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Objetivo: avaliar o tônus do corpo perineal em mulheres jovens nulíparas e correlacionar com as funções sexuais e a presença de disfunção sexual. Método: foi realizado um estudo descritivo, observacional, transversal utilizando uma amostra de conveniência incluindo mulheres adultas jovens nulíparas. A avaliação das participantes consistiu na aplicação dos questionários socioclínico, Pelvic Organ Prolaps / Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) e exame físico do tônus do corpo perineal. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS®), versão 23, adotando um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: participaram 77 mulheres jovens nulíparas (21,68 ± 2,94 anos), destas 77, 92% apresentavam vida sexual ativa e 66,03% tônus normal do corpo perineal. Dentre as alterações tônicas, o aumento do tônus predominou (33,76%). Houve alta prevalência de disfunção sexual (87,01%) pelo FSFI (23,38 ± 7,21) com maior queixa de dispareunia. Mulheres com tônus aumentado apresentaram maior disfunção sexual em relação a desejo e estímulo subjetivo (p=0,04), à excitação (p=0,01), satisfação (p=0,04) e dor ou a desconforto (p=0,03). Houve correlação inversa entre a presença de aumento do tônus e os domínios FSFI desejo e estímulo subjetivo (R= - 0,56) e excitação (R= - 0,34) e correlação direta para dor ou desconforto (R= 0,30). Conclusão: o aumento do tônus do corpo perineal piora a função sexual de mulheres jovens nulíparas.

Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and physical examination of the tone of the perineal body. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS®), version 23, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: 77 young nulliparous women (21.68 ± 2.94 years) participated, of which 77, 92% had an active sexual life and 66.03% had normal tone of the perineal body. Among the tonic changes, increased tone predominated (33.76%). There was a high prevalence of sexual dysfunction (87.01%) according to the FSFI (23.38 ± 7.21) with greater complaints of dyspareunia. Women with increased tone had greater sexual dysfunction in relation to desire and subjective stimulation (p=0.04), excitement (p=0.01), satisfaction (p=0.04) and pain or discomfort (p=0.03). There was an inverse correlation between the presence of increased tone and the FSFI domains desire and subjective stimulus (R= - 0.56) and excitement (R= - 0.34) and a direct correlation for pain or discomfort (R= 0.30). Conclusion: increased perineal body tone worsens sexual function in young nulliparous women.

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La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una expresión de células dendríticas mieloides, asociada a un componente inflamatorio significativo y compromiso sistémico variado. La edad más frecuente de presentación es entre 1 y 4 años, y predomina en el sexo masculino. Se comunica el caso de un niño de 5 años de edad cuya forma de presentación fue una lesión granulomatosa con fístula perianal, afectación pulmonar y de oído externo. El abordaje interdisciplinario permitió llegar al diagnóstico, realizar las intervenciones necesarias e iniciar el tratamiento adecuado.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is an expression of myeloid dendritic cells, associated with a significant inflammatory component and varied systemic involvement. The most common age at presentation is between 1 and 4 years, and it prevails among male subjects. Here we describe the case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with a granulomatous lesion with perianal fistula and lung and external ear involvement. An interdisciplinary approach helped to make a diagnosis, provide the necessary interventions, and start an adequate treatment.

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Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de lesão perineal e seus fatores associados em casa de parto, controlando-se o contexto de cidade de origem da parturiente. Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo realizado com parturientes no Centro de Parto Normal de São Sebastião, Distrito Federal. Os dados de práticas obstétricas foram obtidos por meio de registros em prontuários físicos (n=400) coletados entre junho e setembro de 2016. Considerou-se como variável dependente 'lesão perineal', e independentes os registros de lacerações de primeiro, segundo e terceiro graus. Para o processo de análise de regressão logística multinível considerou-se dois níveis, I ­ variáveis individuais e II ­ contextual 'cidade de origem'. Resultados: A prevalência de lesão perineal foi 72,8% (IC 96% 6,85-77,2) nas mulheres assistidas. Permaneceram associadas positivamente à lesão perineal as variáveis independentes, anos de estudo <8 anos, primiparidade e uso de ocitocina intraparto. Conclusão: A alta prevalência de lesão perineal e seus fatores associados encontrados na população estudada reforçam a importância da atuação de enfermeiras obstétricas nestes dispositivos de atenção à saúde da mulher, visando a redução destes agravos. (AU)

