RESUMO

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. Nanotechnology has emerged to optimize the pharmacological response. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop and characterize liposomes and nanocapsules containing paroxetine hydrochloride and evaluate their antidepressant-like effect using the open field and tail suspension tests in mice. Liposomes and nanocapsules were prepared using the reverse-phase evaporation and nanoprecipitation methods, respectively. The particle size of the formulation ranged from 121.81 to 310.73 nm, the polydispersity index from 0.096 to 0.303, the zeta potential from -11.94 to -34.50 mV, the pH from 5.31 to 7.38, the drug content from 80.82 to 94.36 %, and the association efficiency was 98 %. Paroxetine hydrochloride showed slower release when associated with liposomes (43.82 %) compared to nanocapsules (95.59 %) after 10 h. In Vero cells, in vitro toxicity showed a concentration-dependent effect for paroxetine hydrochloride nanostructures. Both nanostructures decreased the immobility time in the TST at 2.5 mg/kg without affecting the number of crossings in the open field test, suggesting the antidepressant-like effect of paroxetine. In addition, the nanocapsules decreased the number of groomings, reinforcing the anxiolytic effect of this drug. These results suggest that the nanostructures were effective in preserving the antidepressant-like effect of paroxetine hydrochloride even at low doses.

Assuntos

Lipossomos , Nanocápsulas , Paroxetina , Animais , Paroxetina/administração & dosagem , Paroxetina/farmacologia , Paroxetina/química , Nanocápsulas/química , Camundongos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Masculino , Células Vero , Tamanho da Partícula , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Antidepressivos/administração & dosagem , Antidepressivos/química , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/administração & dosagem , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/química , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The impacts of antidepressant pharmacotherapies on cardiovascular risk are unclear. We completed a systematic review with meta-analysis to assess the effect of paroxetine on heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: The searches were accomplished via EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed (using the National Library of Medicine), Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. We included non-blind, single, or double-blind randomized control trials in patients older than 18 diagnosed with MDD. Paroxetine needs to be enforced as a chronic therapeutic medication. We included individual studies that investigated resting HRV. RESULTS: We documented 402 studies, only following screening and eligibility phases; only six were included (five studies in the meta-analysis). No significant change was noticed for the SDNN index: subtotal = 8.23 [CI: -2.17, 18.63], p = 0.12, I2 = 54 % (very low quality of evidence). A significant change was distinguished for the LF index: subtotal = 0.74 [CI: 0.33, 1.15], p = 0.0004, I2 = 0 % (low quality of evidence). A significant alteration was perceived for the HF index: subtotal = 0.33 [CI: 0.06, 0.6], p = 0.02, I2 = 0 % (low quality of evidence). CONCLUSION: Meta-analysis demonstrated that paroxetine could advance HRV in MDD patients. Nevertheless, our supposition is founded only on statistical analysis and the very low quality of evidence breakdown reinforces the necessity for further studies to confirm or reject this theory.

Assuntos

Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Frequência Cardíaca , Paroxetina , Paroxetina/uso terapêutico , Paroxetina/farmacologia , Humanos , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/uso terapêutico , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/efeitos adversos , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/farmacologia

RESUMO

Fungal infections caused by Cryptococcus spp. pose a threat to health, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The available arsenal of drugs against cryptococcosis is limited, due to their toxicity and/or lack of accessibility in low-income countries, requiring more therapeutic alternatives. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), through drug repositioning, are a promising alternative to broaden the range of new antifungals against Cryptococcus spp. This study evaluates the antifungal activity of three SSRIs, sertraline, paroxetine, and fluoxetine, against Cryptococcus spp. strains, as well as assesses their possible mechanism of action. Seven strains of Cryptococcus spp. were used. Sensitivity to SSRIs, fluconazole, and itraconazole was evaluated using the broth microdilution assay. The interactions resulting from combinations of SSRIs and azoles were investigated using the checkerboard assay. The possible action mechanism of SSRIs against Cryptococcus spp. was evaluated through flow cytometry assays. The SSRIs exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against Cryptococcus spp. strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 2 to 32 µg/mL, and had synergistic and additive interactions with azoles. The mechanism of action of SSRIs against Cryptococcus spp. involved damage to the mitochondrial membrane and increasing the production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in loss of cellular viability and apoptotic cell death. Fluoxetine also was able to cause significant damage to yeast DNA. These findings demonstrate the in vitro antifungal potential of SSRIs against Cryptococcus spp. strains.

