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Increased maternal mental health during the perinatal period has been widely associated with a variety of positive outcomes for both mothers and infants. However, no studies in Peru have yet focused on studying maternal mental health and related psychological variables during this stage. Thus, the aim of this study was to test a model to associate a mother's parental stress with infant socioemotional difficulties and maternal mental health. The sample included 988 mothers of infants aged 6 to 18 months from Peru, all from socioeconomically vulnerable settings. The findings showed that infant socioemotional difficulties were associated with poorer maternal mental health through the mother's parental stress (χ2(7) = 28.89, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMR = 0.03). These results provide a better understanding of the key elements associated with maternal mental health during the perinatal period in Peru and offer valuable insights for developing interventions and support strategies for socioeconomically vulnerable mothers and their young children.

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OBJECTIVE: Empirical evidence underscores an association between parental stress and emotional and behavioral problems in offspring. However, a comprehensive systematic review or meta-analysis on this topic is lacking. Thus, this study aims to address the scientific inquiry: Is there a relationship between parental stress and emotional/behavioral problems in children? SOURCES: This systematic review with a meta-analysis surveyed PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde between August and September 2021. The present search combined terms (school-age children) AND (parental stress OR parenting stress OR family stress) AND (emotional and behavioral problems OR internalizing and externalizing problems). Eligibility criteria encompassed cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies published within the last five years, exploring the association between parental stress (stressful life events and parenthood-related stress disorders) and emotional/behavioral problems in school-age children. PROSPERO ID CRD42022274034. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Of the 24 studies meeting all inclusion criteria (n = 31,183) for the systematic review, nine were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed an association between parental stress and emotional problems (COR: 0.46 [95 % CI: 0.27 - 0.61], p < 0.001, Heterogeneity = 89 %) as well as behavioral problems (COR: 0.37 [95 % CI: 0.27 - 0.46], p < 0.001, Heterogeneity = 76 %). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that parental stress predicts emotional/behavioral problems in school-age children. Since these problems are related to long-term negative effects in adulthood, these results are crucial for preventing mental health problems in offspring and for screening and managing parental stress.

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A pandemia da COVID-19 exigiu medidas de proteção que repercutiram no modo de vida das famílias. Os impactos podem ter sido mais intensos em famílias com crianças com deficiência ou transtorno global do desenvolvimento (TGD) que necessitam de cuidados e estímulos específicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o impacto do isolamento social na percepção de estresse, estresse parental e apoio social percebido por mães e pais de crianças com deficiência/TGD. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 37 participantes, em duas fases independentes de coleta de dados (F1; F2). Utilizou-se instrumentos autoaplicáveis disponibilizados em um Formulário Google: Questionário Sociodemográfico; Questionário sobre percepção da influência do isolamento social na dinâmica familiar; Escala de Estresse Percebido; Escala de Estresse Parental e Escala de Apoio Social. Observou-se que a percepção de estresse em F2 foi significativamente maior que em F1 e em famílias com mais de um filho (p

The COVID-19 pandemic required protect actions with quarantine and social distancing, which had an impact on families' lifestyle. The impacts of the pandemic may have been even more intense in families of children with disabilities or pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) who need specific care. This study aims to analyze the impact of the social distancing situation on the perception of stress, parental stress and perceived social support by mothers and fathers of children with disabilities/PDD with 11 years old or more, and associations between these variables. This is a cross-sectional study with 37 participants in two independent phases. The following self-administered instruments were available in a Google Form: Sociodemographic Questionnaire; Questionnaire on the perception of the influence of social distancing resulting from the pandemic on family dynamics; Perceived Stress Scale; Parental Stress Scale and Social Support Scale. There was a significatively higher stress perception between mothers in Phase 2 (P2>P1) and higher stress among families with more than one child. Most mothers referred social support, an increase in the stress perception with children care and stress comparing the phases. This study demonstrated the importance of social support to parents' adaptation in stress increasing related to pandemic situation

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Objectives: We explore the effects of the pandemic on stress, depressive symptoms and parenting practices of mothers with children aged between 24- and 30-months, residents in Santiago, Chile, and the differences between foreign-born and native-born mothers. Methods: Using data from the longitudinal project Mil Primeros Días and lagged-dependent models, we analyzed parental stress, depressive symptoms and parenting practices for native-born and foreign-born mothers. Lagged-dependent model allows us to take advantage of the longitudinal data by controlling for the previous score and baseline individual characteristics. Results: After 8 months of the pandemic, mothers of young children have more depressive symptoms, are more stressed, and show more hostility towards their children. Foreign-born mothers had 0.29 and 0.22 standard deviations (SD) more than native-born mothers in the parental distress and difficult child scales from the Parental Stress Index (PSI), respectively, and 0.17 SD more in the hostile-reactive parental behavior dimension. Conclusion: Findings suggest the need to implement policies and programs that prevent mental health deterioration for mothers, especially migrant mothers, to improve women's psychological condition and child wellness.