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of perineal injury and its associated factors in the delivery home, controlling the mother's city of origin. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study carried out with parturients at the Normal Childbirth Center of São Sebastião, Distrito Federal. Data on obstetric practices were obtained through records in physical records (n=400) collected between June and September 2016. The dependent variable was 'perineal injury', and records of first, second and third lacerations were considered independent. degree. For the multilevel logistic regression analysis process, two levels were considered, I ­ individual variables and II ­ contextual 'city of origin'. Results: The prevalence of perineal injury was 72.8% (CI 96% 6.85-77.2) in women assisted. The independent variables, years of education <8 years, primiparity and use of intrapartum oxytocin remained positively associated with perineal injury. Conclusion: The high prevalence of perineal injury and its associated factors found in the studied population reinforce the importance of the role of obstetric nurses in these women's health care devices, aiming at reducing these injuries. (AU)

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de lesión perineal y sus factores asociados en el hogar de parto, controlando la ciudad de origen de la madre. Métodos: Estudio transversal retrospectivo realizado con parturientas en el Centro de Parto Normal de São Sebastião, Distrito Federal. Los datos sobre prácticas obstétricas se obtuvieron a través de registros en registros físicos (n=400) recolectados entre junio y septiembre de 2016. La variable dependiente fue 'lesión perineal', y los registros de primer, segundo y tercer grado se consideraron independientes. Para el proceso de análisis de regresión logística multinivel, se consideraron dos niveles, I - variables individuales y II - contextual 'ciudad de origen'. Resultados: La prevalencia de lesión perineal fue 72,8% (IC 96% 6,85-77,2) en mujeres asistidas. Las variables independientes, años de educación <8 años, primiparidad y uso de oxitocina intraparto permanecieron asociadas positivamente con la lesión perineal. Conclusión: La alta prevalencia de lesión perineal y sus factores asociados encontrados en la población estudiada refuerzan la importancia del papel de las enfermeras obstétricas en los dispositivos de atención de salud de estas mujeres, con el objetivo de reducir estas lesiones. (AU)

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis is an expression of myeloid dendritic cells, associated with a significant inflammatory component and varied systemic involvement. The most common age at presentation is between 1 and 4 years, and it prevails among male subjects. Here we describe the case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with a granulomatous lesion with perianal fistula and lung and external ear involvement. An interdisciplinary approach helped to make a diagnosis, provide the necessary interventions, and start an adequate treatment.

La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una expresión de células dendríticas mieloides, asociada a un componente inflamatorio significativo y compromiso sistémico variado. La edad más frecuente de presentación es entre 1 y 4 años, y predomina en el sexo masculino. Se comunica el caso de un niño de 5 años de edad cuya forma de presentación fue una lesión granulomatosa con fístula perianal, afectación pulmonar y de oído externo. El abordaje interdisciplinario permitió llegar al diagnóstico, realizar las intervenciones necesarias e iniciar el tratamiento adecuado.

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Abstract Objective: To describe the prevalence of perineal laceration, based on the self-reported perception of postpartum women, and to analyze factors associated with its occurrence in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 23,894 postpartum women, excluding twin pregnancies, cesarean sections, and births with episiotomies, between 2011 and 2012. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of association between the event and maternal, fetus/newborn, obstetric and clinical management characteristics were estimated in hierarchical Poisson regression models. Results: Out of 4,606 postpartum women, 49.5% (95%CI 46.1;42.9) self-reported perineal laceration. Being an adolescent (PR = 1.12; 95%CI 1.02;1.25), primipara (PR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.33;1.63), having had excessive gestational weight gain (PR = 1.17; 95%CI 1.07;1.29) and having undergone the Kristeller maneuver (PR = 1.18; 95%CI 1.08;1.29) increased the proportion of the outcome. Conclusion: The results found call for prenatal care and adjustments to childbirth care so as to be in accordance with current recommendations.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de laceración perineal, a partir de la percepción autoinformada de puérperas, y analizar los factores asociados a su aparición en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal entre 2011 y 2012, con 23.894 puérperas, excluyendo embarazos gemelares, cesáreas y partos con episiotomías. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) de la asociación entre el evento y las características maternas, feto/recién nacido, obstétricas y de manejo clínico en modelos de regresión jerárquica de Poisson. Resultados: Entre 4.606 mujeres en posparto, el 49,5%(IC95%:46,1;42,9) informó laceración perineal. Ser adolescente (RP = 1,12; IC95% 1,02;1,25), primipara (RP = 1,47; IC95% 1,33;1,63), haber tenido aumento excesivo de peso gestacional (RP = 1,17; IC95% 1,07;1,29) y haber sido sometido a la maniobra de Kristeller (RP = 1,18; IC95% 1,08;1,29) aumentó la proporción de resultados. Conclusión: Los resultados encontrados requieren atención prenatal y ajustes en la atención del parto de acuerdo con las recomendaciones actuales.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência da laceração perineal segundo a percepção autorrelatada da puérpera, e analisar os fatores associados à sua ocorrência no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido em 23.894 puérperas, excluindo-se gestações gemelares, cesarianas e partos com episiotomias entre 2011 e 2012. Razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) da associação entre o evento e as características maternas, feto/recém-nato, obstétricas e manejo clínico foram estimadas em modelos de regressão de Poisson hierarquizados. Resultados: Entre 4.606 puérperas, 49,5% (IC95% 46,1;42,9) autorrelataram laceração perineal. Ser adolescente (RP = 1,12; IC95% 1,02;1,25), primípara (RP = 1,47; IC95% 1,33;1,63), ter tido ganho de peso gestacional excessivo (RP = 1,17; IC95% 1,07;1,29) e ter sido submetida à manobra de Kristeller (RP = 1,18; IC95% 1,08;1,29) elevaram a proporção do desfecho. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados demandam atenção pré-natal e adequações na assistência ao parto conforme recomendações vigentes.

