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Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), a highly contagious virus, affects dogs worldwide. Infected animals present severe and acute gastroenteritis which may culminate in death. CPV-2 VP2 protein is responsible for important biological functions related to virus-host interactions. Herein we obtained VP2 full-length gene sequences from Brazilian dogs with bloody diarrhea (n=15) and vaccine strains (n=7) produced by seven different laboratories and marketed in Brazil. All wild sequences and one vaccine strain were classified as CPV-2b and six vaccines were the classic CVP-2. Mutations in VP2 protein from vaccine and wild strains obtained in Brazil and worldwide were analyzed (n=906). Amino acid sequences from vaccine strains remarkably diverge from each other, even that classic CPV-2. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP2 gene and conducted with sequences displaying mutations in epitope regions previously described shows that vaccine strains are distantly related from the wide range of wild CPV-2. The impact of amino acid mutations over VP2 protein structure shows that vaccine and wild strains obtained in this study diverge in loop 3, an epitope region that plays a role in the CPV-2 host range. This is the first analysis of CPV-2 VP2 from commercial vaccine strains in Brazil and wild ones from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and the first detailed attempt to vaccinal VP2 molecular and structural analyses.

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Canine parvovirosis is a high mortality disease with acute clinical picture. However, there are few available resources to help stablish prognosis accurately. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold values for vital and hematological parameters of dogs naturally infected by the Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV). A retrospective study of 103 canine parvovirosis cases was carried out. Twenty seven percent of these (28/103) died, 96% (27/28) of which within the first four days of hospitalization. Deceased animals had significantly higher median values for heart (HR) and respiratory (f) rates, as well as significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) than survivors. Severely leukopenic animals (<1,000 cells/µL), had a significantly higher mortality rate (68%, n=13) compared to that of other patients (P<0.0007). Animals with at least two of the following findings: severe hypotension (SBP< 90mmHg), tachycardia (HR > 150 bpm) and leukopenia, represented 34% (34/101) of the cases and had a survival rate of 29% (10/34), while animals with at most one of these parameters represented 66% (67/101) and had a survival rate of 94% (63/67). The presence of two or three abnormal parameters was significantly related to the higher death risk among dogs with parvovirosis (P<0.0001).(AU)

A parvovirose canina é uma doença de alta mortalidade e de quadro clínico agudo. No entanto, existem poucos recursos para se estabelecer prognóstico de maneira precisa. Este estudo objetivou analisar os valores prognósticos de parâmetros físicos e hematológicos de cães naturalmente infectados pelo Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV). Um estudo retrospectivo de 103 casos de parvovirose canina foi realizado. Desses, 27% dos animais (28/103) foram a óbito, sendo 96% (27/28) com ocorrência nos primeiros quatro dias de internamento. Os cães que foram a óbito apresentaram medianas das frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f) significativamente maiores e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) consideravelmente menor que a dos sobreviventes. Entre os animais mais intensamente leucopênicos (<1.000 células/(L), a taxa de mortalidade (68%, n=13) foi expressivamente maior que a dos demais pacientes (P<0,0007). Os animais com hipotensão grave (PAS<90mmHg), taquicardia (FC>150bpm) e leucopenia intensa (leucometria<1.000 células/µL), ou duas dessas alterações clínicas, representaram 34% (34/101) dos casos e tiveram taxa de sobrevida de 29% (10/34), enquanto os animais com, no máximo, um desses parâmetros alterados representaram 66% (67/101) dos animais, com taxa de sobrevida de 94% (63/67). A presença de dois ou três parâmetros alterados esteve significativamente relacionada ao maior risco de óbito de cães com parvovirose (P<0,0001).(AU)

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RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar los genotipos de parvovirus canino-circulantes en cachorros en dos municipios de Nicaragua. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron muestras por hisopado rectal de 45 cachorros con y sin antecedentes de vacunación, menores de 6 meses de edad, con y sin sintomatología compatible con parvovirosis. Las muestras y dos de las vacunas que se comercializan en Nicaragua (vacuna nº1 y vacuna nº2) fueron analizadas por Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) convencional para un producto de ≈630 pb del gen VP2. Además, el producto directo del PCR se secuenciaron en sentido reverso cuatro muestras de campo elegidas aleatoriamente y las dos cepas vacunales. Resultados. El 28.9% (13/45) de las muestras analizadas fueron positivas en PCR. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la detección por PCR del fragmento de VP2, respecto al estado de vacunación de los animales (p≥0.05). Las cuatro muestras de campo secuenciadas fueron identificadas como genotipo CPV-2C y las dos cepas vacunales se identificaron como genotipo CPV- 2A. Conclusiones. la inferencia evolutiva de las secuencias alineadas de cepas vacunales mostró alta divergencia evolutiva respecto a las cepas de campo, este hallazgo lleva a replantear el tema sobre la eficacia de las vacunas analizadas en este trabajo y que son aplicadas en Nicaragua.

