RESUMO

A esquistossomose é uma infecção parasitária causada por um grupo de vermes chatos chamados Schistosoma. A doença encontra-se, sobretudo, nos países em desenvolvimento, especialmente nas zonas rurais com más condições de saneamento e acesso limitado à água potável. A esquistossomose é transmitida através do contato com água doce contaminada, como de rios, lagos e lagoas em que vivem as larvas dos parasitas. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar as variáveis epidemiológicas dos casos (2010-2022) e dos óbitos (2010-2020) por esquistossomose no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico transversal, descritivo e quantitativo. A estratégia metodológica envolveu análise dos boletins epidemiológicos disponibilizados pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) e pelo Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) no período de 2010 a 2022. Foram notificados 93.521 casos de esquistossomose e 5.495 óbitos devido a complicações dessa infecção. A forma intestinal foi a mais identificada. Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Bahia e Espírito Santo foram os estados com maior prevalência da doença. Constatou-se que homens pardos com idade entre 20 e 39 anos e com baixo nível de escolaridade são os mais afetados. Identificaram-se 732 casos da infecção em gestantes. Ademais, 62,56% dos casos evoluíram para cura e 5,88% para óbito pelo agravo notificado. Em conclusão, é crucial adotar medidas de prevenção e acesso à educação para combater efetivamente a esquistossomose.

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by a group of flatworms called Schistosoma. The disease is primarily found in developing countries, especially in rural areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. Schistosomiasis is transmitted by contact with contaminated freshwater, such as rivers, lakes, and ponds, where the parasites' larvae live. The aim of this article was to analyze the epidemiological variables of schistosomiasis cases (2010-2022) and deaths (2010-2020) in Brazil. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative epidemiologic study. The methodological strategy involved the analysis of epidemiological bulletins provided by the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) and the Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) from 2010 to 2022. There were 93.521 reported cases of schistosomiasis and 5.495 deaths due to complications of this infection. The intestinal form was the most identified. Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Bahia, and Espírito Santo were the states with the highest prevalence of the disease. Males, of mixed race, aged between 20 and 39 years, and with a low level of education were the most affected. There were 732 cases of infection in pregnant women. Furthermore, 62.56% of the cases evolved to cure and 5.88% evolved to death by the notified disease. In conclusion, it is crucial to adopt prevention measures and access to education to effectively combat schistosomiasis.

La esquistosomiasis es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por un grupo de platelmintos conocidos como Schistosoma. La enfermedad es más frecuente sobre todo en países en desarrollo, especialmente en zonas rurales con saneamiento deficiente y acceso limitado al agua potable. La transmisión de la esquistosomiasis se da por el contacto con agua dulce contaminada, como ríos, lagos y lagunas donde viven las larvas de los parásitos. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar las variables epidemiológicas de los casos (2010-2022) y muertes (2010-2020) por esquistosomiasis en Brasil. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico transversal, descriptivo y cuantitativo. La estrategia metodológica contó con el análisis de los informes epidemiológicos que pone a disposición el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (Sinan) y el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) en el período de 2010 a 2022. Se notificaron 93.521 casos de esquistosomiasis y 5.495 muertes por complicaciones de esta infección. La forma intestinal fue la más identificada. Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Bahia y Espírito Santo fueron los estados con mayor prevalencia de la enfermedad. Se constató que hombres pardos, de edad entre 20 y 39 años, y bajo nivel de escolaridad son los más afectados. Se identificaron 732 casos de infección en mujeres embarazadas. El 62,56% de los casos evolucionaron a cura; y el 5,88% tuvieron muerte confirmada por el agravio notificado. Se concluye con la necesidad de adoptar medidas de prevención y acceso a la educación para combatir eficazmente la esquistosomiasis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Donkeys, mules, and asses are domestic animals of worldwide distribution, found in all regions of Brazil. Although more health data is needed from these species, some sectors of today's society are exploring alternatives to use these animals for milk production and the use of donkeys in social events and onotherapy. Donkeys (Equus asinus) are used in many everyday activities, but the animals need better welfare conditions. Although it is well known that endoparasite infections (i.e. cyathostomins, Strongylus spp., Parascaris sp.) can harm the clinical condition of the animals, there are limited clinical and laboratory supporting data, including registered therapeutic drugs for their control. The objective of the present work was to review the existing literature about parasite infections of donkeys, including their clinical implications, and the drug efficacy test to help practitioners improve their health management programs. To assist with that, we have developed a questionnaire to identify the risk factors of donkey farming, which is presented here in English and in Portuguese. Lastly, the present article also includes an original simulation using the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model with low, moderate, and severe scenarios to help visualize the risk of parasite infections. The SIR model was based on the disease condition of donkeys in Brazil, using transient interaction levels from 0.0015 to 0.0025, infectivity levels from 0.10 to 0.40, and distinct recovery rates (R) from 0.01 to 0.08. As milk production is an expanding new activity worldwide, we want to emphasize that the first comprehensive studies must take into account differences in animal age, breed, and body condition score, local climate, pasture quality, day of sampling, and the period of lactation within the lactation curve to measure the health condition of donkeys.(AU)