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INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous lacerations at vaginal birth are everyday events, but their classification and management still challenge midwifery care. This study aims to measure and describe first-degree and second-degree perineal lacerations resulting from vaginal birth, describe their repair, and the education provided for care. METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted in a public maternity hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, with 87 parturients. Data were collected between October 2017 and June 2018 using a structured instrument containing obstetric variables and a description of lacerations. The obstetricians and nurse midwives assisted with births, determining the degree of laceration and intervention, and the researchers measured and reported them. RESULTS: The majority of parturients (82.7%) had lacerations only in the anterior region, 8% had them in the posterior region, and 9.2% in both regions. The lacerations were classified as first-degree (78.1%) or second-degree (21.8%). Among the 32 nulliparous parturients, 27.6% had first-degree lacerations, and 9.2% had second-degree. Of the 55 multiparous parturients, 50.6% had first-degree, and 12.6% had second-degree. Among the lacerations assessed as first-degree, 25% had deeper tissue layers compromised in addition to the skin and mucosa. There were 180 lacerations, with an average length of 33.1 mm, depth of 19.8 mm, and width of 23.8 mm. Half of the parturients did not receive guidance on laceration care. There was no association between parity and size, number, location, or degree classification of lacerations. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a broad description of the characteristics of perineal lacerations and presents measurement techniques as a complementary resource for evaluating lacerations.

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Se informa de un lipoblastoma perineal en una niña de 5 años localizado en el labio mayor derecho. La lesión aumentó gradualmente en 6 meses. En la ecografía y la resonancia magnética (RM), se observó un tumor heterogéneo sólido limitado con componente graso. Tras su extirpación quirúrgica, el estudio anatomopatológico confirmó un lipoblastoma. El lipoblastoma es un tumor mesenquimatoso benigno poco frecuente de la lactancia y la primera infancia. Los síntomas varían en función de la localización; pueden observarse signos de compresión de los órganos adyacentes. Este tipo de tumores inusuales de los tejidos blandos son más frecuentes en menores de 3 años. Los lipoblastomas se localizan predominantemente en las extremidades, pero también pueden encontrarse en la cabeza y el cuello, el tronco, el mediastino, el riñón, el mesenterio, el retroperitoneo y el perineo. Se debe sospechar su presencia en función de los hallazgos de la ecografía y la RM.

We reported a perineal lipoblastoma in a 5-year-old girl located in the right labia mayor. The lesion gradually increased within 6 months. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a limited solid heterogenous tumor with fatty component. After it had been surgically removed, the anatomopathological examination confirmed that it was a lipoblastoma. Lipoblastoma is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor of infancy and early childhood. Symptoms vary depending on localization; signs of compression of adjacent organs may be seen. This type of unusual soft tissue tumors occurred most often in under 3 years old. The localization of lipoblastomas is predominantly in the extremities but may be also found in other sites including the head and neck, trunk, mediastinum, kidney, mesentery, retropritoneum and perineum. The suspicion should be considered according to ultrasound and MRI findings.

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Introdução: A hidradenite supurativa (HS) é uma doença inflamatória crônica que afeta preferencialmente a pele intertriginosa e está associada a numerosas comorbidades sistêmicas. A área perineal é a segunda área mais comumente afetada depois da axila. A excisão ampla é o tratamento que tem maior probabilidade de atingir melhores resultados com menor risco de recorrência. Com a excisão cirúrgica extensa, o fechamento com retalho oferece maior probabilidade de tratamento definitivo. Alguns retalhos são descritos para reconstruir defeitos da região perineal após câncer, porém poucos deles são estudados no tratamento da HS. Relato de Caso: Mulher de 43 anos, com HS perineal, submetida a ressecção das lesões e reconstrução com retalho fasciocutâneo medial da coxa em V-Y bilateral como tratamento da doença. O retalho permitiu o fechamento completo do períneo total sem complicações graves. Conclusão: Este caso mostra que é útil e prático utilizar o retalho fasciocutâneo medial da coxa em V-Y para reconstrução perineal após ressecções amplas de pele, glândulas apócrinas e folículos pilosos no tratamento da HS, oferecendo boa cobertura de pele, e tecido celular subcutâneo com suprimento vascular confiável, que evita sequelas associadas a sacrifício de músculos e alcança dimensões maiores do que outros retalhos, podendo ser considerado em casos selecionados como uma alternativa no tratamento cirúrgico da HS perineal.