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify genotypes of canine parvovirus circulating in puppies in two municipalities of Nicaragua. Materials and methods. Rectal swab samples were collected from 45 puppies (less than 6 months of age) with or without a vaccination history, showing or not symptomatology compatible with parvovirosis. The samples and two of the vaccines that are marketed in Nicaragua (vaccine nº1 and vaccine nº2) were analyzed by conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to a product of ≈630 bp of the VP2 gene. In addition, four randomly chosen field samples and both vaccine strains were sequenced in reverse sense. Results. 28.9% (13/45) of the analyzed samples were positive by PCR, for the fragment of CPV VP2 gene. No significative difference (p≥0.05) was seen in PCR detection between dogs with or without vaccination history. The four sequenced field samples were identified as CPV-2C genotype while both vaccine strains were identified as CPV-2A genotype. Conclusions. The aligned sequences showed high evolutionary divergence of filed strains with respect to vaccines strains, leading us to rethink the efficacy of the analyzed vaccines which are nowadays commercially available in Nicaragua.

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This research reports the first CPV-2c isolation in cell culture (canine fibroma cell line A-72) in Uruguay. The isolates were obtained from 13 rectal swabs of Uruguayan dogs with parvovirosis. Samples were submitted to PCR with two sets of primers, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), partial sequencing of the gene encoding for VP2 capsid protein and phylogenetic characterization. The strain isolated was confirmed as CPV-2c. These results contribute to a better knowledge of CPV strains circulating in Uruguay and promote an evaluation of the efficacy of heterologous vaccines used to protect against the circulating strains.

Este trabalho relata o primeiro isolamento do CPV-2c em cultura de células (linhagem celular de fibroma canino A-72), no Uruguai. Os isolados foram obtidos a partir de 13 suabes retais de cães uruguaios com parvovirose. As amostras foram submetidas à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com dois pares de primers, polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos de restrição (RFLP), sequenciamento parcial do gene que codifica a proteína capsidial VP2 e caracterização filogenética. A cepa isolada foi confirmada como CPV-2c. Os resultados contribuem para um melhor conhecimento das cepas do CPV circulantes no Uruguai e incitam uma maior investigação sobre a eficácia das vacinas produzidas com cepas heterólogas utilizadas atualmente para proteger contra cepas circulantes.

RESUMO

This research reports the first CPV-2c isolation in cell culture (canine fibroma cell line A-72) in Uruguay. The isolates were obtained from 13 rectal swabs of Uruguayan dogs with parvovirosis. Samples were submitted to PCR with two sets of primers, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), partial sequencing of the gene encoding for VP2 capsid protein and phylogenetic characterization. The strain isolated was confirmed as CPV-2c. These results contribute to a better knowledge of CPV strains circulating in Uruguay and promote an evaluation of the efficacy of heterologous vaccines used to protect against the circulating strains.

Este trabalho relata o primeiro isolamento do CPV-2c em cultura de células (linhagem celular de fibroma canino A-72), no Uruguai. Os isolados foram obtidos a partir de 13 suabes retais de cães uruguaios com parvovirose. As amostras foram submetidas à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com dois pares de primers, polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos de restrição (RFLP), sequenciamento parcial do gene que codifica a proteína capsidial VP2 e caracterização filogenética. A cepa isolada foi confirmada como CPV-2c. Os resultados contribuem para um melhor conhecimento das cepas do CPV circulantes no Uruguai e incitam uma maior investigação sobre a eficácia das vacinas produzidas com cepas heterólogas utilizadas atualmente para proteger contra cepas circulantes.

RESUMO

This research reports the first CPV-2c isolation in cell culture (canine fibroma cell line A-72) in Uruguay. The isolates were obtained from 13 rectal swabs of Uruguayan dogs with parvovirosis. Samples were submitted to PCR with two sets of primers, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), partial sequencing of the gene encoding for VP2 capsid protein and phylogenetic characterization. The strain isolated was confirmed as CPV-2c. These results contribute to a better knowledge of CPV strains circulating in Uruguay and promote an evaluation of the efficacy of heterologous vaccines used to protect against the circulating strains.