Assuntos

Cryptococcus neoformans , Cryptococcus , Humanos , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Azóis , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana

RESUMO

Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of paroxetine alone and associated with oxacillin against isolates of methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Materials & methods: The broth microdilution and checkerboard techniques were used, with investigation of possible mechanisms of action through flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and molecular docking, in addition to scanning electron microscopy for morphological analysis. Results: Paroxetine showed a MIC of 64 µg/ml and bactericidal activity, mostly additive interactions in combination with oxacillin, evidence of action on genetic material and membrane, morphological changes in microbial cells and influence on virulence factors. Conclusion: Paroxetine has antibacterial potential from the perspective of drug repositioning.

Assuntos

Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus , Paroxetina/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Oxacilina/farmacologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana

RESUMO

Introduction: Paroxetine is an older "selective" serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is notable for its lack of selectivity, resulting in a cholinergic adverse-effect profile, especially among older adults (65+). Methods: Paroxetine prescription rates and costs per state were ascertained from the Medicare Specialty Utilization and Payment Data. States' annual prescription rate, corrected per thousand Part D enrollees, outside 95% confidence interval were considered significantly different from the average. Results: There was a steady decrease in paroxetine prescriptions (-34.52%) and spending (-16.69%) from 2015-2020 but a consistent, five-fold state-level difference. From 2015-2020, Kentucky (194.9, 195.3, 182.7, 165.1, 143.3, 132.5) showed significantly higher prescriptions rates relative to the national average, and Hawaii (42.1, 37.9, 34.3, 31.7, 27.7, 26.6) showed significantly lower prescription rates. North Dakota was often a frequent elevated prescriber of paroxetine (2016: 170.7, 2018: 143.3), relative to the average. Neuropsychiatry and geriatric medicine frequently prescribed the largest amount of paroxetine prescriptions, relative to the number of providers in that specialty, from 2015-2020. Discussion: Despite the American Geriatrics Society prohibition against paroxetine use in the older adults and many effective treatment alternatives, paroxetine was still commonly used in this population, especially in Kentucky and North Dakota and by neuropsychiatry and geriatric medicine. These findings provide information on the specialty types and states where education and policy reform would likely have the greatest impact on improving adherence to the paroxetine prescription recommendations.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Paroxetine (PX) is a widely used antidepressant with side effects such as weakness, dizziness, and trouble sleeping. In search of novel compounds with better efficacy and fewer side effects, we synthesized 3HPX, a hydroxylated analog of PX, and compared the 2 in silico for their pharmacokinetic and binding properties and in vivo for their antidepressant and potential neuroprotective effects. METHODS: In silico studies compared pharmacological properties as well as interactions of PX and 3HPX with the serotonin transporter. In vivo studies utilized an animal model of comorbid depression-Parkinson disease. Adult male Wistar rats were injected (sterotaxically) with lipopolysaccharide in the striatum (unilaterally), followed by 14 days of once-daily injections (i.p.) of 10 mg/kg PX or 3HPX. Animals were tested for motor asymmetry and locomotor activity as well as indices of anhedonia and helplessness using sucrose preference and forced swim tests, respectively. Brains of these animals were collected after the last test, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta and Iba-1-positive stained microglia in ipsilateral striatum were measured. RESULTS: In silico findings indicated that 3HPX could bind stronger to serotonin transporter and also have a better clearance and hence less toxicity compared with PX. In vivo results revealed a more effective reversal of immobility in the swim test, substantial increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and more ramified Iba-1+ cells by 3HPX compared with PX. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest superior effectiveness of 3HPX as an antidepressant and neuroprotectant compared with PX and hence potential utility in Parkinson disease depression co-morbidity.