Introduction: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that preferentially affects the intertriginous skin and is associated with numerous systemic comorbidities. The perineal area is the second most commonly affected area after the armpit. Wide excision is the treatment most likely to achieve better results with a lower risk of recurrence. With extensive surgical excision, flap closure offers a greater likelihood of definitive treatment. Some flaps have been described to reconstruct defects in the perineal region after cancer, but few have been studied in treating HS. Case Report: A 43-year-old woman with perineal HS underwent resection of the lesions and reconstruction with a bilateral V-Y medial thigh fasciocutaneous flap to treat the disease. The flap allowed complete closure of the total perineum without serious complications. Conclusion: This case shows that it is useful and practical to use the V-Y medial thigh fasciocutaneous flap for perineal reconstruction after wide resections of skin, apocrine glands, and hair follicles in the treatment of HS, offering good skin coverage and subcutaneous cellular tissue with supply reliable vascular flap, which avoids sequelae associated with muscle sacrifice and reaches larger dimensions than other flaps, and can be considered in selected cases as an alternative in the surgical treatment of perineal HS.

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BACKGROUND: Surgical glue has been used in several body tissues, including perineal repair, and can benefit women. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate surgical glue compared to the polyglactin 910 suture in repairing first- and second-degree perineal tears and episiotomy in vaginal births. DESIGN: A parallel randomised controlled open trial. SETTING: Birth centre in Itapecerica da Serra, São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: The participants were 140 postpartum women allocated into four groups: two experimental groups repaired with surgical glue (n = 35 women with a first-degree tear; n = 35 women with a second-degree tear or episiotomy); two control groups sutured with thread (n = 35 women with a first-degree tear; n = 35 women with a second-degree tear or episiotomy). The outcomes were perineal pain and the healing process. Data collection was conducted in six stages: (1) up to 2 h after perineal repair; (2) from 12 to 24 h postpartum; (3) from 36 to 48 h; (4) from 10 to 20 days; (5) from 50 to 70 days; and (6) from 6 to 8 months. ANOVA, Student's t, Monte Carlo, x-square and Wald tests were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: One hundred forty women participated in the first three stages, 110 in stage 4, 122 in stage 5, and 54 in stage 6. The women treated with surgical glue had less perineal pain (p ≤ 0.001). There was no difference in the healing process, but the CG obtained a better result in the coaptation item (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Perineal repair with surgical glue has low pain intensity and results in a healing process similar to suture threads. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (UTN code: U1111-1184-2507; RBR-2q5wy8o); date of registration 01/25/2018; www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-2q5wy8/.

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We reported a perineal lipoblastoma in a 5-year-old girl located in the right labia mayor. The lesion gradually increased within 6 months. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a limited solid heterogenous tumor with fatty component. After it had been surgically removed, the anatomopathological examination confirmed that it was a lipoblastoma. Lipoblastoma is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor of infancy and early childhood. Symptoms vary depending on localization; signs of compression of adjacent organs may be seen. This type of unusual soft tissue tumors occurred most often in under 3 years old. The localization of lipoblastomas is predominantly in the extremities but may be also found in other sites including the head and neck, trunk, mediastinum, kidney, mesentery, retropritoneum and perineum. The suspicion should be considered according to ultrasound and MRI findings.

Se informa de un lipoblastoma perineal en una niña de 5 años localizado en el labio mayor derecho. La lesión aumentó gradualmente en 6 meses. En la ecografía y la resonancia magnética (RM), se observó un tumor heterogéneo sólido limitado con componente graso. Tras su extirpación quirúrgica, el estudio anatomopatológico confirmó un lipoblastoma. El lipoblastoma es un tumor mesenquimatoso benigno poco frecuente de la lactancia y la primera infancia. Los síntomas varían en función de la localización; pueden observarse signos de compresión de los órganos adyacentes. Este tipo de tumores inusuales de los tejidos blandos son más frecuentes en menores de 3 años. Los lipoblastomas se localizan predominantemente en las extremidades, pero también pueden encontrarse en la cabeza y el cuello, el tronco, el mediastino, el riñón, el mesenterio, el retroperitoneo y el perineo. Se debe sospechar su presencia en función de los hallazgos de la ecografía y la RM.

