RESUMO

Integrated Pest Management programs do not always prioritize natural enemies when selecting control methods; too often these important pest reducing agents are negatively affected by the action of other methods in agroecosystems. The aim of this research was to evaluate side effects of a bioinsecticide, developed from the mixture of cedar (Cedrus atlantica), eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oils (EOs), in a ratio of 1:1:1, on Psyttalia concolor (Szèpligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) which is a parasitoid of some pests of the Tephritidae family, as Ceratitis capitata. The LD50 of the EOs mixture for C. capitata females was 3.09 µl/g, whereas the LD50 for P. concolor females was 20.45 µl/g which suggests the natural enemy is more tolerant to the EOs mixture. P. concolor parasitized L3 larvae of C. capitata through a voile treated with the mixture of EOs at 1.8% without causing any deleterious effects neither on the percentage of attacked hosts nor on the emergence rate, whereas at the highest concentration tested, 4.8%, decreased both parameters during the 2 first days after treatment. Semi-field assays showed that mixture of EOs was harmless to P. concolor when released 4 h after treatment whereas killed 55 ± 3.9% males and 37.5 ± 1.6% females of C. capitata. The mixture of EOs used jointly with lambda-cyhalothrin or kaolin, both compounds applied against C. capitata in conventional and organic farming, respectively, did not increase the toxicity and/or persistence against the pest.

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The use of synthetic acaricides for management of pest mites may alter the efficacy of the ectoparasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) in biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the vector of the bacteria associated with huanglongbing (HLB) in citrus orchards. We evaluated the toxicity of 16 acaricides that are recommended for the control of citrus-pest mites to T. radiata. Acrinathrin, bifenthrin, carbosulfan, and fenpropathrin caused high acute toxicity and were considered harmful (mortality >77%) to T. radiata. Abamectin, diflubenzuron, etoxazole, fenbutatin oxide, fenpyroximate, flufenoxuron, hexythiazox, propargite, spirodiclofen, and sulfur caused low acute toxicity and affected the parasitism rate and emergence rate of adults (F1 generation), and were considered slightly harmful to T. radiata. Dicofol and pyridaben did not affect the survival and action of the ectoparasitoid, and were considered harmless. In addition to its acute toxicity, carbosulfan caused mortality higher than 25% for >30 d after application, and was considered persistent. Acrinathrin, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, propargite, and sulfur caused mortalities over 25% until 24 d after application and were considered moderately persistent; abamectin was slightly persistent, and fenbutatin oxide was short lived. Our results suggest that most acaricides used to control pest mites in citrus affect the density and efficacy of T. radiata in the biological control of D. citri. However, further evaluations are needed in order to determine the effect of these products on this ectoparasitoid under field conditions.

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RESUMO

A densidade de parasitoides por hospedeiro influencia nas suas principais características biológicas. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento do parasitoide Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) em pupas de Anticarsia gemmatalisHübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) expostas nas densidades de 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1 ou 12:1 parasitoides/hospedeiro, respectivamente. Os parasitoides permaneceram em contato com as pupas por 24 horas em tubos de vidro (14,0 x 2,2 cm), acondicionadas em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 1º C, 70 ± 10% de UR e fotofase de 14 horas. Observou-se 54,54 e 90,90% de pupas parasitadas nas densidades de 1:1 e 2:1, respectivamente, e 100,00% nas demais densidades com melhor índice de emergência (72,72%) na densidade 6:1. A duração do ciclo de vida (ovo-adulto) decresceu com o aumento da densidade de fêmeas e variou de 20 a 22 dias. A progênie variou de 16 a 225 descendentes por pupa, com melhor resultado na densidade 8:1. A razão sexual do parasitoide variou de 0,95 ± 0,00 a 0,97 ± 0,01, sem diferença significativa e o comprimento do corpo de fêmeas e de machos variou de 1,95 ± 0,02 a 2,22 ± 0,03 mm e de 1,49 ± 0,02 a 1,87 ± 0,01 mm, respectivamente. Seis a oito fêmeas de P. elaeisis por pupa de A. gemmatalis proporcionam maior emergência e progênie do parasitoide, viabilizando sua criação massal. (AU)