Assuntos

Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Doença de Parkinson , Ratos , Masculino , Animais , Paroxetina/farmacologia , Paroxetina/uso terapêutico , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Ratos Wistar , Substância Negra/metabolismo , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/metabolismo , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças

RESUMO

A criptococose é uma infecção fúngica que acomete tanto indivíduos imunocomprometidos como imunocompetentes. O arsenal antifúngico é limitado, existem relatos de desenvolvimento de resistência fúngica a esses compostos e também alta toxicidade ao paciente. O reposicionamento de fármacos dos inibidores seletivos da recaptação de serotonina (ISRS) tem mostrado ação contra espécies fúngicas, tornando estes compostos alternativas a serem estudadas para o tratamento das infecções criptocócicas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos antifúngicos em cápsula, biofilme e células planctônicas de Cryptococcus gattii (cepa ATCC 56990 e isolado clínico 5) dos fármacos ISRS, cloridrato de fluoxetina (CF) e cloridrato de paroxetina (CP). Para isso, foi utilizada a técnica de microdiluição em caldo de acordo com European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) para determinar a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), sendo a CIM de 31,25 µg/mL determinada para os fármacos CF e CP e ambos os fármacos demonstraram ação fungicida (CIM/CFM = 1). Em seguida foi verificado atividade sinérgica dos fármacos CF e CP combinados com anfotericina B (AmB), como resultado encontramos três concentrações sinérgicas, para CF reduzindo 8 e 4x em relação ao valor de CIM, para CP reduzindo 4x em relação ao valor de CIM e para AmB houve redução de 4x em relação ao valor de CIM. Posteriormente, o efeito dos fármacos mencionados foi avaliado na redução da biomassa do biofilme, por meio da técnica de cristal violeta. Nas concentrações 10x (312,5 µg/mL) e 20x (625 µg/mL) CIM de observou-se a redução da biomassa do biofilme de C. gattii em 57,72% a 76,66% para CF e redução entre 42,69 a 68,03% para CP. Além disso, em concentrações sub- inibitórias, ambos fármacos reduziram o tamanho da cápsula da levedura em até 62,46% para CF e 58,94% para CP. Também foi analisada a viabilidade do biofilme pela contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia/mL, após tratamento com CF e CP 20x valor de CIM e foi observada redução entre 1,21 a 1,446 log na viabilidade do biofilme (p< 0,0001). Ainda, o efeito dos fármacos em biofilme foi avaliado quanto ao efeito na atividade metabólica pelo ensaio XTT nas concentrações 10x e 20x CIM de ambos os fármacos foi possível observar redução entre 39,05% a 84,62% para CF e redução entre 56,99% a 67,64% para CP. Assim, os fármacos avaliados apresentaram potencial antifúngico frente C. gattii em todos os ensaios in vitro, podendo ser considerados novas alternativas para o tratamento deste patógeno (AU)

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Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection that affects both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. The antifungal arsenal is limited, there are reports of the development of fungal resistance to these compounds and also high toxicity to the patient. The drug repositioning of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has shown action against fungal species, making these compounds alternatives to be studied for the treatment of cryptococcal infections. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effects on capsule, biofilm and planktonic cells of Cryptococcus gattii (ATCC strain 56990 and clinical isolate 5) of the SSRI drugs, fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLH) and paroxetine hydrochloride (PAH). For this, the broth microdilution technique was used according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and the MIC of 31.25 µg/mL was determined for the drugs (FLH) and PAH and both drugs demonstrated fungicidal action (MIC/CFM = 1).Then it was verified synergistic activity of the drugs FLH and PAH combined with amphotericin B (AmB), as a result we found three synergistic concentrations, for FLH reducing 8 and 4x compared to the MIC value, for PAH reducing 4x compared to the MIC value and for AmB there was 4x reduction compared to the MIC value. Subsequently, the effect of the mentioned drugs was evaluated in the reduction of biofilm biomass by means of the crystal violet technique. At 10x (312.5 µg/mL) and 20x (625 µg/mL) MIC concentrations of it was observed the reduction of C. gattii biofilm biomass by 57.72% to 76.66% for FLH and reduction between 42.69 to 68.03% for PAH. Furthermore, at sub-inhibitory concentrations, both drugs reduced the yeast capsule size by up to 62.46% for FLH and 58.94% for PAH. The biofilm viability was also analyzed by counting colony forming units/mL, after treatment with FC and CP 20x the MIC value and a reduction between 1.21 to 1.446 log in biofilm viability was observed (p< 0.0001). Also, the effect of the drugs in biofilm was evaluated as the effect on the metabolic activity by the XTT assay in concentrations 10x and 20x MIC of both drugs was possible to observe reduction between 39.05% to 84.62% for FC and reduction between 56.99% to 67.64% for CP. Thus, the drugs evaluated showed antifungal potential against C. gattii in all in vitro assays, and may be considered new alternatives for the treatment of this pathogen.(AU)