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AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of interventions to prevent the occurrence of perineal trauma in parturients. METHODS: A bibliographic search was carried out in Cochrane Library, MEDLINE via PUBMED, LILACS via Virtual Health Library (VHL), Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, Scielo, Web of Science, and PEDro databases. Randomized clinical trials evaluating the effects of any intervention to prevent perineal trauma during pregnancy and/or childbirth were included. There were no temporal or language restrictions. The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Revised Cochrane Risk-of-bias Tool for Randomized Trials. RESULTS: Fifty studies, with a total of 17,221 participants, were included in this meta-analysis. No intervention during childbirth was effective for the prevention of perineal trauma (RR = 1.07, 95% CI [0.98.1.18], p < 0.01, I2 = 83%) when compared to no intervention. However, a lower risk of perineal laceration was verified with techniques performed during pregnancy, when compared to no intervention (RR = 0.81, 95% CI [0.71, 0.93], p = 0.05, I2 = 47%). Among them, highlight the effects of perineal massage in preventing lacerations (RR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.54, 0.87], p < 0.01) when compared to no intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The techniques performed during pregnancy, especially perineal massage, are associated with a lower risk of perineal laceration.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) preparation for birth among postpartum women, and its related factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in a maternity unit among Brazilian women aged 14 years or older during the first 72 h postpartum, who desired and had vaginal birth. Sociodemographic, clinical, and obstetric data were collected using a standardized form from medical charts. A 15-question questionnaire was used to measure the KAP of PFM preparation for birth. Knowledge was categorized as: poor, average, and good. RESULTS: In all, 326 women completed the survey (mean age 24.3 ± 6.2 years) and 167 (51.2%) women had poor knowledge. The attitude of searching for information on how to prevent perineal trauma was reported by 14 (4.3%) women. Only 13 (4.0%) participants reported that they had practiced at least one session of PFM preparation during pregnancy (PFM training, perineal massage, etc.) Multivariate analysis showed that lower educational level was associated with poor knowledge (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The KAP of PFM preparation for birth is inadequate among postpartum women. Health education regarding PFM care during pregnancy and postpartum should be addressed among pregnant women, specifically younger women with lower levels of education and income.

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Background: Perineal tears in vaginal birth are highly prevalent and may be related to physical and psychological trauma. Surgical glues are an alternative repair method to avoid the pain that may be caused by perineal repairs with sutures. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of surgical adhesive glue in reducing perineal pain when compared to sutures in first-degree perineal tears resulting from vaginal birth. Design: Open-label parallel-group randomised controlled trial. Setting: An alongside birth centre in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Participants: 84 intrapartum women with first-degree perineal tears needing repair. Methods: In the experimental group (n = 42), the perineal tears were repaired with Epiglu® surgical glue (ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate); in the control group (n = 42), the tears were repaired with Vicryl Rapide® (polyglactin 910) sutures. The primary outcome was the intensity of perineal pain after birth measured by a numeric pain rating scale ranging from 0 to 10 points. The secondary outcomes were healing, measured by the "Redness, Oedema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation" scale; women's satisfaction with the perineal repair, measured by a visual analogue scale; and the time necessary to complete the repair. Data were collected during postpartum hospitalisation and 10-20 days after discharge, from December 2020 to May 2021. Data were analysed using bivariate analysis and linear models by intention-to-treat. Results: 36-48 h after birth, the mean of perineal pain was 0.2 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.1-0.8) in the experimental group and 0.9 (95% CI 0.5-1.5) in the control group; the perineal healing score was 0.7 (95% CI 0.4-1.2) and 0.8 (95% CI 0.5-1.2), in the experimental and control groups, respectively; satisfaction was higher among women in the experimental group (88.1% versus 83.3% in the control group). After discharge, the mean of perineal pain was 0.1 (95% CI 0.0-0.5) in the experimental group and 1.4 (95% CI 0.8-2.2) in the control group; the perineal healing score was 0.0 (95% CI 0) and 1.0 (95% CI 0.7-1.3) in the experimental and control groups, respectively. Satisfaction was higher in the experimental group (94.9% versus 75.0%). The longitudinal analysis showed statistically significant differences between the groups regarding perineal pain and women's satisfaction. The average time necessary for perineal repair was 6.0 (95% CI 4.7-8.7) minutes in the experimental group and 9.7 (95% CI 8.3-11.5) in the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Surgical glue resulted in less perineal pain, faster repair, and greater satisfaction than perineal sutures after birth. The healing process was similar in both cases. Tweetable abstract: Surgical glue was less painful and promoted greater satisfaction after birth compared to sutures in women with first-degree perineal tears. Registration: Registered on The Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry number RBR-52y5tq (http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-52y5tq/), on July 16, 2020. The first recruitment was on December 17, 2020.