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Parent-child interactions can be negatively influenced by contextual, individual, and familial factors. The present study examines how parental stress and parental mentalization predicts interactions between 36-48-month-old preschoolers and their mothers. The sample comprises 106 mother-child dyads from Santiago, Chile, from a mid-low SES. The instruments used were the Parental Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), Mentalization in the Significant Adult during Interaction with the Child between 10 to 48 months old, and Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO). A regression model was used to determine the significant impacts of mentalization and parental stress on interactions. The results indicate that the Encouragement dimension of parent-child interaction is predicted by emotional mentalization and parental distress, while the Teaching dimension of parent-child interaction is impacted by the cognitive dimension of mentalization and the perception that the child is difficult (stress difficult child). No association for the Responsivity and Affectivity dimension was observed.

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Introducción: Los niveles de estrés parental aumentaron durante la temporada de educación virtual de sus hijos. Esto hace que los padres se sientan desbordados ante las demandas propias del rol paterno, promoviendo sentimientos negativos sobre sí mismos o sobre sus hijos. Por lo tanto, se pretende determinar la relación entre estrés parental y dedicación a la educación virtual de sus hijos en padres de la ciudad de Tingo María, Perú. Métodos: Es un estudio de diseño no experimental transversal descriptivo de alcance correlacional. En la recolección de datos se utilizó los instrumentos: Escala de Estrés Parental y el Cuestionario Dedicación a la Educación Virtual de sus Hijos, en la cual participaron 356 padres de familia de 18 a 59 años (Me=37; DE=7.49) de la Amazonía peruana dedicados a la agricultura. Resultados: Donde se encontró que no existe relación entre estrés parental y dedicación a la educación virtual de los hijos (rho = -0.096; p = 0.071). Sin embargo, se encontró una relación altamente significativa entre las dimensiones recompensas parentales (rho = 0.384; p=0.000) y factores estresantes (rho = -0.270; p = 0.000) con la variable dedicación a la educación virtual con un tamaño del efecto moderado y pequeño respectivamente. Así mismo, se encontró diferencias significativas entre el estrés parental según el estado civil (U= 12056.0, p<0.05, d= 1.703) y la dedicación a la educación virtual de los hijos según la edad (U=3360.0, p<0.05, d= 1.343). Conclusión: En los padres que participaron en el estudio, a mayores factores estresantes menor es la dedicación a la educación virtual de sus hijos y un incremento de recompensa parental aumentó la dedicación a la educación virtual de sus hijos. Estudios posteriores pueden explorar la relación de estas variables en padres con otras condiciones socioeconómicas y en muestras representativas de otras regiones.

Background: The parental stress levels increased during their children's virtual education season. This makes parents feel overwhelmed by the demands of the parental role, promoting negative feelings about themselves or their children. Therefore, the aim is to determine the relationship between parental stress and dedication to the virtual education of their children in parents from the city of Tingo Maria, Peru. Methods: It is a cross-sectional descriptive non-experimental design study with a correlational scope. The instruments used in the data collection were: The parental Stress Scale and the Questionnaire Dedication to the Virtual Education of their Children, in which 356 parents aged 18 to 59 years (Me=37; SD=7.49) from the Peruvian Amazon dedicated to agriculture participated. Results: Where it was found that there is no relationship between parental stress and dedication to the virtual education of children (rho = -0.096; p = 0.071). However, a highly significant relationship was found between the dimensions of parental rewards (rho = 0.384; p=0.000) and stress factors (rho = -0.270; p = 0.000) with the variable dedication to virtual education with moderate effect size and small respectively. Likewise, significant differences were found between parental stress according to marital status (U= 12056.0, p<0.05, d= 1.703) and children's dedication to virtual education according to age (U=3360.0, p<0.05, d= 1.343). Conclusions: In the parents who participated in the study, the greater the stressors, the lower the dedication to their children's virtual education, and an increase in parental reward increased the dedication to their children's virtual education. Further studies can explore the relationship of these variables in parents with other socioeconomic conditions and representative samples from other regions.

