RESUMO
AIM: To identify and analyse genes that encode pectinases in the genome of the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, evaluate the expression of these genes, and compare putative pectinases found in C. lindemuthianum with pectinases produced by other fungi and oomycetes with different lifestyles. METHODS AND RESULTS: Genes encoding pectinases in the genome of C. lindemuthianum were identified and analysed. The expression of these genes was analysed. Pectinases from C. lindemuthianum were compared with pectinases from other fungi that have different lifestyles, and the pectinase activity in some of these fungi was quantified. Fifty-eight genes encoding pectinases were identified in C. lindemuthianum. At least six types of enzymes involved in pectin degradation were identified, with pectate lyases and polygalacturonases being the most abundant. Twenty-seven genes encoding pectinases were differentially expressed at some point in C. lindemuthianum during their interactions with their host. For each type of pectinase, there were at least three isoenzyme groups. The number of pectinases present in fungi with different lifestyles seemed to be related more to the lifestyle than to the taxonomic relationship between them. Only phytopathogenic fungi showed pectate lyase activity. CONCLUSIONS: The collective results demonstrate the pectinolytic arsenal of C. lindemuthianum, with many and diverse genes encoding pectinases more than that found in other phytopathogens, which suggests that at least part of these pectinases must be important for the pathogenicity of the fungus C. lindemuthianum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Knowledge of these pectinases could further the understanding of the importance of this broad pectinolytic arsenal in the common bean infection and could be exploited for biotechnological purposes.
Assuntos
Colletotrichum , Fabaceae , Colletotrichum/genética , Fabaceae/microbiologia , Fungos/metabolismo , Poligalacturonase/genética , Poligalacturonase/metabolismoRESUMO
Lignocellulose is the major component of plant cell walls and it represents a great source of renewable organic matter. One of lignocellulose constituents is pectin. Pectin is composed of two basic structures: a 'smooth' region and a 'hairy' region. The 'smooth' region (homogalacturonan) is a linear polymer of galacturonic acid residues with α-(1â4) linkages, substituted by methyl and acetyl residues. The 'hairy' region is more complex, containing xylogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonans I and II. Among the enzymes which degrade pectin (pectinases) is pectin lyase (E.C. 4.2.2.10). This enzyme acts on highly esterified homogalacturonan, catalysing the cleavage of α-(1â4) glycosidic bonds between methoxylated residues of galacturonic acid by means of ß-elimination, with the formation of 4,5-unsaturated products. In this work, the gene and cDNA of a pectin lyase from Penicillium purpurogenum have been sequenced, and the cDNA has been expressed in Pichia pastoris. The gene is 1334 pb long, has three introns and codes for a protein of 376 amino acid residues. The recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity and characterized. Pectin lyase has a molecular mass of 45 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. It is active on highly esterified pectin, and decreases 40% the viscosity of pectin with a degree of esterification ≥85%. The enzyme showed no activity on polygalacturonic acid and pectin from citrus fruit 8% esterified. The optimum pH and temperature for the recombinant enzyme are 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively, and it is stable up to 50 °C when exposed for 3 h. A purified pectin lyase may be useful in biotechnological applications such as the food industry where the liberation of toxic methanol in pectin degradation should be avoided.
Assuntos
Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Penicillium/enzimologia , Polissacarídeo-Liases/química , Polissacarídeo-Liases/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Estabilidade Enzimática , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Cinética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peso Molecular , Penicillium/química , Penicillium/genética , Pichia/genética , Pichia/metabolismo , Polissacarídeo-Liases/metabolismo , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
A number of parameters, including culture medium pH, affect growth and enzyme production by microorganisms. In the present study, the production and secretion of pectin lyase (PL) and polygalacturonase (PG) by recombinant strains of Penicillium griseoroseum cultured in mineral-buffered media (MBM; initial pH 6.8) and mineral-unbuffered medium (MUM; initial pH 6.3) were evaluated. Under these culture conditions, no change in the transcriptional levels of plg1 and pgg2 was observed. However, the levels of secreted total protein ranged from 7.80 ± 1.1 to 3.25 ± 1.50 µg ml(-1) in MBM and MUM, respectively, and were evaluated by SDS-PAGE. PL and PG enzymatic activities decreased 6.4 and 3.6 times, respectively, when P. griseoroseum was cultivated under acidic pH conditions (MUM). Furthermore, differences were observed in the hypha and mycelium morphology. These findings suggest that acidic growing conditions affect PL and PG secretion, even though the transcription and translation processes are successful. The data obtained in this study will help to establish optimal culture conditions that increase production and secretion of recombinant proteins by filamentous fungi.