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The evaluation of labor is the clinical process by which variables are analyzed in order to determine whether the patient is in labor, which by definition includes regular uterine contractions that increase in frequency and intensity, associated with dilation cervical. This is done through the anamnesis and physical examination, specifically through the evaluation of contractions and vaginal examination, the latter is intended to specify the degree of dilation, cervical effacement that the patient presents and also allows to a certain degree, establish the presentation, attitude and variety of position in which the fetus is located. From this premise, it is proposed that vaginal examination, since it is operator dependent, is not an objective evaluation, therefore, there is a need to reach consensus on the evaluation, and in order to carry it out, evaluation with ultrasound is proposed, which has as a purpose to objectify the variety of position and presentation of the fetus. Due to the above, this article aims to capture the knowledge that is currently possessed about the uses and methodology that intrapartum ultrasound presents.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Most women suffer some degree of perineal trauma during vaginal delivery. Second stage management strategies, including vocalization, to protect the perineum have been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency and degree of perineal trauma at vaginal delivery, with and without use of the vocalization maneuver during the second stage of labor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an open-label, randomized controlled trial. We conducted the study at the Center for Normal Deliveries of IMIP. We included low-risk women without prior cesarean deliveries. Women who met the inclusion criteria and signed the informed consent form were randomized to one of two groups: Group A (experimental) and Group B (control). A physical therapist encouraged women in Group A to maintain an open glottis during pushing and to emit sounds when exhaling (vocalization). Women in Group B underwent routine humanized vaginal deliveries. The outcomes of the study were perineal integrity and degree of perineal laceration. These were measured by the study team immediately after completion of the third stage of labor. RESULTS: Women in Group A tended to have less severe perineal tear (less second and third degree lacerations) and smaller lacerations than women in group B. The vocalization maneuver reduced the risk of a perineal tear greater than 2 cm by 68% (NNT 2.2). There was no difference in other outcomes. CONCLUSION: Encouraging women to follow a vocalization protocol coached by a physical therapist during the second stage of labor can be a helpful labor assistance technique, since this study showed that vocalization is associated with less extensive perineal tears. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (www. CLINICALTRIAL: gov) registration number: NCT03605615.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: Un conjunto amplio de factores pueden verse asociados al desgarro perineal posparto. Su estudio y mejor conocimiento contribuyen al abordaje preciso y oportuno de las pacientes. Objetivo determinar el grado de asociación entre el desgarro perineal posparto y variables obstétricas y sociodemográficas en mujeres peruanas altoandinas. Métodos estudio descriptivo, con diseño de casos y controles, que incluyó a 171 madres con diagnóstico de desgarro perineal posparto (grupo de casos) y 200 sin esa patología (grupo control), atendidas en un centro de Salud altoandino, en Ayacucho, Perú. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas y obstétricas. La asociación entre estas y el desgarro perineal fue estimada a través de la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson (IC 95 % y significancia estadística menor a 0,05). Resultados la frecuencia de desgarros perineales posparto eutócico representó el 46,1 %. Las infecciones del tracto urinario afectaron a mayor número de mujeres (37,7 %). Las variables asociadas al desgarro perineal fueron varias, con destaque del parto precipitado (OR=10,85; p=0,000) y el período intergenésico corto (OR=5,41; p=0,000). Conclusión el parto precipitado, el periodo intergenésico corto y las infecciones vaginales fueron las variables que más se asociaron al desgarro perineal posparto en mujeres altoandinas de la Región Ayacucho, Perú. Estos y otros de los factores que expresaron determinado riesgo pueden ser modificados mediante un acercamiento a la mujer desde la etapa preconcepcional.