DENSITY OF FEMALES OF PALMISTICHUS ELAEISIS DELVARE & LASALLE, 1993 (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) FOR REPRODUCTION IN ANTICARSIA GEMMATALISHÜBNER, 1818 (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) PUPAE. The density of parasitoids per host affects their biological characteristics. The present study aimed to evaluate the development of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Anticarsia gemmatalisHübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae exposed to 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1 or 12:1 females/ host, respectively. The parasitoid remained in contact with pupae for 24 h in glass tubes (14.0 x 2.2 cm), packed in a climate controlled chamber regulated at 25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and photophase of 14 hours. We observed 54.54 and 90.90% of pupae parasitized at densities of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, and 100.00% in the other densities with a better emergence index (72.72%) at a density of 6:1. The duration of the (egg-adult) life cycle decreased with increasing density of females and varied from 20 to 22 days. The offspring varied from 16 to 225 descendants per A. gemmatalis pupae with best results at the density 8:1. The sex ratio of the parasitoid varied from 0.95 ± 0.00 to 0.97 ± 0.01 without significant differences, and the body length of females and of males varied from 1.95 ± 0.02 to 2.22 ± 0.03 mm and 1.49 ± 0.02 to 1.87 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Six to eight of P. elaeisis females per A. gemmatalis pupae provide more emergence and offspring of the parasitoid, allowing for its mass rearing. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A densidade de parasitoides por hospedeiro influencia nas suas principais características biológicas. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento do parasitoide Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) em pupas de Anticarsia gemmatalisHübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) expostas nas densidades de 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1 ou 12:1 parasitoides/hospedeiro, respectivamente. Os parasitoides permaneceram em contato com as pupas por 24 horas em tubos de vidro (14,0 x 2,2 cm), acondicionadas em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 1º C, 70 ± 10% de UR e fotofase de 14 horas. Observou-se 54,54 e 90,90% de pupas parasitadas nas densidades de 1:1 e 2:1, respectivamente, e 100,00% nas demais densidades com melhor índice de emergência (72,72%) na densidade 6:1. A duração do ciclo de vida (ovo-adulto) decresceu com o aumento da densidade de fêmeas e variou de 20 a 22 dias. A progênie variou de 16 a 225 descendentes por pupa, com melhor resultado na densidade 8:1. A razão sexual do parasitoide variou de 0,95 ± 0,00 a 0,97 ± 0,01, sem diferença significativa e o comprimento do corpo de fêmeas e de machos variou de 1,95 ± 0,02 a 2,22 ± 0,03 mm e de 1,49 ± 0,02 a 1,87 ± 0,01 mm, respectivamente. Seis a oito fêmeas de P. elaeisis por pupa de A. gemmatalis proporcionam maior emergência e progênie do parasitoide, viabilizando sua criação massal.