Assuntos

Fluoxetina , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina , Paroxetina , Placa Dentária , Cryptococcus gattii , Antifúngicos

RESUMO

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related death. Sorafenib is the first approved drug for the treatment of advanced HCC. Depression is frequent in cancer patients. Moreover, sorafenib might exert depression as an adverse drug reaction and paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is a recommended pharmacotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the potential synergistic effects of paroxetine and sorafenib on HepG2 cell proliferation and death. Paroxetine and sorafenib were administered to HepG2 cells as single-agents or in combination. Cell viability was determined with XTT cell viability assay. Cellular apoptosis and DNA content were assessed by flow cytometry. The expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was examined by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. A lower dose of sorafenib was found to be required to inhibit cell proliferation when in combination with paroxetine. Similarly, the coadministration enhanced cellular apoptosis and resulted in cell cycle arrest. Confocal imaging revealed a remarkably lower cell density and increased expression of Bcl-2 following combined treatment of paroxetine with sorafenib. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the synergistic effect of paroxetine and sorafenib in HCC and might provide a potentially promising therapeutic strategy.

Assuntos

Paroxetina/efeitos adversos , Células Hep G2/classificação , Sorafenibe/agonistas , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Tratamento Farmacológico/instrumentação , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos

RESUMO

Multiplex detection of emerging pollutants is essential to improve quality control of water treatment plants, which requires portable systems capable of real-time monitoring. In this paper we describe a flexible, dual electrochemical sensing device that detects nonylphenol and paroxetine in tap water samples. The platform contains two voltammetric sensors, with different working electrodes that were either pretreated or functionalized. Each working electrode was judiciously tailored to cover the concentration range of interest for nonylphenol and paroxetine, and square wave voltammetry was used for detection. An electrochemical pretreatment with sulfuric acid on the printed electrode enabled a selective detection of nonylphenol in 1.0-10 × 10-6 mol L-1 range with a limit of detection of 8.0 × 10-7 mol L-1. Paroxetine was detected in the same range with a limit of detection of 6.7 × 10-7 mol L-1 using the printed electrode coated with a layer of carbon spherical shells. Simultaneous detection of the two analytes was achieved in tap water samples within 1 min, with no fouling and no interference effects. The long-term monitoring capability of the dual sensor was demonstrated in phosphate buffer for 45 days. This performance is statistically equivalent to that of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for water analysis. The dual-sensor platform is generic and may be extended to other water pollutants and clinical biomarkers in real-time monitoring of the environment and health conditions. Silver pseudo-reference electrodes for paroxetine (REP) and nonylphenol (REN), working electrodes for paroxetine (WP) and nonylphenol (WN), and auxiliary electrode (AE). USP refers to the University of Sao Paulo. "Red" is reduced form and "Oxi" is oxidized form of analytes.

RESUMO

The repositioning of drugs has been shown to be an advantageous alternative for treating diseases caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. The study aimed to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the antidepressants fluoxetine and paroxetine alone and in combination with the antibacterial ciprofloxacin against standard strains and clinical isolates to explore the repositioning of these drugs in severe bacterial infections. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), tolerance level, fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) and interaction of antidepressants with the ciprofloxacin antibiotic were determined using the Checkerboard method against six American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) standard strains and seventy MDR clinical isolates. Both antidepressants showed better antibacterial activity than ciprofloxacin, in addition to being separately bactericidal against all tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. When associated with ciprofloxacin, fluoxetine and paroxetine exhibited significant synergism compared to seventy ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates, demonstrating that these antidepressants were able to increase the antibacterial activity of the antibiotic by eight times. The combination of antidepressants with ciprofloxacin showed relatively better activity against Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium and Klebsiella pneumoniae, strains in which the FICI value obtained was 0.008. The MDR isolates tested in this study ratify the antibacterial properties of the non-antibiotic fluoxetine and paroxetine. In addition, synergism when associated with ciprofloxacin is an alternative for treating serious infections in hospitalized patients. However, additional in vivo studies must be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of action of these drugs.