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ABSTRACT Purpose The study was aimed to investigate the relationship between parental stress and attitude of parents towards the outcomes of cochlear implantation in an Indian scenario. Methods A total of 59 parents of children with cochlear implantation participated in the study. The outcomes of cochlear implant was measured using Parental attitudes of various aspects of cochlear implantation questionnaire and parental stress was measured using parental stress scale. The questionnaires were circulated to participants and data was collected in the form of e-survey. Results The present study showed that the parental stress level was similar among mothers and fathers. Further, the parental attitude towards communication abilities of children and education were positively correlated with the duration of cochlear implantation. Finally, a significant positive correlation was found between the parental stress and the parental attitude towards communication abilities of children and social skills. Conclusion The present study showed a positive relationship between parental stress and parental attitude towards the outcomes of cochlear implantation for aspects of communication abilities and social skills.

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(1) Background: Maternal stress and depression are considered risk factors in children's socioemotional development, also showing high prevalence worldwide. (2) Method: Participants correspond to a longitudinal sample of 6335 mother/child pairs (18-72 months), who were surveyed in 2010 and then in 2012. The hypothesis was tested with SEM analysis, setting the child's internalized/externalized problems as dependent variable, maternal depression as independent variable, and stress as a partial mediator. (3) Results: Both depression during pregnancy and recent depression has not only a direct effect on the internalizing and externalizing symptomatology of the child, but also an indirect effect through parental stress. Significant direct and indirect relationships were found. (4) Conclusions: Maternal depression and the presence of parental stress can influence children's behavioral problems, both internalizing and externalizing.

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Parenting is a transforming experience for the life of parents that brings joy and satisfaction as well as challenges, frustration, and demands. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between "parental stress and satisfaction" and work-home conflict, perceived social support, and global satisfaction with life, and to determine the moderating role of the parent's gender. A sample of 244 participants was studied: 49.6% (121) mothers and 50.4% (123) fathers with children between 2 and 12 years of age. The data was analysed by means of multiple linear regression models and Beta regression for stress and parental satisfaction, respectively, and they were complemented with general and conditional dominance analyses to estimate the relevance of the predictors. Mothers presented higher levels of parental stress and satisfaction than fathers. Being female, having two children, and home-work conflict were predictors of a higher parental stress. Age was also a predictor, as younger parents and also those older than 37 years of age showed more parental stress. Having no partner and being male was associated to lower parental satisfaction. In conclusion, parental stress and satisfaction emerge as clearly differentiated dimensions of parenting experience. The gender gap in parental stress could be linked to the persistence of traditional roles regarding the care of the children, in agreement with the findings in other research.

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INTRODUCTION: Parenting stress and parental adjustment could implicate key differences in the relational dynamics that parents establish with their children, particularly when families come from vulnerable social contexts. METHOD: Participants were 142 fathers and mothers from a risk neighborhood of Chile. The variables examined were parenting stress (parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child) and parental adjustment (depression, anxiety, and stress). Parents also completed a sociodemographic characterization survey. The statistical analyses were a correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Overall, not all components of parenting stress were related to parental adjustment. Only parental distress was found as a significant predictor of poor parental adjustment (greater depression, anxiety, and stress), but not parent-child dysfunctional interaction and having a difficult child. CONCLUSIONS: The present study findings highlight the influence of stress on parenting as a relevant dimension of research for the improvement of the intervention deployed by the state regarding the protection of vulnerable Chilean children, providing multiple clinical and psychosocial applications for research and intervention purposes.