Jumentos, mulas e burros são animais domésticos de distribuição mundial, encontrados em todas as regiões do Brasil. Muito embora exista uma grande necessidade de produzir mais dados sobre estas espécies, atualmente alguns setores estão buscando alternativas de exploração para estes animais, como a produção de leite e o uso deles em atividades sociais e onoterapia. Jumentos (Equus asinus) participam de várias atividades sociais, porém os animais necessitam de melhores condições de manejo e bem-estar. Embora as endoparasitoses (ex. ciatostomíneos, Strongylus spp., Parascaris sp.) possam causar grave condição clínica para estes animais, dados clínicos e laboratoriais são escassos, incluindo a falta de produtos específicos para seu controle. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi revisar a literatura existente sobre infecções parasitárias em jumentos, incluindo as implicações clínicas e os testes de eficácia de drogas, visando auxiliar os profissionais e os seus programas de manejo sanitário.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Donkeys, mules, and asses are domestic animals of worldwide distribution, found in all regions of Brazil. Although more health data is needed from these species, some sectors of today's society are exploring alternatives to use these animals for milk production and the use of donkeys in social events and onotherapy. Donkeys (Equus asinus) are used in many everyday activities, but the animals need better welfare conditions. Although it is well known that endoparasite infections (i.e. cyathostomins, Strongylus spp., Parascaris sp.) can harm the clinical condition of the animals, there are limited clinical and laboratory supporting data, including registered therapeutic drugs for their control. The objective of the present work was to review the existing literature about parasite infections of donkeys, including their clinical implications, and the drug efficacy test to help practitioners improve their health management programs. To assist with that, we have developed a questionnaire to identify the risk factors of donkey farming, which is presented here in English and in Portuguese. Lastly, the present article also includes an original simulation using the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model with low, moderate, and severe scenarios to help visualize the risk of parasite infections. The SIR model was based on the disease condition of donkeys in Brazil, using transient interaction levels from 0.0015 to 0.0025, infectivity levels from 0.10 to 0.40, and distinct recovery rates (R) from 0.01 to 0.08. As milk production is an expanding new activity worldwide, we want to emphasize that the first comprehensive studies must take into account differences in animal age, breed, and body condition score, local climate, pasture quality, day of sampling, and the period of lactation within the lactation curve to measure the health condition of donkeys. (AU)