Assuntos

Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos/métodos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Acinetobacter , Acinetobacter baumannii/efeitos dos fármacos , Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Infecções Bacterianas , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana

RESUMO

Cryptococcus neoformans is a yeast that mainly affects immunocompromised individuals and causes meningoencephalitis depending on the immune status of the host. The present study aimed to validate the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLH) and paroxetine hydrochloride (PAH), alone and in combination with amphotericin B (AmB) against C. neoformans. Susceptibility tests were conducted using the broth microdilution method and synergistic effects of combining FLH and PAH with AmB were analyzed using the checkerboard assay. Effects of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and synergistic concentration were evaluated in biofilms by quantifying the biomass, measuring the viability by counting the colony-forming units (CFU/mL) and examining the size of the induced capsules. Cryptococcus neoformans was susceptible to FLH and PAH and the synergistic effect of FLH and PAH in combination with AmB reduced the MIC of AmB by up to 8-fold. The isolated substances and combination with AmB were able to reduce biofilm biomass and biofilm viability. In addition, FLH and PAH alone or in combination with AmB significantly decreased the size of the yeast capsules. Collectively, our results indicate the use of FLH and PAH as a promising prototype for the development of anti-cryptococcal drugs.

Assuntos

Anfotericina B/farmacologia , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Paroxetina/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Criptococose/tratamento farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Meningoencefalite/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Viabilidade Microbiana , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia

RESUMO

The design, stereoselective synthesis and in vivo antiallodynic activity of four novel paroxetine analogs, named 3-hydroxy paroxetines (3HPXs), is reported herein. Among the novel synthesized compounds, three showed an antiallodynic effect, while (R,R)-3HPX was found to be 2.5 times more bioactive than (-)-paroxetine itself in neuropathic rats. Consequently, the current investigation not only discloses a novel promising analgesic drug, but also reveals that functionalization at the C3 position of paroxetine could be as effective as the common functionalization at either C4 or within the sesamol group.

Assuntos

Analgésicos/farmacologia , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Paroxetina/farmacologia , Analgésicos/síntese química , Analgésicos/química , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Hidroxilação , Estrutura Molecular , Paroxetina/síntese química , Paroxetina/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade

RESUMO

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia de uso de paroxetina en pacientes adolescentes menores de 20 años afiliados al sistema de salud colombiano. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal, a partir de una base de datos poblacional de personas afiliadas al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Colombia entre primero de enero 2011 y 31 diciembre 2015 buscando los pacientes menores de 20 años que hubiesen recibido cualquier presentación de paroxetina. Para el análisis de datos se establecieron frecuencias y proporciones. Resultados Se hallaron 777 sujetos prescritos con paroxetina durante los cinco años de evaluación, con edad promedio de 53,8±16, dos años Solo 36 pacientes menores de 20 años lo recibían, especialmente hombres (n=24; 64,8%) con edad media de 17,7±1,8 años. La mayoría estaban siendo tratados en la ciudad de Bogotá (58,3%), seguidos de Medellín (16,7%) y Cartagena (8,3%). Conclusiones Una baja proporción de adolescentes están recibiendo paroxetina en Colombia lo que reduce el riesgo que puede representar este fármaco para ellos.(AU)

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ABSTRACT Objective To determine the frequency of paroxetine use in adolescent patients under 20 years of age enrolled in the Colombian Health System. Material and Methods Cross-sectional study, based on a population database of people enrolled in the Colombian Health System between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2015. The sample included patients under 20 years of age who had received any presentation of paroxetine. For data analysis, frequencies and proportions were established. Results 777 subjects were prescribed with paroxetine during the five years of evaluation, with an average age of 53.8 ± 16.2 years. Only 36 patients under 20 received it, especially men (n=24, 64.8%) with a mean age of 17.7 ± 1.8 years. Most of them were being treated in the city of Bogotá (58.3%), followed by Medellín (16.7%) and Cartagena (8.3%). Conclusions A low proportion of adolescents are receiving paroxetine in Colombia, which reduces the risk that this drug may pose on them.(AU)

Assuntos

Humanos , Adolescente , Sistemas de Saúde/organização & administração , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Paroxetina/administração & dosagem , Depressão/psicologia , Estudos Transversais/instrumentação , Estudos de Coortes , Colômbia