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RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo foi verificar a associação entre a qualidade da coparentalidade e o estresse em pais de crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC). Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo. Foram incluídos 81 pais de crianças com até 12 anos de idade diagnosticadas com PC. Os instrumentos utilizados foram Inventário sociodemográfico, Escala de classificação funcional motora grossa, Índice de estresse parental e Questionário de coparentalidade submetidos na Técnica de Análise de Correspondência (ANCOR). Altos níveis de estresse total estão associados a elevados índices de estresse nas subescalas sofrimento parental, interação disfuncional pai e filho e criança difícil. Os pais avaliados no Questionário de Coparentalidade com baixa cooperação foram registrados com elevados índices de estresse na subescala sofrimento parental. Os dados mostraram relação significativa entre a qualidade da coparentalidade e o nível de estresse em pais de crianças com PC.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to verify the association between quality of co-parenting and stress in parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study. Eighty-one parents of children up to twelve years old diagnosed with CP were included. The instruments used were Sociodemographic Inventory, Gross Motor Functional Rating Scale, Parental Stress Index and Coparenting Questionnaire. High levels of total stress are associated with stress levels in parent distress sub-items, dysfunctional parent-child interaction, and difficult child. The parents evaluated in the Coparenting Questionnaire with low cooperation were registered with high levels of stress in the subscale parental suffering. The data showed a significant relationship between the quality of coparenting and the level of stress in parents of children with CP.

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BACKGROUND: A family caregiver is defined as a person who has a significant emotional bond with the patient; this caregiver is a family member who is a part of the patient's family life cycle; offers emotional-expressive, instrumental, and tangible support; and provides assistance and comprehensive care during the chronic illness, acute illness, or disability of a child, adult, or elderly person. The objectives of this study were to identify the psychosocial profiles of family caregivers of children with chronic diseases and to establish the relationship between these profiles and sociodemographic variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 401 family caregivers of children with chronic diseases at the National Institute of Health in Mexico City. The participants responded to the Sociodemographic Variables Questionnaire (Q-SV) for research on family caregivers of children with chronic disease and a battery of 7 instruments that examined anxiety, caregiver burden, family support, depression, resilience, parental stress, and the World Health Organization Well-Being Index. RESULTS: A hierarchical cluster analysis and its confirmation through a nonhierarchical cluster analysis confirmed two profiles of caregivers of pediatric patients with chronic diseases. Profile 1, called Vulnerability of family caregivers, is characterized by high levels of anxiety, depression, parental stress and caregiver burden, accompanied by low levels of family support, resilience, and well-being. Profile 2, called Adversity of family caregivers, shows an inverse pattern, with high levels of family support, resilience, and well-being and low levels of anxiety, depression, parental stress and caregiver burden. The sociodemographic characteristics are similar for both profiles, with the exception of the caregiver's family type. Profile 1 shows more single-parent caregivers, while profile 2 includes more caregivers with a nuclear family. However, the type of family did not reach significance for predicting the caregiver's profile in a bivariate logistic regression model. CONCLUSIONS: The psychosocial profile of family caregivers of children with chronic diseases can be structured according to their psychosocial characteristics. Although no causal factors were detected that define criteria for belonging to one or another profile, the characteristics identified for each indicate the need for specific and differentiated intervention strategies for families facing adversity, risk and vulnerability during a child's disease.

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RESUMEN: La caries temprana de infancia (CTI) es un problema de salud pública. Los determinantes de CTI pueden ser biológicos, conductuales y psicosociales, siendo estos últimos los menos estudiados. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer la asociación entre estrés parental y CTI. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en niños de 3 a 5 años que asisten a jardines infantiles de INTEGRA en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile. La variable dependiente fue índice ceod; la variable independiente fue estrés parental, medida a través de la versión en español del Parenting Stress Index, versión corta (PSI-sf). El cuestionario fue entregado al cuidador principal del niño. Posteriormente, se realizaron los exámenes clínicos a los preescolares por investigadores calibrados. Las variables de control fueron sexo, estado civil, nivel socioeconómico, higiene oral y dieta cariogénica. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo con las características sociodemográficas. El test exacto de Fisher, la prueba ttest y ANOVA fueron utilizados para determinar asociación entre las variables de estudio (nivel de significancia p<0,05). Fueron incluidos 202 preescolares (105 niños y 97 niñas) con edad promedio de 3,3 (SD 0,6). Los cuidadores principales fueron mayoritariamente mujeres (91,0 %). El 48,5 % de los padres presentaron nivel de estrés adecuado y sólo un 18,3 % presentaron nivel de estrés clínicamente significativo. La prevalencia de caries fue un 69,8 %. No se encontró asociación entre alto nivel de estrés o estrés clínicamente significativo e índice ceod (p>0.05). Los padres que reportaron una peor salud de sus hijos o quienes no realizaban higiene oral, presentaron significativamente un mayor índice ceod (p<0,01). Los ingresos económicos y la composición familiar mostraron estar asociados a mayor índice ceod (p<0,05). Este estudio no mostró asociación significativa entre CTI y estrés parental.

