chronic breathing problems. After adjustment, small for gestational age, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage/periventricular leukomalacia, poor growth, and NDI were associated with GT placement. Thirty-two percent of infants with GTs placed were taking full oral feeds at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: GT placement is common in ELBW infants, particularly among those with severe neonatal morbidities. GT placement in this population was associated with poor growth, NDI, and chronic respiratory and feeding problems at follow-up. The frequency of GT placement postneonatal discharge indicates the need for close nutritional follow-up of ELBW infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00063063.
Assuntos
Nutrição Enteral/estatística & dados numéricos , Gastrostomia/estatística & dados numéricos , Recém-Nascido de Peso Extremamente Baixo ao Nascer , Doenças do Prematuro/terapia , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Comorbidade , Bases de Dados Factuais , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Doenças do Prematuro/epidemiologia , Masculino , Sistema de Registros , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency and findings of cranial imaging in moderately preterm infants (born at 290/7-336/7 weeks of gestation) across centers, and to examine the association between abnormal imaging and clinical characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: We used data from the Neonatal Research Network Moderately Preterm Registry, including the most severe early (≤28 days) and late (>28 days) cranial imaging. Stepwise logistic regression and CART analysis were performed after adjustment for gestational age, antenatal steroid use, and center. RESULTS: Among 7021 infants, 4184 (60%) underwent cranial imaging. These infants had lower gestational ages and birth weights and higher rates of small for gestational age, outborn birth, cesarean delivery, neonatal resuscitation, and treatment with surfactant, compared with those without imaging (P < .0001). Imaging abnormalities noted in 15% of the infants included any intracranial hemorrhage (13.2%), grades 3-4 intracranial hemorrhage (1.7%), cystic periventricular leukomalacia (2.6%), and ventriculomegaly (6.6%). Histologic chorioamnionitis (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.19-1.83), gestational age (0.95; 95% CI, 0.94-0.97), antenatal steroids (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.41-0.74), and cesarean delivery (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53-0.81) were associated with abnormal imaging. The center with the highest rate of cranial imaging, compared with the lowest, had a higher risk of abnormal imaging (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.10-3.92). On the classification and regression-tree model, cesarean delivery, center, antenatal steroids, and chorioamnionitis, in that order, predicted abnormal imaging. CONCLUSION: Among the 60% of moderately preterm infants with cranial imaging, 15% had intracranial hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leukomalacia or late ventriculomegaly. Further correlation of imaging and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in moderately preterm infants is needed.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Hidrocefalia , Hemorragias Intracranianas , Leucomalácia Periventricular , Triagem Neonatal , Adulto , Cesárea/estatística & dados numéricos , Corioamnionite/diagnóstico , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico por imagem , Hidrocefalia/epidemiologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional , Hemorragias Intracranianas/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemorragias Intracranianas/epidemiologia , Leucomalácia Periventricular/diagnóstico por imagem , Leucomalácia Periventricular/epidemiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Sistema de Registros , Ressuscitação/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome of preterm infants whose cystic periventricular leukomalacia "disappeared" on serial screening cranial imaging studies. STUDY DESIGN: Infants ≤26 weeks of gestation born between 2002 and 2012 who had cranial imaging studies at least twice, the most abnormal study at <28 days of age and another closest to 36 weeks, were reviewed. The outcome of late death (after 36 weeks postmenstrual age) or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in surviving infants at 18-26 months corrected age was compared between the infants with no cystic periventricular leukomalacia on both studies and cystic periventricular leukomalacia that disappeared (cystic periventricular leukomalacia at <28 days but not at 36 weeks), persisted (cystic periventricular leukomalacia on both studies), or appeared late (cystic periventricular leukomalacia