ABSTRACT Background A wide set of factors can be associated with postpartum perineal tear. Their study and better knowledge contribute to the precise and timely approach of patients. Objective to determine the association degree between postpartum perineal obstetric tear and sociodemographic variables in high Andean Peruvian women. Methods a descriptive study, with a case-control design, which included 171 mothers with a diagnosis of postpartum perineal tear (case group) and 200 without this pathology (control group), treated at a high Andean health center in Ayacucho, Peru. Sociodemographic and obstetric variables were analyzed. The association between these and perineal tears was estimated using Pearson's Chi-square test (95% CI and statistical significance less than 0.05). Results the frequency of eutocic postpartum perineal tears represented 46.1%. Urinary tract infections affected a greater number of women (37.7%). The variables associated with perineal tear were several, with highlights being precipitous labor (OR=10.85; p=0.000) and short intergenic period (OR=5.41; p=0.000). Conclusion rapid labor, short intergenesic period and vaginal infections were the variables that were most associated with postpartum perineal tear in high Andean women from the Ayacucho Region, Peru. These and other factors that expressed certain risk can be modified by approaching women from the preconception stage.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare (1) the effects of the instrument-assisted perineal stretching technique with different application protocols in combination with perineal massage and (2) the effects of the isolated techniques on the extensibility and strength of the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs). METHODS: A randomized controlled clinical trial with parallel randomization, assessor blinding, and concealed allocation was conducted in the Campus Physical Education at the Federal University of Uberlândia in Brazil. Ninety-six pregnant women (18-40 years of age) were allocated into 4 groups: perineal massage (PnM) group (PnM protocol for 10 minutes); instrument-assisted perineal stretching with a long static protocol for 15 minutes [IStrLS group]); PnM + IStrLS group (both techniques applied in the 2 previous groups); and PnM + IStrSR group (the same techniques as used in the PnM + IStrLS group but with a short repeated protocol; 4 sets lasting 30 seconds each). Eight interventions were performed in all 4 groups twice weekly (beginning at the 34th gestational week). The primary outcome was PFM extensibility, assessed using vaginal dilator circumference, and the secondary outcome was PFM strength, assessed using vaginal manometry. RESULTS: For the PFM extensibility variable, a significant main effect of time (F2,88 = 87.951) and group (F3,88 = 7.193) was found. Tukey post hoc test results showed that the PnM + IStrSR group presented greater extensibility than the PnM and IStrLS groups. The PnM group showed increased PFM strength after 8 sessions compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Women who were pregnant and received the combination of perineal massage and instrument-assisted perineal stretching with short repeated application had a greater increase in PFM extensibility than perineal massage and instrument-assisted perineal stretching alone. IMPACT: The combination of perineal massage and instrument-assisted perineal stretching techniques with a short, repeated protocol led to better PFM extensibility results than the application of the techniques alone in women who were pregnant. LAY SUMMARY: Pregnant women can benefit from intervention using the combination of perineal massage and instrument-assisted perineal stretching techniques with a short, repeated protocol.

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BACKGROUND: Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is reportedly able to reduce risk factors for perineal trauma. However, the effects of these exercises on perineal injuries are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of PFMT in the prevention of perineal laceration. SEARCH STRATEGY: Searches were conducted in PubMed/Medline, LILACS, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CINAHL. For search strategies, we combined the terms PFMT, tear, laceration, perineum, and delivery. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effectiveness of PFMT for the prevention of perineal laceration during vaginal delivery. There were no period or language limitations. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We conducted data extraction and synthesis. We performed a quality appraisal, a qualitative synthesis, and for meta-analysis we used the Software R. MAIN RESULTS: Nine studies were included. In most studies, PFMT was performed daily, with a wide range of the number of contractions and sustainability. Prevalence of perineal laceration had a wide range and information on laceration degree was limited. Meta-analysis showed that PFMT was not effective to prevent perineal laceration. CONCLUSION: Pelvic floor muscle training does not prevent perineal laceration. Further studies are needed to investigate different protocols and interventions.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To implement strategies for managing perineal pain in puerperal women admitted to a public maternity hospital in São Paulo state and to evaluate their compliance with evidence-based practices. Methods: Implementation study using the JBI model conducted with nursing professionals and puerperal women between September and December 2019. Interviews with puerperal women and medical record data were used to audit seven evidence-based criteria. The interventions adopted included a care protocol, professional training, and folder elaboration for puerperal women. Results: Prior to the intervention, deficits in audited practices and obstacles to pain management were identified, which were overcome by the strategies employed. The follow-up audit demonstrated improvements in compliance with best care practices. Conclusion: There was an increase in the criteria compliance evaluated after the implemented strategies, contributing to improving the nursing care results in the perineal pain management based on the best scientific evidence.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Implementar estrategias para manejar el dolor perineal en puérperas en una maternidad pública de São Paulo y evaluar su conformidad con prácticas basadas en evidencias. Métodos: Estudio de implementación realizado mediante el modelo JBI con profesionales de enfermería y puérperas, entre septiembre-diciembre de 2019. Se utilizaron entrevistas con puérperas y datos de registros hospitalarios para auditar siete criterios basados en evidencias. Las intervenciones fueron: protocolo de atención; capacitación de los profesionales; preparación de una carpeta para puérperas. Resultados: Antes de la intervención, se identificaron déficits en las prácticas y barreras en el manejo del dolor, que se superaron con las estrategias empleadas. La auditoría de seguimiento trajo mejoras en el cumplimiento de las prácticas de cuidado. Conclusiones: Hubo aumento en la conformidad de los criterios evaluados tras las estrategias implementadas, lo que contribuyó a mejorar la atención de enfermería en el manejo del dolor perineal basada en evidencias científicas.