ABSTRACT: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a public health problem. ECC determinants can be biological, behavioral and psychosocial, the latter being the least studied. The aim of this study is to establish the association between parental stress and ECC. A cross-sectional study was carried out with children from 3 to 5 years of age who attend INTEGRA kindergartens in Temuco, Chile, The dependent variable was dmft index. The independent variable was parental stress, measured by the Spanish version of the Parenting Stress Index, short form (PSI-sf). The questionnaire was given to the main caregiver of the child. Subsequently, preschooler clinical examinations were performed by calibrated researchers. Control variables were sex, marital status, socioeconomic level, oral hygiene and cariogenic diet of the preschooler. A descriptive analysis was carried out with the sociodemographic characteristics. Fisher's exact test, t test and ANOVA test were used to determine association between the study variables. The level of significance was p <0.05. Two hundred and two preschoolers were included (105 boys and 97 girls); the average age was 3.3 (SD 0.6). The main caregivers were mostly women, (91.0 %). Forty eight point five percent of parents presented an adequate level of stress and only 18.3 % presented a clinically significant level of stress. The prevalence of caries was 69.8 %. No association was found between high level of stress or clinically significant stress and dmft index (p> 0.05). Parents who reported worse health of their children, or who did not perform oral hygiene with their children presented a significantly higher dmft index (p <0.01). The economic income and the family composition showed to be significantly associated to a higher dmft index (p<0,05). This study showed no significant association between early childhood caries and parental stress.

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O estresse parental é considerado fator de risco para o desenvolvimento e bem-estar infantil e para dinâmica familiar. Promover o desenvolvimento infantil saudável, garantir que todas as necessidades sejam atendidas e educar a criança pode ser um desafio para as famílias. O objetivo foi identificar o estresse parental e os fatores relacionados para mulheres durante a gestação e no primeiro mês de vida do bebê. Estudo descritivo de corte longitudinal, realizado com mulheres que tiveram gestação de risco habitual, no terceiro trimestre da gestação em 2017 e 2018, cadastradas em unidades com Estratégia Saúde da Família de um município brasileiro de médio porte. Foram realizadas entrevistas em domicílio, com a utilização de genograma e ecomapa e aplicação da Escala de Estresse Parental. Participaram 121 mulheres, com idade entre 18 a 40 anos. A maior parte possuía entre 11 e 13 anos de estudo, brancas, trabalhava em casa, possuía um companheiro que residia no mesmo domicílio, com planejamento da gestação e a realização do número preconizado de consultas no pré-natal. A escala aplicada na gestação mostrou que 82 participantes (67,8%) tinham algum estresse e 39 (32,2%) nenhum estresse na gestação. No primeiro mês de vida do bebê, em relação ao desequilíbrio no papel materno, 58 (47,9%) apresentaram alto nível de estresse parental e 63 (52,1%) baixo nível de estresse parental. O estresse parental alto foi correlacionado com a presença de estresse na gestação e menor número de gestações planejadas. Houve também associação entre receber auxílio do governo e o nível de estresse parental alto. A estrutura familiar foi heterogênea com diversos arranjos familiares. Foi predominante as mulheres que moravam com companheiros e filhos. O genograma e o ecomapa foram facilitadores na identificação de condições estressantes. Tais resultados sugerem que são fundamentais as ações para identificar precocemente e reduzir o estresse parental, com destaque para a atuação dos profissionais junto as famílias no contexto da atenção primária à saúde. Na atuação da/o Enfermeira/o há diversas oportunidades para otimizar as boas práticas parentais, propiciar o processo de criação de vínculo parental com o bebê no planejamento familiar, na gestação, no pré-natal e após o nascimento, em consultas de puerpério, salas de vacinação, visitas domiciliares, entre outras, a partir de observação, diálogos e avaliação das situações vivenciadas pelas figuras parentais. Assim, para além da preocupação com a sobrevivência das crianças, é necessário oferecer apoio qualificado aos cuidadores e famílias para produzir resultados na trajetória de desenvolvimento humano, o que implica ações para reduzir o estresse parental.