DENSITY OF FEMALES OF PALMISTICHUS ELAEISIS DELVARE & LASALLE, 1993 (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) FOR REPRODUCTION IN ANTICARSIA GEMMATALISHÜBNER, 1818 (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) PUPAE. The density of parasitoids per host affects their biological characteristics. The present study aimed to evaluate the development of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Anticarsia gemmatalisHübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae exposed to 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1 or 12:1 females/ host, respectively. The parasitoid remained in contact with pupae for 24 h in glass tubes (14.0 x 2.2 cm), packed in a climate controlled chamber regulated at 25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and photophase of 14 hours. We observed 54.54 and 90.90% of pupae parasitized at densities of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, and 100.00% in the other densities with a better emergence index (72.72%) at a density of 6:1. The duration of the (egg-adult) life cycle decreased with increasing density of females and varied from 20 to 22 days. The offspring varied from 16 to 225 descendants per A. gemmatalis pupae with best results at the density 8:1. The sex ratio of the parasitoid varied from 0.95 ± 0.00 to 0.97 ± 0.01 without significant differences, and the body length of females and of males varied from 1.95 ± 0.02 to 2.22 ± 0.03 mm and 1.49 ± 0.02 to 1.87 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Six to eight of P. elaeisis females per A. gemmatalis pupae provide more emergence and offspring of the parasitoid, allowing for its mass rearing.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The density of parasitoids per host affects their biological characteristics. The present study aimed to evaluate the development of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae exposed to 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1 or 12:1 females/ host, respectively. The parasitoid remained in contact with pupae for 24 h in glass tubes (14.0 x 2.2 cm), packed in a climate controlled chamber regulated at 25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and photophase of 14 hours. We observed 54.54 and 90.90% of pupae parasitized at densities of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, and 100.00% in the other densities with a better emergence index (72.72%) at a density of 6:1. The duration of the (egg-adult) life cycle decreased with increasing density of females and varied from 20 to 22 days. The offspring varied from 16 to 225 descendants per A. gemmatalis pupae with best results at the density 8:1. The sex ratio of the parasitoid varied from 0.95 ± 0.00 to 0.97 ± 0.01 without significant differences, and the body length of females and of males varied from 1.95 ± 0.02 to 2.22 ± 0.03 mm and 1.49 ± 0.02 to 1.87 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Six to eight of P. elaeisis females per A. gemmatalis pupae provide more emergence and offspring of the parasitoid, allowing for its mass rearing.

A densidade de parasitoides por hospedeiro influencia nas suas principais características biológicas. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento do parasitoide Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) em pupas de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) expostas nas densidades de 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1 ou 12:1 parasitoides/hospedeiro, respectivamente. Os parasitoides permaneceram em contato com as pupas por 24 horas em tubos de vidro (14,0 x 2,2 cm), acondicionadas em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 1º C, 70 ± 10% de UR e fotofase de 14 horas. Observou-se 54,54 e 90,90% de pupas parasitadas nas densidades de 1:1 e 2:1, respectivamente, e 100,00% nas demais densidades com melhor índice de emergência (72,72%) na densidade 6:1. A duração do ciclo de vida (ovo-adulto) decresceu com o aumento da densidade de fêmeas e variou de 20 a 22 dias. A progênie variou de 16 a 225 descendentes por pupa, com melhor resultado na densidade 8:1. A razão sexual do parasitoide variou de 0,95 ± 0,00 a 0,97 ± 0,01, sem diferença significativa e o comprimento do corpo de fêmeas e de machos variou de 1,95 ± 0,02 a 2,22 ± 0,03 mm e de 1,49 ± 0,02 a 1,87 ± 0,01 mm, respectivamente. Seis a oito fêmeas de P. elaeisis por pupa de A. gemmatalis proporcionam maior emergência e progênie do parasitoide, viabilizando sua criação massal.

RESUMO

Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious and polyphagous parasitoid mainly of Lepidoptera pupae. The objective of this paper as to study the developent of parasitoid on Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) pupae exposed to one, nine, 18, 27, 36, 45 or 54 female P. elaeisis, respectively. The females of the parasitoid remained in contact with pupae for 24 hours in glass tubes (14.0 x 2.2 cm), packed in a climatic chamber regulated at 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10 percent relative humidity and photo phase of 12 hours. With the exception of density 1:1 (72.72 percent), in other densities parasitism was 100 percent. Adults of P. elaeisis did not emerge from pupae at densities of 1:1 and 9:1, but 100.0 percent of parasitoid emergence was observed at the density of 45:1 and 54.54 percent at 54:1. The duration of the life cycle of this parasitoid ranged from 20 to 28 days. P. elaeisis produced 49 to 589 descendants per pupa of B. mori. The sex ratio of P. elaeisis ranged from 0.93 ± 0.01 to 0.97 ± 0.01 without differences with 18, 27, 36, 45 and 54 females/host. This parasitoid should be reared with the density of 45 females per pupa of B. mori.

Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare e LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é um parasitóide polífago, que inviabiliza, principalmente, pupas de lepidópteros. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o desenvolvimento do parasitóide em pupas de Bobyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) expostas a uma, nove, 18, 27, 36, 45 ou 54 fêmeas de P. elaeisis, respectivamente. As fêmeas do parasitóide permaneceram em contato com as pupas por 24 horas em tubos de vidro (14,0 x 2,2 cm), acondicionadas em câmara climatizada regulada a 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10 por cento de UR e fotofase de 12 horas. Com exceção da densidade 1:1 (72,72 por cento), nas demais densidades o parasitismo foi 100 por cento. Adultos de P. elaeisis não emergiram nas densidades de 1:1 e 9:1, mas observou-se 100 por cento de emergência do parasitóide na densidade 45:1 e 54,54 por cento em 54:1. A duração do ciclo de vida desse parasitóide variou de 20 a 28 dias. P. elaeisis produziu de 49 a 589 descendentes por pupa de B. mori. A razão sexual de P. elaeisis variou de 0,93 ± 0,01 a 0,97 ± 0,01 sem diferenças nas densidades de 18, 27, 36, 45 e 54 fêmeas/hospedeiro. Esse parasitóide deve ser criado na densidade de 45 fêmeas por pupa de B. mori.

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The rates of parasitism of Theridion evexum by the parasitoid wasp Zatypota petronae, and Allocyclosa bifurca by Polysphincta gutfreundi, were followed for two years. Parasitism of T. evexum was very low (mean 1.39+1.8%), and restricted to nearly seven months of the year. Parasitism of A. bifurca was higher (mean 7.8+7.6%), and did not show a seasonal pattern. Reproduction of the host spider T. evexum was highly seasonal, with only one, highly coordinated generation per year, while adults of A. bifurca were present year round. Short-term autocorrelation on parasitism rates over time at different sites suggest that P. gutfreundi tend to return to the same sites to hunt hosts over periods of a few weeks. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 749-754. Epub 2008 June 30.

Las tasas de parasitismo de Theridion evexum por la avispa parasitoide Zatypota petronae y de Allocyclosa bifurca por Polysphincta gutfreundi fueron estudiadas durante dos años. El parasitismo en T. evexum fue muy bajo (promedio 1.39+1.8%) y restringido a aproximadamente siete meses del año. El parasitismo en A. bifurca fue más alto (promedio 7.8+7.6%) y no mostró un claro patrón estacional. La reproducción de la araña hospedera T. evexum fue muy estacional, con solamente una generación por año, mientras que los adultos de A. bifurca estuvieron presentes todo el año. Autocorrelaciones de las tasas de parasitismo entre censos consecutivos en diferentes sitios sugiere que P. gutfreundi tiende a retornar a los mismos sitios para parasitar las arañas hospederas durante algunas semanas.