Jumentos, mulas e burros são animais domésticos de distribuição mundial, encontrados em todas as regiões do Brasil. Muito embora exista uma grande necessidade de produzir mais dados sobre estas espécies, atualmente alguns setores estão buscando alternativas de exploração para estes animais, como a produção de leite e o uso deles em atividades sociais e onoterapia. Jumentos (Equus asinus) participam de várias atividades sociais, porém os animais necessitam de melhores condições de manejo e bem-estar. Embora as endoparasitoses (ex. ciatostomíneos, Strongylus spp., Parascaris sp.) possam causar grave condição clínica para estes animais, dados clínicos e laboratoriais são escassos, incluindo a falta de produtos específicos para seu controle. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi revisar a literatura existente sobre infecções parasitárias em jumentos, incluindo as implicações clínicas e os testes de eficácia de drogas, visando auxiliar os profissionais e os seus programas de manejo sanitário.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The establishment of baseline data on parasites from wild primates is essential to understand how changes in habitat or climatic disturbances will impact parasite-host relationships. In nature, multiparasitic infections of primates usually fluctuate temporally and seasonally, implying that the acquisition of reliable data must occur over time. Individual parasite infection data from two wild populations of New World primates, the saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor (Saguinus imperator) tamarin, were collected over 3 years to establish baseline levels of helminth prevalence and parasite species richness (PSR). Secondarily, we explored variation in parasite prevalence across age and sex classes, test nonrandom associations of parasite co-occurrence, and assess the relationship between group size and PSR. From 288 fecal samples across 105 individuals (71 saddleback and 34 emperor tamarins), 10 parasite taxa were identified by light microscopy following centrifugation and ethyl-acetate sedimentation. Of these taxa, none were host-specific, Dicrocoeliidae and Cestoda prevalences differed between host species, Prosthenorchis and Strongylida were the most prevalent. Host age was positively associated with Prosthenorchis ova and filariform larva, but negatively with cestode and the Rhabditoidea ova. We detected no differences between expected and observed levels of co-infection, nor between group size and parasite species richness over 30 group-years. Logistic models of individual infection status did not identify a sex bias; however, age and species predicted the presence of four and three parasite taxa, respectively, with saddleback tamarins exhibiting higher PSR. Now that we have reliable baseline data for future monitoring of these populations, next steps involve the molecular characterization of these parasites, and exploration of linkages with health parameters.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Advances in molecular biology have facilitated analyses of the oral microbiome; however, the parasites role is poorly understood. Periodontal disease is a multifactorial process involving complex interactions among microorganisms, the host, and environmental factors. At present, the precise composition of the mouth parasites microbiota is unclear. Two protozoan species have been detected in the oral microbiota: Trichomonas tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis, and a new variant, E. gingivalis-ST2-kamaktli, was recently identified by us. In this study, both E. gingivalis and the new E. gingivalis-ST2-kamaktli variant were detected in the oral cavities of people with healthy periodontium, individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment, and patients with periodontal disease. In the group with healthy periodontium, the prevalence of E. gingivalis-ST1 was 48.6% and that of E. gingivalis-ST2-kamaktli 29.5%, with a combined prevalence of 54.3%. In patients undergoing orthodontics treatment, 81.2% carried both amoebas, with 47.5% having E. gingivalis-ST1 and 73.8% E. gingivalis-ST2-kamaktli. In people with periodontal disease, the prevalence of E. gingivalis-ST1 was 57.8%, and that of E. gingivalis-ST2-kamaktli 50.0%, with a combined prevalence of 73.5%; hence, E. gingivalis-ST1 and E gingivalis-ST2-kamaktli were detected in all three groups. The question arises, what are E. gingivalis-ST1 and E. gingivalis-ST2-kamaktli doing in the oral cavity? Although, the answer remains unclear, our results suggest that each amoeba subtype is genetically distinct, and they exhibit different patterns of infectious behavior. We hypothesize that E. gingivalis-ST1 and E. gingivalis-ST2-kamaktli may represent separate species. Our data contribute to better understanding of the roles of E. gingivalis-ST1 and E. gingivalis-ST2-kamaktli in the oral microbiota.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Giardiasis is an intestinal parasitism with high prevalence worldwide, which most often affects children. In Venezuela is a public health problem due to the occurrence of various risk factors, such as pollution of sources of drinking water, poor health education and low socioeconomic status. A descriptive cross-sectional study in children attending Primary Care Nucleus (NAP) of the municipality Francisco Linares Alcantara, during the first quarter of 2013. Stool samples were a nalyzed by direct coproparasitological methods with physiological Saline, Lugol and Faust. In order to know the symptoms and risk factors associated with a clinical epidemiological survey was applied to each participant. The sample consisted of 180 children, of which 47.2% had pathogenic parasites, 14.4% non-pathogenic and 38.3% were not parasitized. The prevalence of G. intestinalis was 11.1%. No relationship between sex and age group was found. Association between diarrhea, flatulence and abdominal distention and presence of G. intestinalis was found. Risk factors associated with the presence of the parasite were: poor housing, treatment of drinking water and inadequate hygiene. We conclude that G. intestinalis is a common pathogen in children who come to the NAP of the municipality and its presence is associated with poor housing, inadequate treatment of drinking water and inadequate hygiene.