Parental stress is considered a risk factor for child development, wellbeing and family dynamics. Raising a child, promoting his/her healthy development and ensuring that all needs of a child are met can be a challenge for families. This study's objective was to identify parental stress and related factors among women during pregnancy and after the infants' first month of life. This descriptive, longitudinal study carried out with women in the third trimester of low-risk pregnancies in 2017 and 2018, receiving care provided by family health strategy units of a medium-sized Brazilian city. Interviews were held at the participants' homes and the Genograms, Ecomaps and Parental Stress Scale was used. A total of 121 women, aged between 18 and 40 years old, participated in the study. Most had between 11 and 13 years of schooling, were Caucasians, homemakers or worked from home, had a partner living in the same home, pregnancy planning and had the recommended number of prenatal consultations. The scale applied during pregnancy showed that 82 participants (67,8%) experienced some level of stress, while 39 (32,2%) reported no stress during pregnancy. At the infants' first month of life, 58 (47,9%) presented a high level of parental stress and 63 (52,1%) presented a low level of parental stress. High parental stress was correlated with the presence of stress during pregnancy and a lower number of planned pregnancies. There was also an association between receiving government assistance and high level of parental stress. The family structure was heterogeneous with several family arrangements. Women living with partners and children predominated. The genogram and the ecomap facilitated the identification of stressful conditions. These results suggest actions are needed for early identification and intervention in parental stress, especially actions performed by workers delivering care to families within the context of primary health care. In the role of the Nurse there are several opportunities to optimize good parenting practices, promote the process of creating a parental bond with the baby in family planning, during pregnancy, in prenatal care and after birth, in postpartum consultations, vaccination rooms, home visits, among others, from observation, dialogues and evaluation of situations experienced by parental figures. Thus, in addition to the concern for children, it is necessary to offer qualified support to caregivers and families to produce results in the trajectory of human development, or that implies actions to reduce parents' stress.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Las unidades de cuidados intensivos son conocidas como ambientes de alto estrés para los familiares, este puede ser mayor cuando el paciente es un hijo/hija y los padres deben enfrentar la enfermedad y el ambiente hospitalario. El instrumento "The Parental Stressor Scale Infant Hospitali zation (PSSIH), es una herramienta utilizada para medir estresores en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP), sin embargo, la escala no está validada en Chile. El objetivo de este estudio es validar y adaptar culturalmente el instrumento "The Parental Stressor Scale Infant Hospitalization modificado" en madres/padres de niños hospitalizados en la UCIP de un Hospital Universitario. MÉTODO: Estudio instrumental de validación. Luego de traducir y contratraducir la versión en inglés del instrumento, un grupo de 10 profesionales expertos evaluó la adaptación al español. Luego 10 padres/ madres de niños hospitalizados en la UCIP evaluaron la comprensión del instrumento. Las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento fueron evaluadas utilizando un análisis factorial exploratorio y alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Se aplicó en una muestra de 221 padres/madres la versión chilena del "PSSIH modificado", tuvo mínimas modificaciones semánticas y los jueces expertos consideraron adecuado el instrumento, por lo que no fue necesario borrar ningún ítem. Se eligió la solución de 3 dimensiones, que explicaron el 48,89% de la varianza total del instrumento. El alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,885, 0,902 y 0,703 respectivamente para cada dimensión. CONCLUSIÓN: El PSSIH modificado ha demostrado ser un instrumento confiable y valido en una muestra de niños chilenos hospitalizados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de un hospital universitario , cuyo nombre en español es "Escala de Evaluación de Estresores Parentales en niños hospitalizados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos" (EEEP - UCIP).

INTRODUCTION: Intensive care units are known as high-stress environments for family members, this can be higher when the patient is a son or daughter and the parents must face the disease along with everything that the hospital environment implies. The Parental Stressor Scale Infant Hospitalization (PSSIH) instrument is a tool used to measure stressors in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU), however, the scale is not validated in Chile. The objective of this study is to culturally validate and adapt the instrument "the modified Parental Stressor Scale Infant Hospitalization" in mothers/fathers of hospitalized children in the PICU of a University Hospital. METHOD: Instrumental validation study. After translating and counter-translating the English version of the instrument, a group of 10 expert professionals evaluated the Spanish adaptation. Then, 10 parents of hospitalized children in the PICU evaluated the understanding of the instrument. The psychometric properties of the instrument were evaluated using exploratory factorial analysis and Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The Chilean version of the "modified PSSIH" was applied to a sample of 221 parents, with minimal semantic modifications and the expert judges considered the instrument adequate, therefore, it was not necessary to delete any item. The 3-dimensional solution was chosen, which explained 48.89% of the total instrument variance. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.885, 0.902, and 0.703 respectively for each dimension. CONCLUSION: The modified PSSIH has proved to be a reliable and valid instrument in a sample of Chilean children hospitalized in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital. The name in Spanish of the scale is "Escala de Evaluación de Estresores Parentales en niños hospitalizados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos" (EEEP - UCIP).