only at 36 weeks). Predictors of NDI were evaluated by logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 7063 eligible infants, 433 (6.1%) had cystic periventricular leukomalacia. Among the 433 infants with cystic periventricular leukomalacia, cystic periventricular leukomalacia disappeared in 76 (18%), persisted in 87 (20%), and 270 (62%) had late cystic periventricular leukomalacia. Loss to follow-up ranged between 3% and 13%. Death or NDI was more common in infants with disappeared cystic periventricular leukomalacia compared with those with no cystic periventricular leukomalacia (38 of 72 [53%] vs 1776 of 6376 [28%]; OR [95% CI] 2.8 [1.8-4.6]). Disappeared, persistent, and late cystic periventricular leukomalacia were all also independently associated with NDI (OR 1.17, 1.21, and 1.16, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Infants with "disappeared" cystic periventricular leukomalacia are at increased risk of adverse outcome similar to infants with persistent or late cystic periventricular leukomalacia.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Leucomalácia Periventricular/diagnóstico por imagem , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/epidemiologia , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Lactente , Lactente Extremamente Prematuro , Recém-Nascido , Leucomalácia Periventricular/mortalidade , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
The sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) is an electroencephalographic rhythm associated with motor and cognitive development observed in the central brain regions during wakefulness in the absence of movement, and it reacts contralaterally to generalized and hemibody movements. The purpose of this work was to characterize the SMR of 4-month-old infants, born either healthy at term or prematurely with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Two groups of infants were formed: healthy and premature with PVL. Their electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded in four conditions: rest, free movement, right-hand grasping and left-hand grasping, in order to explore general reactivity to free movement and contralateral reactivity in hand-grasping conditions. Associations between SMR, and cognitive and motor performance were analyzed. The healthy infants showed a SMR between 5.47 and 7.03 Hz, with clear contralateral reactivity to free movement and right-hand grasping. However, the premature infants with PVL did not show enough electroencephalographic characteristics to evidence the presence of SMR. Poor performance, characteristic of children with PVL, was related to low-frequency SMR, while good performance was associated with a higher frequency rhythm in the left hemisphere. The presence of SMR in the group of healthy infants could be considered a sign of health at this age. Thus, poor SMR evidence in the EEG of infants with PVL is probably a sign of brain immaturity or brain dysfunction. Our results provide data on infant SMR development that is needed to design neurofeedback protocols for infants with PVL.
Assuntos
Ondas Encefálicas/fisiologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/fisiologia , Leucomalácia Periventricular/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze unfavorable outcomes at hospital discharge of preterm infants born at Brazilian public university centers. METHODS: Prospective cohort of 2646 inborn infants with gestational age 23-33 weeks and birth weight 400-1499 g, without malformations, born at 20 centers in 2012-2013. Unfavorable outcome was defined as in-hospital death or survival at hospital discharge with ≥1 major morbidities: bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 36 corrected weeks, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) grades 3-4, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) or surgically treated retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). RESULTS: Among 2646 infants, 1390 (53%) either died or survived with major morbidities: 793 (30%) died; 497 (19%) had BPD; 358 (13%) had IVH 3-4 or PVL; and 84 (3%) had ROP. Logistic regression adjusted by center showed association of unfavorable outcome with: antenatal steroids (OR 0.70; 95%CI 0.55-0.88), C-section (0.72; 0.58-0.90), gestational age <30 (4.00; 3.16-5.07), being male (1.44; 1.19-1.75), small for gestational age (2.19; 1.72-2.78), 5th-min Apgar <7 (3.89; 2.88-5.26), temperature at NICU admission <36.0 °C (1.42; 1.15-1.76), respiratory distress syndrome (3.87; 2.99-5.01), proven late sepsis (1.33; 1.05-1.69), necrotizing enterocolitis (3.10; 2.09-4.60) and patent ductus arteriosus (1.69; 1.37-2.09). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the VLBW infants born at public university level 3 Brazilian hospitals either die or survive with major morbidities.