Assuntos
Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Penicillium/metabolismo , Poligalacturonase/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/biossíntese , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Organismos Geneticamente Modificados , Penicillium/citologia , Penicillium/genética , Poligalacturonase/biossíntese , Polissacarídeo-Liases/biossíntese , Prostaglandinas G/genética , Prostaglandinas G/metabolismoRESUMO
Fungi collected from Brazilian soil and decomposing plants were screened for pectinase production. R. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis was the best producer and was selected to evaluate the pectic enzyme production under several nutritional and environmental conditions. The pectinase production was studied at 40ºC, under 28 carbon sources-supplemented medium. The inducer effect of several agro-industrial residues such as sugar cane bagasse, wheat flour and corncob on polygalacturonase (PG) activity was 4-, 3- and 2-fold higher than the control (pectin). In glucose-medium, a constitutive pectin lyase (PL) activity was detected. The results demonstrated that R. microsporus produced high levels of PG (57.7 U/mg) and PL (88.6 U/mg) in lemon peel-medium. PG had optimum temperature at 65 ºC and was totally stable at 55 ºC for 90 min. Half-life at 70 ºC was 68 min. These results suggested that the versatility of waste carbon sources utilization by R. microsporus, produce pectic enzymes, which could be useful to reduce production costs and environmental impacts related to the waste disposal.
RESUMO
Pectin lyase and polygalacturonase production by newly isolated Penicillium viridicatum strain Rfc3 was carried out by means of solid state fermentation using orange bagasse, corn tegument, wheat bran and mango and banana peels as carbon sources. The maximal activity value of polygalacturonase (Pg) (30U.g-1) was obtained using wheat bran as carbon source while maximal pectin lyase (Pl) (2000 U.g-1) activity value was obtained in medium composed of orange bagasse. Mixtures of banana or mango peels with sugar cane bagasse resulted in increased Pg and Pl production compared to fermentations in which this residue was not used. The mixture of orange bagasse and wheat bran (50%) increased the production of Pg and Pl to 55 U.g-1 and 3540 U.g -1 respectively. Fractions of Pg and Pl, isolated by gel filtration in Sephadex G50, presented optimum activity at pH 5.0 and 10.5 respectively. Maximal activity of Pg and Pl fractions was determined at 55ºC and 50ºC respectively. Pg was stable in neutral pH range and at 40ºC whereas Pl was stable in acidic pH and at 35ºC, for 1 h.
A produção de pectina liase (Pl) e poligalacturonase (Pg) por cepa de Penicillium viridicatum Rfc3, recentemente isolada, foi estudada por meio de fermentação em estado sólido usando bagaço de laranja, tegumento de milho, farelo de trigo e cascas de manga e banana como fontes de carbono. Quando os resíduos foram utilizados isoladamente, o valor máximo de atividade de Pg (30 U g-1) foi observado em meio de farelo de trigo, enquanto que o valor máximo para atividade de Pl (2000 U g-1) foi obtido em meio de bagaço de laranja. Misturas de cascas de banana ou de manga com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (50% p/p), resultaram em aumento na produção tanto de Pl quanto de Pg, quando comparado com os experimentos nos quais esses materiais foram usados isoladamente. A mistura de bagaço de laranja e farelo de trigo (50%) elevou a produção de Pg e Pl para 55 U.g-1 e 3540 U.g-1, respectivamente. O fracionamento das enzimas presentes na solução enzimática bruta, através de filtração em gel Sephadex G50, resultou na obtenção de diferentes frações de Pl e de Pg. As frações de Pg e Pl, as quais foram caracterizadas, apresentaram atividade ótima em pH 5,0 e 10,5, respectivamente. A atividade máxima da fração de Pg foi obtida a 55ºC e, para Pl, a 50ºC. A Pg foi estável em valores de pH próximos à neutralidade e a 40ºC, enquanto que a Pl foi estável em pH ácido e a 35ºC, por uma hora.
RESUMO
Pectin lyase and polygalacturonase production by newly isolated Penicillium viridicatum strain Rfc3 was carried out by means of solid state fermentation using orange bagasse, corn tegument, wheat bran and mango and banana peels as carbon sources. The maximal activity value of polygalacturonase (Pg) (30U.g-1) was obtained using wheat bran as carbon source while maximal pectin lyase (Pl) (2000 U.g-1) activity value was obtained in medium composed of orange bagasse. Mixtures of banana or mango peels with sugar cane bagasse resulted in increased Pg and Pl production compared to fermentations in which this residue was not used. The mixture of orange bagasse and wheat bran (50%) increased the production of Pg and Pl to 55 U.g-1 and 3540 U.g -1 respectively. Fractions of Pg and Pl, isolated by gel filtration in Sephadex G50, presented optimum activity at pH 5.0 and 10.5 respectively. Maximal activity of Pg and Pl fractions was determined at 55ºC and 50ºC respectively. Pg was stable in neutral pH range and at 40ºC whereas Pl was stable in acidic pH and at 35ºC, for 1 h.