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Esta investigación tuvo como propósito realizar la propuesta de un programa psicoeducativo para desarrollar estrategias de afrontamiento de estrés de crianza dirigido a los padres y representante de la consulta de Psicología Infantil del Hospital Militar Dr. José Ángel Álamo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 40 sujetos que asistían con sus hijos a la consulta en el periodo enero-febrero del 2018. La presencia de estrés de crianza y estrategias de afrontamiento se evaluó a través de aplicación de un cuestionario modificado, usando el Test de Estrés Parental (Abidin) y el Test de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (Carver). 54% de los participantes tenían un funcionamiento psicológico inadecuado, 65% reportaron ausencia de recursos personales y 53% de los sujetos señalan que está presente el apoyo familiar y social. En la mayoría de los participantes están presentes estrategias adecuadas de afrontamiento tales como resolución de problemas, búsqueda de apoyo social, reevaluación, regulación afectiva y búsqueda de información. El estudio de factibilidad proporcionó resultados favorables para diseñar un programa psicoeducativo que incluya estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés de crianza bajo la modalidad de cuatro talleres vivenciales teórico­prácticos que le brinden herramientas a los padres para entender la naturaleza de su rol, el neurodesarrollo de los niños y estrategias de disciplina positiva(AU)

The purpose of this research was to propose a psychoeducational program to develop parenting stress strategies for parents and parent's representative of children that attend the children's psychology office of the Hospital Militar Dr. José Ángel Álamo. The sample included 40 subjects that attended the consult in the January-February 2018 period. In the diagnostic phase, the presence of parenting stress and coping strategies was determined through the application of a modified questionnaire using the Parental Stress Test (Abidin) and the Coping Strategies Test (Carver). The results showed that 54% of participants had an inadequate psychological functioning, 65% had absence of personal resources and 53% had social and family support The majority of subjects had adequate coping strategies which included conflict resolution, search for social support, reevaluation, afective regulation and search for information. The feasibility study provided favorable results to design a psychoeducational program to develop coping stress strategies in the form of four (04) theoretical-practical workshops which will provide parents with tools to understand the nature of their role, the neurodevelopment of children and positive discipline strategies(AU)

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RESUMO

The present study evaluated whether mothers' participation in a mindfulness-based intervention led to statistically significant differences in their general levels of stress, depression, anxiety, parental stress, mindful parenting, and mindfulness. Forty-three mothers of preschool-age children participated, 21 in the intervention group and 22 in the comparison group. Scores of mental health variables were within normal ranges before the intervention. All of the participants worked at the Universidad Católica de Chile (Catholic University of Chile), and their children attended university preschool centers. Repeated measured ANOVA analysis were performed considering differences between gain scores of each group, rather than post-treatment group differences. This was chosen in order to approach initial differences in some of the measures (mindfulness, mindful parenting, and stress) probably due to self-selection. As predicted, the intervention group showed a significant reduction in general and parental stress and an increase in mindful parenting and general mindfulness variables when compared with the comparison group. Effect sizes ranged from small to medium, with the highest Cohen's d in stress (general and parental) and mindful parenting. In most cases, the significant change was observed between pre- and post-test measures. Follow-up measures indicated that the effects were maintained after 2 months.