Assuntos
Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade Infantil , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Con frecuencia se emplean los términos leucomalacia periventricular, daño a la sustancia blanca y encefalopatía de la prematuridad como sinónimos; sin embargo, no son exactamente lo mismo. Se realiza esta revisión con el objetivo de fundamentar la consistencia del término encefalopatía de la prematuridad, a partir de una actualización sobre su fisiopatología, diagnóstico y pronóstico. La leucomalacia periventricular tiene 2 componentes principales, uno macroscópico quístico y otro microscópico, que puede ser focal o difuso. El daño a la sustancia blanca es el hallazgo neuropatológico más común de parálisis cerebral en los recién nacidos pretérminos, que identifica cualquier anormalidad en la sustancia blanca. La encefalopatía de la prematuridad, en cambio, es un término mucho más abarcador, porque en su origen parecen tener importancia los trastornos destructivos primarios y los relacionados con el desarrollo cerebral. Su fisiopatología se ha tratado de explicar mediante 2 modelos teóricos: el infeccioso-inflamatorio y el hemodinámico. Para su diagnóstico resultan necesarias la evaluación neuroimaginológica y la del neurodesarrollo, en la que a menudo se diagnostica la presencia de parálisis cerebral o trastornos del desarrollo intelectual, aisladamente o en asociación. Es muy probable que la encefalopatía de la prematuridad tienda a afianzarse cada día más como una entidad nosológica independiente, dadas sus implicaciones médicas y sociales.
Some terms such as periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), white matter damage (WMD) and encephalopathy of prematurity are used as synonyms; however, they are not exactly the same. This review was aimed at substantiating the consistency of the term encephalopathy of prematurity, on the basis of its physiopathology, diagnosis and prognosis. Periventricular leukomalacia has two main components, one macroscopic cystic and the other microscopic one which can be focal or diffuse. The white matter damage is the most common neuropathological feature of cerebral palsy in preterm infants, which identifies any anomalies in the white matter. In turn, encephalopathy of prematurity is a much more comprehensive term because it seems that both primary destructive disorders and those related to brain development are influential in its origin. Its physiopathology has been explained by two theoretical models: the infective-inflammatory one and the hemodynamic one. Neuroimaginological and neurodevelopmental evaluations are necessary for the diagnosis, where the presence of cerebral palsy and of intellectual development disorders, either isolated or combined, is detected. It is much likely that encephalopathy of prematurity tends to increasingly consolidate as an independent nosological entity, taking into account its medical and social implications.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Encefalopatias/diagnóstico , Encefalopatias/fisiopatologia , Leucomalácia Periventricular , Leucomalácia Periventricular/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is characterized by necrosis of the cerebral white matter in the dorsolateral portions of the lateral ventricles. PVL causes motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits. The aim of this study was to analyze the conduction characteristics of the visual pathway in infants with diffuse PVL using visual evoked potentials (VEPs). We studied 11 healthy infants (mean age 3.3 ± 1.3 months) and 17 with diffuse PVL (mean age 2.9 ± 0.8 months and mean gestational age 31.9 ± 3.1 weeks). The N75, P100, and N135 wave latencies; the interwave N75-P100 and P100-N135 latencies; and the N75-P100 and P100-N135 amplitudes were measured in the occipital leads. VEPs were recorded during binocular stimulation at an angle of 120' from the Fz-Oz lead. Healthy children had mean N75, P100, and N135 wave latencies of 84.4 ± 5.8, 143.4 ± 30.6 and 222.9 ± 40.4 ms, respectively. The mean interwave N75-P100 and P100-N135 latencies were 59.0 ± 28.6 and 79.5 ± 13.6 ms, respectively. Compared with the healthy group, infants with PVL had longer N75 and N135 latencies at 92.3 ± 15.3 (P = .05) and 265.0 ms ± 60.3 (P = .05), respectively. The interwave latency P100-N135 (105.5 ± 29.1 ms; P = .017) was longer in children with PVL than in healthy infants. Infants with diffuse PVL had mild alterations in their N75, P100 and, particularly, their N135 latencies. These increases in P100-N135 interwave latencies could be because of damage to the geniculocortical pathways and V2-V3 networks.