RESUMO Objetivos: Implementar estratégias de manejo da dor perineal em puérperas internadas em uma maternidade pública do estado de São Paulo e avaliar sua conformidade com as práticas baseadas em evidências. Métodos: Estudo de implementação que utilizou o modelo do JBI, realizado com profissionais de enfermagem e puérperas, entre setembro e dezembro de 2019. Utilizaram-se entrevistas com puérperas e dados de prontuário para auditar sete critérios baseados em evidências. As intervenções adotadas foram um protocolo de cuidados, treinamento de profissionais e elaboração de folder para puérperas. Resultados: Antes da intervenção, identificaram-se déficits nas práticas auditadas e barreiras ao manejo da dor, que foram superadas pelas estratégias empregadas. A auditoria de seguimento demonstrou melhorias no cumprimento das melhores práticas de cuidado. Conclusões: Houve aumento da conformidade dos critérios avaliados após as estratégias implementadas, contribuindo para melhora dos resultados da assistência de enfermagem no manejo da dor perineal baseada nas melhores evidências científicas.

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Resumo Objetivo Desenvolver um algoritmo para avaliação perineal na assistência ao parto e aferir sua aplicabilidade e acurácia utilizando um protótipo de sistema de suporte à decisão. Métodos Pesquisa aplicada de desenvolvimento tecnológico, constituída pela construção de algoritmo, avaliação por profissionais com expertise na área, criação de um protótipo de Sistema de Apoio à Decisão usando ferramentas on-line e avaliação de sua aplicabilidade e acurácia durante a assistência a 305 partos realizados por enfermeiros. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, teste Qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher além do coeficiente de Kappa para avaliar a concordância entre o procedimento indicado pelo sistema e o realizado pelo profissional. Resultados Houve concordância entre a sugestão do algoritmo e a decisão do profissional em 93,1% dos partos; em 6,9% o profissional decidiu caminhos opostos ao recomendado. Os profissionais que optaram por seguir a sugestão do algoritmo obtiveram como desfecho a integridade perineal ou a ocorrência de lacerações de 1°grau. Os que optaram por não seguir a recomendação houve ocorrência de lacerações de 2º ou 3º graus em 28,6% das parturientes. Já na análise de acurácia, o algoritmo sugeriu que a episiotomia deveria ser realizada em 45 dos 305 partos assistidos. Verificou-se associação entre divergências de conduta e número de eventos adversos (p=0,001). Conclusão O algoritmo mostrou-se ferramenta útil para a avaliação perineal na assistência ao parto.

Resumen Objetivo Desarrollar un algoritmo para la evaluación perineal en la asistencia al parto y determinar su aplicabilidad y precisión utilizando un prototipo de sistema para respaldar la decisión. Métodos Investigación aplicada de desarrollo tecnológico, constituida mediante la construcción del algoritmo, evaluación de profesionales con experiencia en el área, creación de un prototipo de Sistema para Respaldar la Decisión usando herramientas en línea y evaluación de su aplicabilidad y precisión durante la atención a 305 partos realizados por enfermeros. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva, prueba χ2 de Pearson y prueba exacta de Fisher, además del coeficiente Kappa para evaluar la concordancia entre el procedimiento indicado por el sistema y el realizado por el profesional. Resultados Hubo concordancia entre la sugerencia del algoritmo y la decisión del profesional en el 93,1 % de los partos, en el 6,9 % el profesional decidió un camino opuesto al recomendado. Los profesionales que optaron por seguir la sugerencia del algoritmo obtuvieron como resultado la integridad perineal o episodios de desgarro de primer grado. Los que optaron por no seguir la recomendación, tuvieron episodios de desgarros de segundo y tercer grado en el 28,6 % de las parturientas. Por otro lado, en el análisis de precisión, el algoritmo sugirió que la episiotomía debería ser realizada en 45 de los 305 partos atendidos. Se verificó relación entre divergencias de conducta y número de eventos adversos (p=0,001). Conclusión El algoritmo demostró ser una herramienta útil para la evaluación perineal en la atención a partos.

Abstract Objective To develop an algorithm for perineal assessment in childbirth care and assess its applicability and accuracy using a decision support system prototype. Methods This is applied research of technological development, consisting of the construction of an algorithm, assessment by professionals with expertise in the area, creation of a Decision Support System prototype using online tools and assessment of its applicability and accuracy during care for 305 childbirths performed by nurses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, in addition to the Kappa coefficient to assess the agreement between the procedure indicated by the system and that performed by professionals. Results There was agreement between the algorithm's suggestion and professional decision in 93.1% of childbirths. In 6.9%, professionals decided opposite paths to the recommended one. The professionals who chose to follow the algorithm's suggestion had perineal integrity or the occurrence of first-degree tear as an outcome. Those who chose not to follow the recommendation had second- or third-degree tears in 28.6% of parturient women. In the accuracy analysis, the algorithm suggested that episiotomy should be performed in 45 of the 305 assisted childbirths. There was an association between divergences in conduct and the number of adverse events (p=0.001). Conclusion The algorithm proved to be a useful tool for perineal assessment in childbirth care.

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