Este trabalho relata o primeiro isolamento do CPV-2c em cultura de células (linhagem celular de fibroma canino A-72), no Uruguai. Os isolados foram obtidos a partir de 13 suabes retais de cães uruguaios com parvovirose. As amostras foram submetidas à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com dois pares de primers, polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos de restrição (RFLP), sequenciamento parcial do gene que codifica a proteína capsidial VP2 e caracterização filogenética. A cepa isolada foi confirmada como CPV-2c. Os resultados contribuem para um melhor conhecimento das cepas do CPV circulantes no Uruguai e incitam uma maior investigação sobre a eficácia das vacinas produzidas com cepas heterólogas utilizadas atualmente para proteger contra cepas circulantes.

RESUMO

This research reports the first CPV-2c isolation in cell culture (canine fibroma cell line A-72) in Uruguay. The isolates were obtained from 13 rectal swabs of Uruguayan dogs with parvovirosis. Samples were submitted to PCR with two sets of primers, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), partial sequencing of the gene encoding for VP2 capsid protein and phylogenetic characterization. The strain isolated was confirmed as CPV-2c. These results contribute to a better knowledge of CPV strains circulating in Uruguay and promote an evaluation of the efficacy of heterologous vaccines used to protect against the circulating strains.

Este trabalho relata o primeiro isolamento do CPV-2c em cultura de células (linhagem celular de fibroma canino A-72), no Uruguai. Os isolados foram obtidos a partir de 13 suabes retais de cães uruguaios com parvovirose. As amostras foram submetidas à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com dois pares de primers, polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos de restrição (RFLP), sequenciamento parcial do gene que codifica a proteína capsidial VP2 e caracterização filogenética. A cepa isolada foi confirmada como CPV-2c. Os resultados contribuem para um melhor conhecimento das cepas do CPV circulantes no Uruguai e incitam uma maior investigação sobre a eficácia das vacinas produzidas com cepas heterólogas utilizadas atualmente para proteger contra cepas circulantes.

RESUMO

The serological status of porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection were determined in swine from extensive raising systems in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Ninety-seven serum samples were collected from animals in 12 extensive farms distributed in six cities located nearby Goiânia, GO, and 74 samples were collected from animals in a slaughterhouse in Goiânia, GO. For the PPV-specific antibody detection, the hemaglutination inhibition test (HI) was used; and for TGE antibody detection, the serum neutralization test was performed. Results showed that 25 out of the total 171 (14.4%) analyzed sera were positive for PPV antibodies, and the HI titers varied between 256 to 4,096. None of the 136 serum samples analyzed for TGEV was positive. This is probably the first study that detected PPV and TGEV-specific antibodies in swine herd in the state of Goiás. Data suggest that PPV but not TGEV circulated between and among this population of swine in that state.(AU)

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The effect of the addition of glutamine aminoacid in a solution to early enteral nutrition in dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis by parvovirus (GEHV) was evaluated in a prospective study with 20 dogs. The animals were randomly separated in two groups of treatment. Animals in group 1 did not receive glutamine and in group 2 received glutamine by enteral solution. The mortality rate was 20% in group 1 and 10% in group 2, but difference was not statistically significative. The addition of glutamine in a solution to enteral nutrition did not change mortality rate.(AU)

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A gastrenterite hemorrágica (GHE) é uma afecção comum em filhotes de cães, e motivo freqüente de internação e mortalidade. Considerando que probióticos têm sido apontados como benéficos no tratamento destes pacientes, avaliamos o impacto da inclusão de probiótico á base de Lactobacillus acidophillus em 100 filhotes de cães com GHE, distribuídos em dois grupos de 50 indivíduos. Os cães do grupo 1 (G1), além da terapia indicada para GEH, constituída de fluido e antibiótico terapia e antiemético, receberam, por via oral, probiótico. Para os animais do grupo 2 (G2) foi adotada apenas a terapêutica convencional. Foram quantificadas as partículas virais nas fezes, pela hemaglutinação (HA) e os anticorpos (Ac) anti-parvovírus por inibição da hemaglutinação. Foram registradas a duração da internação e a tolerância dos animais ao probiótico. A excreção viral nas fezes pelos animais de ambos os grupos foi semelhante no momento da internação (P=0,746) e da alta hospitalar (P=0,294). Entretanto, no G1 a excreção foi significativamente menor no momento da alta (p<0,001). O período de internamento variou de um a 15 dias no G1 e de um a 10 dias no G2 (P=0,70). A taxa de mortalidade no G1 foi de 37,50 (18/48) e de 26 (13/50) no G2 (P=0,49). A aceitação do probiótico variou de regular a ótima em 95 das administrações, porém, os animais que foram a óbito demonstraram intolerância. Com estas observações não foi estabelecida relação entre a administração de probiótico e recuperação da doença, abreviação do período de internação ou ao aumento da resposta humoral. Porém, a suplementação reduziu a excreção fecal de vírus, o que é benéfico quando se considera a menor disseminação do vírus no ambiente

