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The description of natural history, and information on the factors threatening conservation, the distribution area, and the status of species population are necessary for proper wildlife management. The objective of this research was to generate such information in two rural communities and to engage residents in bighorn sheep management through a program of three workshops. The first one covered training regarding natural history and management of the species. The second one consisted in the description of the habitat of the species through a dynamic of participatory mapping. The third, include a design of a one strategy to monitor the bighorn sheep population. The workshops were attended by 37 people from the two rural communities. The results suggest the economic element was the main interest of the inhabitants regarding the bighorn sheep. Eleven risk factors were identified to the bighorn sheep in the study sites, a participatory map with relevant information for the management of the species on each community was developed, and a monitoring strategy of the bighorn sheep population was prepared. The workshop program proposed in this research is a tool that can be applied in rural communities to lay the groundwork for a long-term management project of wildlife species.

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In arid areas, rural communities can be affected by erosive phenomena caused by intense rainfall. By involving such communities in participatory mapping over the last few decades, our ability to analyse the effects of these phenomena has been enhanced. The aim of this study was to evaluate participatory mapping as a tool for spatially analysing agricultural variations caused by erosive phenomena, using local people to identify chronologies of physical events so we could analyse their effects on agriculture. The study was conducted in Laonzana, Tarapacá Valley, in northern Chile. We selected the participants for the participatory mapping using specific criteria, and carried out field activities in different phases, which allowed the identification, georeferencing and registration (through participatory mapping) of the information collected in the field and from the collective memories of the participants. Three periods were studied. This provided evidence for a decrease in the number of productive sites, these being limited to the vicinity of the village. The participatory mapping technique has become a useful tool in desert and mountainous areas with low population densities for recovering experiential information from communities.

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El mapeo participativo es una modalidad de interacción horizontal entre los actores implicados en procesos de toma de decisiones, que tiene como finalidad la representación gráfica del territorio. Para ello, se combina la percepción local con herramientas modernas de cartografía. Con la finalidad de documentar la percepción espacial de los guardarecursos del Parque Nacional Laguna Lachuá (PNLL) con relación a la dinámica de la biodiversidad actual en la Eco-región Lachuá, se utilizó la herramienta del mapa hablado durante un taller con los 11 guardarecursos del parque en 2018. Los mapas de la Eco-región se dividieron en cuatro zonas: Noreste (NE), Sureste (SE), Suroeste (SO) y Noroeste (NO), dentro del PNLL como en la zona de amortiguamiento. Se contabilizaron los elementos favorables y desfavorables para la biodiversidad reportadas para cada zona. Se comparó la información proporcionada por los guardarecursos con las imágenes satelitales de la Eco-región mediante un análisis de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). De esta manera, se brinda un enfoque integral para comprender los patrones del paisaje actual, ya que estos son resultado de procesos socio-económicos y políticos que culminaron en conflictos del manejo de la tierra y los recursos. Se identificó que en el PNLL los elementos desfavorables más reportados fueron los cultivos, carreteras y asentamientos humanos. En la zona de amortiguamiento los elementos desfavorables corresponden a los cultivos, (p.ej.: palma africana) y los asentamientos humanos. Además, las áreas con mayor cobertura boscosa son las zonas NE y NO en el PNLL.

Participatory mapping facilitates horizontal interaction among interested parties in decision-making processes, which pursues the graphic representation of the territory. This technique unifies local perception with modern cartography. It eases communication and has been used to document spatial representations and resource management thus, integrating tools such as a Geographic Information System (GIS) might facilitate solutions in land conflicts and community governance. In this article, we share the findings regarding the spatial perception biodiversity dynamics of park rangers in National Park Laguna Lachuá (PNLL) during a workshop in 2018, documented through the "talking maps" tool. To analyze each map, we used GIS sofware, by dividing the PNLL and its buffer zone into four quadrants: Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), Southwest (SO), and Northwest (NO). We registered every record reported by the park rangers from a list of positive and negative elements that have an effect on biodiversity. We then compared the information reported with spatial layers in GIS to evaluate which elements were detectable and viceversa. This is relevant since participatory mapping allows a more integral understanding of landscape patterns than GIS on its own and given the fact that the actual landscape is the result of several socio-economic and political processes that have created land and resource management conflicts. We identified that the unfavorable elements inside the PNLL are agriculture, roads, and human settlements, and in the buffer zone were agriculture, African palm, and human settlements. The quadrants with more forest cover corresponded to NE and NO inside the park.

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Resumo Neste estudo buscou-se compreender como estudantes de escolas rurais e urbanas identificam elementos da vulnerabilidade socioambiental no espaço escolar, no contexto do agronegócio, nos municípios de Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal e Campos de Júlio, localizados no estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Realizou-se um mapeamento participativo por meio do desenho dos processos e elementos destrutivos e protetores da vida no espaço escolar. Os processos e elementos protetores mais citados foram a escola, as árvores e as atividades agrícolas próximas às escolas, pela produção de cereais e algodão e a geração de empregos. Entretanto, a pulverização de agrotóxicos nas áreas de plantio próximas às escolas foi o processo destrutivo elencado de forma predominante nos mapas. Esses elementos compõem as relações e os processos de vulnerabilização socioambiental dos estudantes e das populações envolvidas nessas escolas. As facetas contraditórias (protetoras e destrutivas) evidenciadas sobre a produção agrícola demonstram uma dinâmica política de disputa da narrativa sobre o impacto sócio-sanitário-ambiental positivo e negativo do agronegócio e do uso de agrotóxicos. A construção dos mapas mostrou ser uma ferramenta que pode contribuir para o reconhecimento das vulnerabilidades socioambientais e potencializar a participação popular no processo de vigilância em saúde e ambiente.