Assuntos
Potenciais Evocados Visuais/fisiologia , Leucomalácia Periventricular/fisiopatologia , Rede Nervosa/fisiopatologia , Vias Visuais/fisiopatologia , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Candida remains an important cause of late-onset infection in preterm infants. Mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants enrolled in the Candida study were evaluated based on infection status. STUDY DESIGN: ELBW infants born at Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network (NRN) centers between March 2004 and July 2007 who were screened for suspected sepsis were eligible for inclusion in the Candida study. Primary outcome data for neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) or death were available for 1317 of the 1515 infants (87%) enrolled in the Candida study. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II or -III was administered at 18 months' adjusted age. A secondary comparison was performed with 864 infants enrolled in the NRN Generic Database during the same cohort who were never screened for sepsis and therefore not eligible for the Candida study. RESULTS: Among ELBW infants enrolled in the Candida study, 31% with Candida and 31% with late-onset non-Candida sepsis had NDI at 18 months. Infants with Candida sepsis and/or meningitis had an increased risk of death and were more likely to have the composite outcome of death and/or NDI compared with uninfected infants in adjusted analysis. Compared with infants in the NRN registry never screened for sepsis, overall risk for death were similar but those with Candida infection were more likely to have NDI (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.01-3.33, P = .047). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of ELBW infants, those with infection and/or meningitis were at increased risk for death and/or NDI. This risk was highest among those with Candida sepsis and/or meningitis.
Assuntos
Candidíase/complicações , Recém-Nascido de Peso Extremamente Baixo ao Nascer/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida , Candidíase/mortalidade , Bases de Dados Factuais , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Doenças do Prematuro , Masculino , Meningite Fúngica/diagnóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Sepse/diagnóstico , Sepse/microbiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between abnormal feeding patterns and language performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Third Edition at 18-22 months adjusted age among a cohort of extremely premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: This is a descriptive analysis of 1477 preterm infants born ≤ 26 weeks gestation or enrolled in a clinical trial between January 1, 2006 and March 18, 2008 at a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network center who completed the 18-month neurodevelopmental follow-up assessment. At 18-22 months adjusted age, a comprehensive neurodevelopmental evaluation was performed by certified examiners including the Receptive and Expressive Language Subscales of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Third Edition and a standardized adjusted age feeding behaviors and nutritional intake. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multilevel linear and logistic regression modeling. RESULTS: Abnormal feeding behaviors were reported in 193 (13%) of these infants at 18-22 months adjusted age. Abnormal feeding patterns, days of mechanical ventilation, hearing impairment, and Gross Motor Functional Classification System level ≥ 2 each independently predicted lower composite language scores. CONCLUSIONS: At 18 months adjusted age, premature infants with a history of feeding difficulties are more likely to have language delay. Neuromotor impairment and days of mechanical ventilation are both important risk factors associated with these outcomes.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Alimentação na Infância/diagnóstico , Lactente Extremamente Prematuro/psicologia , Doenças do Prematuro/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/etiologia , Testes Psicológicos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/diagnóstico , Testes de Linguagem , Modelos Lineares , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
We have previously demonstrated that aTf (apotransferrin) accelerates maturation of OLs (oligodendrocytes) in vitro as well as in vivo. The purpose of this study is to determine whether aTf plays a functional role in a model of H/I (hypoxia/ischaemia) in the neonatal brain. Twenty-four hours after H/I insult, neonatal rats were intracranially injected with aTf and the effects of this treatment were evaluated in the CC (corpus callosum) as well as the SVZ (subventricular zone) at different time points. Similar to previous studies, the H/I event produced severe demyelination in the CC. Demyelination was accompanied by microglial activation, astrogliosis and iron deposition. Ferritin levels increased together with lipid peroxidation and apoptotic cell death. Histological examination after the H/I event in brain tissue of aTf-treated animals (H/I aTF) revealed a great number of mature OLs repopulating the CC compared with saline-treated animals (H/I S). ApoTf treatment induced a gradual increase in MBP (myelin basic protein) and myelin lipid staining in the CC reaching normal levels after 15 days. Furthermore, significant increase in the number of OPCs (oligodendroglial progenitor cells) was found in the SVZ of aTf-treated brains compared with H/I S. Specifically, there was a rise in cells positive for OPC markers, i.e. PDGFRα and SHH(+) cells, with a decrease in cleaved-caspase-3(+) cells compared with H/I S. Additionally, neurospheres from aTf-treated rats were bigger in size and produced more O4/MBP(+) cells. Our findings indicate a role for aTf as a potential inducer of OLs in neonatal rat brain in acute demyelination caused by H/I and a contribution to the differentiation/maturation of OLs and survival/migration of SVZ progenitors after demyelination in vivo.