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The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Planter on different densities of Plutella xylostella eggs (L.). For both species, groups were made with one, two and four females of Trichogramma, and each group was confined in glass tubes with 15, 30, 45 and 60 eggs of P. xylostella for 24 hours. Cycle duration (adult egg) of T. pretiosum and T. exiguum was around nine days. The highest parasitism rate of T. pretiosum and T. exiguum were reached when it used 15 eggs four females-1 and 15 eggs two females-1, respectively. The viability of parasitism for T. pretiosum and T. exiguum was not affected by the combinations of parasitoids and eggs for both species. The sex ratio was one for T. pretiosum and it varied from 0.6 to 0.8 to T. exiguum. The number of emerged individuals per egg was one. The greatest deformation rate of descendants for both species were observed in tubes containing four female 15 eggs-1 with 33.9 for T. pretiosum and 17.5 for T. exiguum, respectively. The most indicated combination for T. pretiosum and T. exiguum, was one female for 15 eggs-1 and two famales 15 eggs-1, respectively.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley e de Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner submetidos a diferentes densidades de ovos de Plutella xylostella (L.). Para cada espécie, grupos compostos por uma, duas e quatro fêmeas do parasitóide, foram confinadas em tubos de vidro juntamente com 15, 30, 45 e 60 ovos de P. xylostella por 24h. A duração do ciclo (ovo-adulto) foi uniforme e exatamente igual a nove dias, tanto para T. pretiosum como para T. exiguum. A porcentagem de parasitismo de T. pretiosum e T. exiguum mais elevada foi encontrada nas combinações de 15 ovos quatro fêmeas-1 e duas fêmeas 15 ovos-1, respectivamente. A viabilidade do parasitismo para T. pretiosum e T. exiguum não foi afetada pelas combinações de parasitóides e ovos para ambas as espécies. A razão sexual foi igual a um para T. pretiosum e variando de 0,6 a 0,8 para T. exiguum. O número de parasitóides emergidos por ovo, de modo geral, foi um. As maiores porcentagens de deformação foram de 33,9 e 17,5% dos descendentes para T. pretiosum e T. exiguum, nos tubos contendo quatro fêmeas para 15 ovos, respectivamente. A combinação mais indicada para T. pretiosum e T. exiguum foi uma fêmea 25 ovos-1 e duas fêmeas 15 ovos-1, respectivamente.

RESUMO

The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Planter on different densities of Plutella xylostella eggs (L.). For both species, groups were made with one, two and four females of Trichogramma, and each group was confined in glass tubes with 15, 30, 45 and 60 eggs of P. xylostella for 24 hours. Cycle duration (adult egg) of T. pretiosum and T. exiguum was around nine days. The highest parasitism rate of T. pretiosum and T. exiguum were reached when it used 15 eggs four females-1 and 15 eggs two females-1, respectively. The viability of parasitism for T. pretiosum and T. exiguum was not affected by the combinations of parasitoids and eggs for both species. The sex ratio was one for T. pretiosum and it varied from 0.6 to 0.8 to T. exiguum. The number of emerged individuals per egg was one. The greatest deformation rate of descendants for both species were observed in tubes containing four female 15 eggs-1 with 33.9 for T. pretiosum and 17.5 for T. exiguum, respectively. The most indicated combination for T. pretiosum and T. exiguum, was one female for 15 eggs-1 and two famales 15 eggs-1, respectively.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley e de Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner submetidos a diferentes densidades de ovos de Plutella xylostella (L.). Para cada espécie, grupos compostos por uma, duas e quatro fêmeas do parasitóide, foram confinadas em tubos de vidro juntamente com 15, 30, 45 e 60 ovos de P. xylostella por 24h. A duração do ciclo (ovo-adulto) foi uniforme e exatamente igual a nove dias, tanto para T. pretiosum como para T. exiguum. A porcentagem de parasitismo de T. pretiosum e T. exiguum mais elevada foi encontrada nas combinações de 15 ovos quatro fêmeas-1 e duas fêmeas 15 ovos-1, respectivamente. A viabilidade do parasitismo para T. pretiosum e T. exiguum não foi afetada pelas combinações de parasitóides e ovos para ambas as espécies. A razão sexual foi igual a um para T. pretiosum e variando de 0,6 a 0,8 para T. exiguum. O número de parasitóides emergidos por ovo, de modo geral, foi um. As maiores porcentagens de deformação foram de 33,9 e 17,5% dos descendentes para T. pretiosum e T. exiguum, nos tubos contendo quatro fêmeas para 15 ovos, respectivamente. A combinação mais indicada para T. pretiosum e T. exiguum foi uma fêmea 25 ovos-1 e duas fêmeas 15 ovos-1, respectivamente.