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Panic disorder (PD) is a prevalent and disabling anxiety disorder that can be treated effectively. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines are among the most frequently prescribed drugs for PD. In this article, the authors review the current evidence on efficacy, adverse events, and limitations of these two treatment options. AREAS COVERED: MEDLINE/Pubmed and Web of Science databases were searched for open or placebo-controlled trials on SSRIs and/or benzodiazepines in PD treatment. EXPERT OPINION: The literature search yielded 4,957 articles related to the theme. Of these, 24 articles were included in this review. Despite their usefulness in PD, SSRIs are associated with a delay of several weeks in onset of therapeutic effect and have the potential to exacerbate anxiety and panic early in the treatment course. Benzodiazepines present rapid onset of action, but can cause tolerance and dependence. Despite strong evidence of the effectiveness of SSRIs and benzodiazepines in the treatment of PD, few trials have performed head-to-head comparisons of these two drug classes. Future studies on the pharmacological treatment of PD should make direct comparisons of risks, benefits, and limitations of each group. This could help improve the evidence-based pharmacotherapy of PD.

Assuntos

Benzodiazepinas/uso terapêutico , Transtorno de Pânico/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Benzodiazepinas/administração & dosagem , Benzodiazepinas/efeitos adversos , Tolerância a Medicamentos , Humanos , Transtorno de Pânico/fisiopatologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Fatores de Tempo

RESUMO

Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to be involved in early observations of depression. The aim of this study was to determine if serum levels of miRNA-451a, miRNA-34a-5p, and miRNA-221-3p can serve as indicators of disease progression or therapeutic efficacy in depression. We collected data from 84 depressed patients and 78 control volunteers recruited from the medical staff at the West China Hospital. Depression severity was rated using the 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). Serum miRNA-451a, miRNA-34a-5p, and miRNA-221-3p levels were determined in samples from the depressed patients before and 8 weeks after antidepressant treatment as well as in samples from controls. Compared with the controls, the patients had lower miRNA-451a levels, higher miRNA-34a-5p and miRNA-221-3p levels, and increased HAMD scores whether they underwent antidepressant treatment or not. Eight weeks after antidepressant treatment, the patients exhibited increased miRNA-451a levels, decreased miRNA-34a-5p and miRNA-221-3p levels, and reduced HAMD scores. The serum level of miRNA-451a was negatively correlated with HAMD scores of the patients, while the serum levels of miRNA-34a-5p and miRNA-221-3p were positively correlated with HAMD scores whether the patients underwent antidepressant treatment or not. Paroxetine was markedly effective in 50 patients who also displayed an increased level of miRNA-451a but reduced levels of miRNA-34a-5p and miRNA-221-3p. In contrast, paroxetine was moderately effective or ineffective in 34 patients. In conclusion, depressed patients had lower serum miRNA-451a but higher serum miRNA-34a-5p and miRNA-221-3p, and these miRNAs are potential predictors of the efficacy of antidepressants.

Assuntos

Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Paroxetina/uso terapêutico , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/uso terapêutico , MicroRNAs/sangue , Depressão/sangue , Ideação Suicida , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Resultado do Tratamento , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Escolaridade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real

RESUMO

Recent research has shown broad antifungal activity of the classic antidepressants selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This fact, combined with the increased cross-resistance frequency of the genre Candida regarding the main treatment today, fluconazole, requires the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In that context, this study aimed to assess the antifungal potential of fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine against fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. planktonic cells, as well as to assess the mechanism of action and the viability of biofilms treated with fluoxetine. After 24 h, the fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. strains showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the ranges of 20-160 µg/mL for fluoxetine, 10-20 µg/mL for sertraline, and 10-100.8 µg/mL for paroxetine by the broth microdilution method (M27-A3). According to our data by flow cytometry, each of the SSRIs cause fungal death after damaging the plasma and mitochondrial membrane, which activates apoptotic signaling pathways and leads to dose-dependant cell viability loss. Regarding biofilm-forming isolates, the fluoxetine reduce mature biofilm of all the species tested. Therefore, it is concluded that SSRIs are capable of inhibit the growth in vitro of Candida spp., both in planktonic form, as biofilm, inducing cellular death by apoptosis.