A produção de pectina liase (Pl) e poligalacturonase (Pg) por cepa de Penicillium viridicatum Rfc3, recentemente isolada, foi estudada por meio de fermentação em estado sólido usando bagaço de laranja, tegumento de milho, farelo de trigo e cascas de manga e banana como fontes de carbono. Quando os resíduos foram utilizados isoladamente, o valor máximo de atividade de Pg (30 U g-1) foi observado em meio de farelo de trigo, enquanto que o valor máximo para atividade de Pl (2000 U g-1) foi obtido em meio de bagaço de laranja. Misturas de cascas de banana ou de manga com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (50% p/p), resultaram em aumento na produção tanto de Pl quanto de Pg, quando comparado com os experimentos nos quais esses materiais foram usados isoladamente. A mistura de bagaço de laranja e farelo de trigo (50%) elevou a produção de Pg e Pl para 55 U.g-1 e 3540 U.g-1, respectivamente. O fracionamento das enzimas presentes na solução enzimática bruta, através de filtração em gel Sephadex G50, resultou na obtenção de diferentes frações de Pl e de Pg. As frações de Pg e Pl, as quais foram caracterizadas, apresentaram atividade ótima em pH 5,0 e 10,5, respectivamente. A atividade máxima da fração de Pg foi obtida a 55ºC e, para Pl, a 50ºC. A Pg foi estável em valores de pH próximos à neutralidade e a 40ºC, enquanto que a Pl foi estável em pH ácido e a 35ºC, por uma hora.
RESUMO
Aiming at contributing to technological improvements in plant fiber processing methods, this paper reports research work on the obtainment of more efficient pectinase-producing fungi strains. More specifically, this work reports the analysis of 18 strains of filamentous fungi, with the purpose of obtaining enzymes for textile fibers degumming. The strains were evaluated for production of pectinolytic enzymes under several growth conditions (culture medium and growth temperature). Production of pectinases was measured by an enzymatic index (EI) in solid pectin medium. Among the tested strains, Penicillium chrysogenum IFO 4626 (Q 176) showed the best performance. Genetic improvement of this strain was carried out to increase its pectinase production, while keeping cellulase activity down to a negligible level, since cellulases are known to decrease the resistance of the fiber. Variability was induced through several cycles of mutation and selection by exposing conidea to ultra-violet light (UV). We selected 39 out of 390 isolated colonies. Resulting mutants produced nine times more pectin lyase (PL) than the original strain in terms of PL specific activity, and five times more in terms of PL activity (i.e. mmoles liberated per minute of reaction per mL of medium). Periodically, mutant performance was evaluated in solid pectin medium. Genetic stability was maintained for four years after isolation.
Com a intenção de melhorar tecnologicamente os métodos de processamento de fibras vegetais, o presente trabalho comunica pesquisas feitas para obter linhagens mais eficientes de fungos produtores de pectinases. Mais especificamente com o objetivo de obter enzimas para degomagem de fibras têxteis caracterizou-se 18 linhagens de fungos filamentosos quanto a algumas condições de cultivo (meio de cultura e temperatura de crescimento) e quanto ao índice enzimático (IE) em meio de pectina sólido. Constatou-se superioridade da linhagem IFO 4626 (Q 176) de Penicillium chrysogenum e conduziu-se melhoramento genético da mesma com o objetivo de elevar sua produção de pectinases, mantendo em níveis insignificantes a atividade de celulases. Induziu-se mutações por meio de luz ultra-violeta e selecionou-se as 39 melhores linhagens entre 390 isolados. Obteve-se mutantes com produção de pectina liase aproximadamente nove vezes superior à da linhagem original no que se refere à atividade específica de PL e cinco vezes superior em termos de atividade de PL (liberação de µMoles por minuto de reação e mL de meio). Periodicamente, o desempenho dos mutantes foi avaliado em meio de pectina sólido. A estabilidade genética manteve-se por 4 anos após o isolamento dos mesmos.
RESUMO
Penicillium griseoroseum was grown in bioreactors on mineral medium supplemented with yeast extract and sucrose. The influence of inoculum and carbon source concentrations, aeration and pH on pectin lyase (PL) production, as well as the capacity of P. griseoroseum to produce PL when grown on sugar cane syrup as carbon source were evaluated. Inoculum concentration did not influence PL production. Production was higher in non-aerated than in aerated medium. The best results were obtained using 60 mM sucrose at pH 6.3-7.2. Production using cane syrup 25% (v/v), without yeast extract supplement, was equal to that obtained under the conditions cited above.
Penicillium griseoroseum foi cultivado em biorreatores em meio mineral suplementado com extrato de levedura e sacarose. As influências das concentrações do inóculo e da fonte de carbono, da aeração e do pH do meio de cultivo sobre a produção de pectina liase (PL), bem como a capacidade de P. griseoroseum em produzir PL quando cultivado em caldo de cana diluído foram avaliadas. A concentração do inóculo não influenciou significativamente a produção de PL. O cultivo do fungo em biorreatores não aerados favoreceu a produção da PL em detrimento aos biorreatores com injeção de ar. Maior produção de PL foi obtida com o cultivo de P. griseoroseum em meio com pH 6,3 - 7,2, adicionado de 60 mM de sacarose. Quando cultivado em caldo de cana diluído, 25% (v/v), sem suplementação com extrato de levedura, a atividade máxima de PL alcançada foi igual as das condições citadas acima.