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (GHE) is a common motivation to hospitalization and mortality betweenpuppies. Considering the beneficial effects of probiotics in the treatment of some gastrointestinal disorders,we evaluated the usefulness of the probiotic product in 100 puppies hospitalized because GHE. Fifthdogs were treated by intravenous fluid, antiemetic, antibiotics and probiotic product (G1), and the other50 only by supportive and symptomatic therapy (G2). We accessed the titters of anticorpus anti-parvovirusby HI, fecal excretion of virus by HA and registered the duration of internation period and tolerance toprobiotic ingestion. The titters of HI were similar between G1 and G2 in the samples from entrance (P =0,553) and at the hospital discharge (P = 0,844), moreover arises during hospitalization in booth groups(P < 0,001). The fecal excretion of virus of G1 and G2 were similar in booth moments (P = 0,746 and P =0,294, respectively) furthermore the G1 showed lowest fecal titters of virus at hospital discharge (P <0,001). The internation period in the G1 variates one to 15 days and one to 10 days in the G2 group,without statistical difference between the groups (P = 0,70). The rate of mortality in the G1 was 37,50%(18/48) and 26% (13/50) in the G2, lacking statistical significance (P = 0,49). Probiotic tolerance wasregular to excellent in 95% of the administrations, furthermore the animals that died demonstrate intolerance.These observation permits no established a relationship between the administration of Lactobacilusacidophillus based probiotic and shortening treatment duration, improved in the disease evolution oranticorpus production, likewise showed positive influence over fecal excretion of virus. Considering theparvovirosis, this is a desirable factor to decrease dissemination of the disease between susceptiblepopulation

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Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (GHE) is a common motivation to hospitalization and mortality between puppies. Considering the beneficial effects of probiotics in the treatment of some gastrointestinal disorders, we evaluated the usefulness of the probiotic product in 100 puppies hospitalized because GHE. Fifth dogs were treated by intravenous fluid, antiemetic, antibiotics and probiotic product (G1), and the other 50 only by supportive and symptomatic therapy (G2). We accessed the titters of anticorpus anti-parvovirus by HI, fecal excretion of virus by HA and registered the duration of internation period and tolerance to probiotic ingestion. The titters of HI were similar between G1 and G2 in the samples from entrance (P = 0,553) and at the hospital discharge (P = 0,844), moreover arises during hospitalization in booth groups (P 0,001). The fecal excretion of virus of G1 and G2 were similar in booth moments (P = 0,746 and P = 0,294, respectively) furthermore the G1 showed lowest fecal titters of virus at hospital discharge (P 0,001). The internation period in the G1 variates one to 15 days and one to 10 days in the G2 group, without statistical difference between the groups (P = 0,70). The rate of mortality in the G1 was 37,50% (18/48) and 26% (13/50) in the G2, lacking statistical significance (P = 0,49). Probiotic tolerance was regular to excellent in 95% of the admini

A gastrenterite hemorrágica (GHE) é uma afecção comum em filhotes de cães, e motivo freqüente de internação e mortalidade. Considerando que probióticos têm sido apontados como benéficos no tratamento destes pacientes, avaliamos o impacto da inclusão de probiótico à base de Lactobacilus acidophillus em 100 filhotes de cães com GHE, distribuídos em dois grupos de 50 indivíduos. Os cães do grupo 1 (G1), além da terapia indicada para GEH, constituída de fluido e antibiótico terapia e antiemético, receberam, por via oral, probiótico. Para os animais do grupo 2 (G2) foi adotada apenas a terapêutica convencional. Foram quantificadas as partículas virais nas fezes, pela aglutinação (HA) e os anticorpos (Ac) anti-parvovírus por inibição da hemaglutinação. Foram registradas a duração da internação e a tolerância dos animais ao probiótico. A excreção viral nas fezes pelos animais de ambos os grupos foi semelhante no momento da internação (P = 0,746) e da alta hospitalar (P = 0,294). Entretanto, no G1 a excreção foi significativamente menor no momento da alta (p 0,001). O período de internamento variou de um a 15 dias no G1 e de um a 10 dias no G2 (P = 0,70). A taxa de mortalidade no G1 foi de 37,50% (18/48) e de 26% (13/50) no G2 (P = 0,49). A aceitação do probiótico variou de regular a ótima em 95% das administrações, porém, os animais que foram a óbito demonstraram intolerância. Co