Assuntos

Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Fúngica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida/citologia , Candida/genética , Candida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Contagem de Células , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Fúngico/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/microbiologia , Citometria de Fluxo , Técnicas In Vitro , Potenciais da Membrana , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Viabilidade Microbiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Membranas Mitocondriais/efeitos dos fármacos , Paroxetina/farmacologia , Plasma/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Sertralina/farmacologia

RESUMO

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi that affects about 6 million people in Latin America. Despite its sanitary importance, there are currently only two drugs available for treatment: benznidazole and nifurtimox, both exhibiting serious adverse effects and limited efficacy in the chronic stage of the disease. Polyamines are ubiquitous to all living organisms where they participate in multiple basic functions such as biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, proliferation and cell differentiation. T. cruzi is auxotroph for polyamines, which are taken up from the extracellular medium by efficient transporters and, to a large extent, incorporated into trypanothione (bis-glutathionylspermidine), the major redox cosubstrate of trypanosomatids. From a 268-compound database containing polyamine analogs with and without inhibitory effect on T. cruzi we have inferred classificatory models that were later applied in a virtual screening campaign to identify anti-trypanosomal compounds among drugs already used for other therapeutic indications (i.e. computer-guided drug repositioning) compiled in the DrugBank and Sweetlead databases. Five of the candidates identified with this strategy were evaluated in cellular models from different pathogenic trypanosomatids (T. cruzi wt, T. cruzi PAT12, T. brucei and Leishmania infantum), and in vitro models of aminoacid/polyamine transport assays and trypanothione synthetase inhibition assay. Triclabendazole, sertaconazole and paroxetine displayed inhibitory effects on the proliferation of T. cruzi (epimastigotes) and the uptake of putrescine by the parasite. They also interfered with the uptake of others aminoacids and the proliferation of infective T. brucei and L. infantum (promastigotes). Trypanothione synthetase was ruled out as molecular target for the anti-parasitic activity of these compounds.

Assuntos

Amida Sintases/antagonistas & inibidores , Doença de Chagas/tratamento farmacológico , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Poliaminas/química , Amida Sintases/química , Antiprotozoários/química , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Simulação por Computador , Glutationa/análogos & derivados , Glutationa/química , Glutationa/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imidazóis/química , Imidazóis/uso terapêutico , Nitroimidazóis/química , Nitroimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Poliaminas/uso terapêutico , Espermidina/análogos & derivados , Espermidina/química , Espermidina/uso terapêutico , Tiofenos/química , Tiofenos/uso terapêutico , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidade , Interface Usuário-Computador

RESUMO

Serotonergic mechanisms have an important function in the central control of circulation. Here, the acute effects of three selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on autonomic and cardiorespiratory variables were measured in rats. Although SSRIs require 2-3 weeks to achieve their full antidepressant effects, it has been shown that they cause an immediate inhibition of 5-HT reuptake. Seventy male Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane and instrumented to record blood pressure, heart rate, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and respiratory frequency. At lower doses, the acute cardiovascular effects of fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline administered intravenously were insignificant and variable. At middle and higher doses, a general pattern was observed, with significant reductions in sympathetic nerve activity. At 10 min, fluoxetine (3 and 10 mg/kg) reduced RSNA by -33±4.7 and -31±5.4%, respectively, without changes in blood pressure; 3 and 10 mg/kg paroxetine reduced RSNA by -35±5.4 and -31±5.5%, respectively, with an increase in blood pressure +26.3±2.5; 3 mg/kg sertraline reduced RSNA by -59.4±8.6%, without changes in blood pressure. Sympathoinhibition began 5 min after injection and lasted approximately 30 min. For fluoxetine and sertraline, but not paroxetine, there was a reduction in heart rate that was nearly parallel to the sympathoinhibition. The effect of these drugs on the other variables was insignificant. In conclusion, acute peripheral administration of SSRIs caused early autonomic cardiovascular effects, particularly sympathoinhibition, as measured by RSNA. Although a peripheral action cannot be ruled out, such effects are presumably mostly central.

Assuntos

Animais , Masculino , Fluoxetina/administração & dosagem , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Paroxetina/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Sertralina/administração & dosagem , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Antidepressivos/administração & dosagem , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Pressão Arterial/efeitos dos fármacos , Barorreflexo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/inervação , Rim/cirurgia , Paroxetina/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Taxa Respiratória/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , Sertralina/farmacologia , Sinais Vitais/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