Abstract This study sought to understand how students from rural and urban schools identify elements of socio-environmental vulnerability in the school environment, in the context of agribusiness, in the cities of Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal and Campos de Júlio, Mato Grosso, Brazil. A participatory mapping was conducted by the design of processes and protective and destructive elements to life in the school environment. The most cited processes and protective elements were school, trees and agricultural activities near schools, the production of cereals and cotton, and the generation of jobs. However, the spraying of pesticides in the plantation areas near the schools was the destructive process predominantly listed. These elements make up the relationships and processes of social and environmental vulnerability of the students and the populations involved in these schools. The contradictory facets (protective and destructive) evidenced on agricultural production demonstrate a political dynamics of dispute of the narrative about the positive socio-sanitary-environmental impact of agribusiness and the use of pesticides. The construction of the maps has proved to be a tool that can contribute to the recognition of socio-environmental vulnerabilities and enhance the participation of the people in the surveillance process in health and environment.

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The development of conservation strategies for nontimber forest products requires the characterization of the management systems and ethnoecological knowledge of the used species, as well as the analysis of the biological impacts of these processes. This study aimed to evaluate management systems and extractivist areas and related ethnoecological knowledge of Dimorphandra gardneriana (fava d'anta) in the semiarid region of Ceará, Northeast of Brazil. Fava d'anta produces fruits with high concentration of bioflavonoids, substances with various pharmacological properties, being exploited by extractivist communities in the mosaic of protected areas in Chapada do Araripe, Ceará. Ethnoecological knowledge has been concentrated on collectors who have been in activity for a longer time and/or plant the species. We identified three management systems that can impact in different ways on fava d'anta populations, depending on the area and level of human interference with the species. The extractivists respect the zoning of protected areas and do not enter in the full protection area, choosing areas with the highest tree density. The different systems produce a mosaic that creates different extraction opportunities and modifications to the local landscape and to fava d'anta populations. Factors that may have effects on the conservation of the species are the lack of supervision and overexploitation of the resource in native areas, while the factors that affect the health of extractivists are the infrastructure of the work and exposure to wild environments.

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BACKGROUND: Hñahñu (Otomi) farmers organize their experiences and ecological learning into a farmland system designed to grow food in areas of scarce water and low soil fertility. The purpose of this paper is to examine Hñahñu concepts and categories pertaining to the farming landscape and the ecological foundations underlying the system, its management implications, and categorial organization in Huitexcalco de Morelos, Mezquital Valley, Mexico. METHODS: Native terms and their links to landscape were recorded and discussed in various workshops. Open interviews and field trips with local experts were used to explain soil and water management practices that allow Hñahñu farmers to maintain sustained yields throughout the year. We then used participatory mapping in order to explore the semantic relations of the terms with the space and its validity in the productive landscape. RESULTS: We elicited 7 Hñahñu language terms related to landforms, 4 related to land use categories, and 17 related to their constituent components organized in two hierarchical levels. We found that mothe as a term of land usage was followed by mothee, ñut'athee, gadñhe, or muiñhe; these primarily refer to the topographic position of the parcel and the form of access to water for irrigation. Stone barriers and earth channels represent the functional structures that are most commonly used by Hñahñu farmers to retain soil and water. In the participatory mapping results, mothe muiñhe displayed a robust spatial link with the gullies. Identifying other landscape categories required a substantial understanding both of management practices of soil and water and forms of organization. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a complex system of knowledge that contributes to the continued proper management of the local landscape. The terms and their elicited meanings are key to understand the ways in which Hñahñu farmers conceptualize and relate the reality of their landscape and its cultural meanings. Scale and perception were found to have a determining role in defining their taxonomic organization, semantic structure, and relations in space.

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Os mapas e os procedimentos de mapeamento são ferramentas úteis para sistematização, interpretação e comunicação de resultados para a gestão e avaliação. Aplicados à Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), estes mapas permitiriam a apropriação do território e o estabelecimento de vínculos entre este território, sua população e os serviços de saúde. Neste trabalho é estudada a utilização de mapas pela ESF em 17 municípios das regiões norte e nordeste do Brasil e é descrito o processo de delimitação e digitalização das áreas de atuação, com a participação das equipes. O levantamento realizado por questionários e a discussão em oficinas demonstraram que ainda persistem dificuldades de compatibilização de mapas (croquis) produzidos no nível local com mapas produzidos por outros setores de governo. Os mapas usados no nível local empregam, em geral, sintaxes próprias, o que impede a troca de informações com outros documentos cartográficos e sua plena utilização como instrumento de avaliação e gestão. A combinação de instrumentos de mapeamento participativo, associados às aplicações de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG), proposta neste trabalho, representa uma alternativa para o mapeamento do território de atuação das equipes da ESF, bem como a reflexão sobre o conceito de território e sua operacionalização pela ESF.

Maps and mapping procedures are useful tools for systematic interpretation and evaluation and for reporting of results to management. Applied to the Family Health Strategy (FHS), these maps permit the demarcation of the territory and the establishment of links between the territory, its population and health services. In this paper the use of maps by the FHS in 17 municipalities in northern and northeastern Brazil is studied and the process of demarcation and digitization of areas with the participation of teams is described. The survey conducted using questionnaires and discussion workshops showed that difficulties still prevail in reconciling the map (drawing) produced at the local level with maps produced by other government sectors. In general, the maps used at local level employ their own references, which prevent the interplay of information with other cartographic documents and their full use as a tool for evaluation and management. The combination of participatory mapping tools, associated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications proposed in this paper, represents an alternative to mapping the territory of operations of FHS teams, as well as a reflection on the concept of territory and operation by the FHS.

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