RESUMO

RESUMO: A chegada de uma criança com Síndrome de Down (SD) requer uma readaptação familiar, demandando esforços em relação aos cuidados diários ou às rotinas terapêuticas e escolares. Os objetivos deste estudo foram compreender quais são os principais focos de estresse parental em cuidadores de crianças com SD e identificar quem são os cuidadores principais dessas crianças. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura de abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou como referencial teórico pesquisas empíricas publicadas a partir de 2010, encontradas nos portais Google Acadêmico, Scielo e Psicologia.PT, e nos periódicos: Interação em Psicologia, CEPE UEG e Ata CIAIQ 2016. Inicialmente, foram identificadas 23 pesquisas, utilizando-se os descritores Síndrome de Down, estresse e cuidadores. Após filtragem, cinco passaram para revisão final. O resultado evidencia que o estresse parental está relacionado a três fatores - à deficiência, ao desenvolvimento da criança e ao papel do cuidador. Os principais focos de estresse foram o impacto do diagnóstico; medo da discriminação e preconceito; falta de autonomia da criança; sobrecarga emocional do cuidador; preocupação com a sexualidade; baixa escolaridade paterna; mães que não podem trabalhar; e crianças mais velhas. As mães apresentaram os níveis mais elevados de estresse. A divisão familiar equilibrada em relação aos cuidados com a criança com SD, além de um acompanhamento psicológico familiar, são alternativas para reduzir os níveis de estresse e garantir saúde física e mental aos cuidadores. Conclui-se que os focos de estresse parental são diversos e causam abalo emocional, dificuldades de aceitação e adaptação familiar.

ABSTRACT: The arrival of a child with Down Syndrome (DS) requires a family readaptation, demanding efforts in relation to daily care or therapeutic and school routines. The aims of this study were to understand what the main sources of parental stress in caregivers of children with DS are and identify who the main caregivers of these children are. This is a literature review of a qualitative approach that used a theoretical framework of empirical researches published as of 2010, found in the Google Scholar, Scielo and Psychology.PT portals, and in the journals: Interação em Psicologia, CEPE UEG e Ata CIAIQ 2016. Initially, 23 researches were identified, through the use of the descriptors Down syndrome, stress and caregivers. After filtering, five works were selected for a final review. The result shows that parental stress is related to three factors - disability, development of the child and the role of the caregiver. The main stress outbreaks were the impact of the following diagnosis; fear of discrimination and prejudice; lack of autonomy of the child; emotional overload of the caregiver; concern about sexuality; low paternal schooling; mothers who cannot work; and older children. Mothers had the highest levels of stress. A balanced family division in relation to childcare with DS, as well as family psychological counseling, are alternatives to reducing stress levels and guarantee physical and mental health to caregivers. It is concluded that parental stress outbreaks are diverse and cause emotional distress, difficulties of acceptance and family adaptation.

RESUMO

El Lausanne Trialogue Play (LTP), instrumento que permite la evaluación estandarizada de la alianza familiar, releva la importancia del padre en los estudios de procesos e interacciones familiares, así como la existencia de un efecto familiar tríadico desde etapas tempranas. El presente estudio pretende aportar al conocimiento de la alianza familiar en familias con hijos(as) en edad preescolar, analizando su relación con la salud mental de los padres. 50 parejas parentales y sus hijos(as) fueron evaluadas en sus hogares con una batería de instrumentos que incluían el LTP, BDI-I, PSI-SF y un Cuestionario Sociodemográfico. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de las familias evaluadas presentan alianzas familiares disfuncionales, sin evidenciarse una relación estadísticamente significativa con las variables de salud mental estudiadas. Sin embargo, se observa una tendencia a que familias con alianzas conflictivas presenten mayores niveles de sintomatología depresiva y estrés parental, sobre todo en el rol paterno.

The Lausanne Trialogue Play (LTP) is an instrument that allows the standardized assessment of the family alliance, highlighting the importance of the father in studies of family process and interactions, as also the existence of a triadic family effect since early stages. The present study pretends to contribute to extend the knowledge in family alliances in families with preschool aged children, analyzing it's relation with the parental mental health variables. 50 parental couples and their children were evaluated at their homes with the following instruments: LTP, BDI-I, PSI-SF and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results show that most of the families have dysfunctional alliances, without proving a statistically significant relation with the parental studied variables. Nevertheless, families with conflictive alliances tend to show higher levels of depressive symptoms and parental stress, especially in fathers.

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This study examines the relationship between triadic family interactions and preschoolers' attachment representations, or internal working models (IWMs), from a qualitative and dimensional perspective. Individual, relational, and sociocultural variables were evaluated using two different samples. The results showed that triadic family interactions were linked to preschoolers' attachment security levels in both groups, indicating the reliability of the proposed model.

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