The objective of the present randomized, open-label, naturalistic 8-week study was to compare the efficacy and safety of treatment with clonazepam (N = 63) and paroxetine (N = 57) in patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Efficacy assessment included number of panic attacks and clinician ratings of the global severity of panic disorders with the clinical global impression (CGI) improvement (CGI-I) and CGI severity (CGI-S) scales. Most patients were females (69.8 and 68.4 percent in the clonazepam and paroxetine groups, respectively) and age (mean ± SD) was 35.9 ± 9.6 years for the clonazepam group and 33.7 ± 8.8 years for the paroxetine group. Treatment with clonazepam versus paroxetine resulted in fewer weekly panic attacks at week 4 (0.1 vs 0.5, respectively; P < 0.01), and greater clinical improvements at week 8 (CGI-I: 1.6 vs 2.9; P = 0.04). Anxiety severity was significantly reduced with clonazepam versus paroxetine at weeks 1 and 2, with no difference in panic disorder severity. Patients treated with clonazepam had fewer adverse events than patients treated with paroxetine (73 vs 95 percent; P = 0.001). The most common adverse events were drowsiness/fatigue (57 percent), memory/concentration difficulties (24 percent), and sexual dysfunction (11 percent) in the clonazepam group and drowsiness/fatigue (81 percent), sexual dysfunction (70 percent), and nausea/vomiting (61 percent) in the paroxetine group. This naturalistic study confirms the efficacy and tolerability of clonazepam and paroxetine in the acute treatment of patients with panic disorder.

Assuntos

Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Agorafobia/tratamento farmacológico , Clonazepam/uso terapêutico , Transtorno de Pânico/tratamento farmacológico , Paroxetina/uso terapêutico , Clonazepam/efeitos adversos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Paroxetina/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento

RESUMO

INTRODUÇÃO: O efeito do envelhecimento nas concentrações plasmáticas em estado de equilíbrio da paroxetina foi investigado em 136 pacientes com depressão, tratados com doses variando entre 10 e 120 mg/dia de paroxetina. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes foram separados em três grupos: com idade até 64 anos (idade média ± desvio padrão: 41,7±12,6 anos; n = 44), entre 65 e 79 anos (72,8±4,7 anos; n = 64), e com mais de 80 anos (82,8±3,3 anos; n = 28). As doses de paroxetina foram normalizadas para 20 mg/dia. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em condições de estado de equilíbrio. Os níveis plasmáticos de paroxetina foram medidos por cromatografia gasosa - espectrometria de massa. As funções hepática e renal foram medidas por testes laboratoriais clínicos estandardizados. RESULTADOS: Uma grande variabilidade interindividual dos níveis plasmáticos de paroxetina (37 vezes) foi medida para uma mesma dose. A média dos níveis plasmáticos de paroxetina corrigida para uma dose diária de 20 mg foi 87 por cento maior no grupo com mais de 80 anos (56,4±64,1 ng/mL; p < 0,05) e 57 por cento maior no grupo com idades entre 65 e 79 anos (46,7±33,4 ng/mL; p < 0,001) quando comparada com a média dos pacientes com menos de 64 anos (29,9±11,9 ng/mL). A idade foi correlacionada significativamente com os níveis plasmáticos de paroxetina (r = 0,21, p < 0,05) CONCLUSÃO: A redução de doses da paroxetina em pacientes idosos parece justificada.

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INTRODUCTION: The effect of aging on steady-state plasma concentrations of paroxetine was investigated in 136 depressive patients treated with paroxetine 10-120 mg/day. METHODS: The patients were divided into three groups: aged up to 64 years (mean age ± standard deviation: 41.7±12.6 years; n = 44), between 65 and 79 years (72.8±4.7 years; n = 64), and 80 years or older (82.8±3.3 years; n = 28). Paroxetine doses were normalized to 20 mg/day. Blood samples were collected under steady-state conditions. Paroxetine plasma levels were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Hepatic and renal functions were measured by standardized clinical laboratory tests. RESULTS: A large interindividual variability of paroxetine plasma levels (37-fold) was measured for a given dose. The mean plasma levels of paroxetine corrected for a 20 mg daily dose were 87 percent higher in the very elderly (≥ 80 years) patients (56.4±64.1 ng/mL; p < 0.05) and 57 percent higher in the elderly (65-79 years) patients (46.7±33.4 ng/mL; p < 0.001) when compared to the adult patients (< 64 years) (29.9±11.9ng/mL). Age correlated significantly with paroxetine plasma levels (r = 0.21, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Recommended dose reduction of paroxetine in elderly patients seems therefore justified.