La giardiasis es una parasitosis intestinal con alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, que afecta con mayor frecuencia a niños. En Venezuela constituye un problema de salud pública, debido a la concurrencia de diversos factores de riesgo, como contaminación de las fuentes de agua de consumo humano, la deficiente educación sanitaria y nivel socioeconómico bajo. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en niños y niñas que acudieron a los Núcleos de Atención Primaria (NAP) del municipio Francisco Linares Alcántara, durante el primer trimestre del año 2013. Las muestras de heces fueron analizadas mediante métodos coproparasitológicos directos con solución Salina Fisiológica, Lugol y Faust. Para conocer la sintomatología y los factores de riesgo asociados, se aplicó una encuesta clínico epidemiológica a cada participante. La muestra estuvo conformada por un total de 180 niños, de los cuales 47,2% presentaban parásitos patógenos, 14,4% no patógenos y 38,3% no estaban parasitados. La prevalencia de Giardia intestinalis fue de 11,1%. No se encontró relación entre sexo y grupo etario. Se halló asociación entre la diarrea, flatulencia y distensión abdominal y presencia de G. intestinalis. Los factores de riesgo asociados a la presencia de dicho parásito fueron: precariedad de la vivienda, tratamiento del agua de consumo humano y hábitos higiénicos inadecuados. Se concluye que G. intestinalis es un patógeno frecuente en los niños que acuden a los NAP del municipio y su presencia está asociada a la precariedad de la vivienda, tratamiento inadecuado del agua de consumo humano y hábitos higiénicos inadecuados.

RESUMO

Introducción: las infecciones por parásitos intestinales presentan altas tasas de prevalencia y amplia distribución mundial, principalmente en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales. En Latinoamérica las enfermedades parasitarias tienen una alta prevalencia y Venezuela no escapa a esta tendencia, al reportarse la aparición frecuente de infecciones con helmintos y protozoarios, sobre todo en niños. Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales, así como factores de riesgo asociados al parasitismo intestinal en la población menor de 15 años de la comunidad Vegón de Nutrias, del Municipio Sosa, en el Estado Barinas, en Venezuela. Métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario y se recolectaron tres muestras de heces en días alternos a las que se les realizaron técnicas de diagnóstico coproparasitológico tales como el examen directo con solución salina y Lugol, el método de Ritchie (formol-éter), y el de Kato Katz. Resultados: El 89,7 porciento de los niños estudiados estuvieron infectados por alguna especie de parásito o comensal. Endolimax nana fue el más prevalente con un 38,9 porciento, seguido en orden de frecuencia por Blastocystis spp. (36,6 porciento). Los principales factores asociados a las infecciones por parásitos intestinales fueron pertenecer al grupo de edad entre 5 y 9 años, tener hábitos higiénicos inadecuados, habitar bajo condiciones higiénicas sanitarias inadecuadas e ingerir agua de mala calidad. Estos resultados avalan el diseño e implementación de acciones integrales de control y vigilancia epidemiológica que permitan mejorar la calidad de vida en estas comunidades

Introduction: intestinal parasitic infections have a high prevalence rate and a worldwide distribution, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. In Latin America parasitic diseases have a high prevalence. Venezuela shares this tendency as well, and a high frequency of protozoa and helminthic infections is reported, mainly in children. Objectives: to estimate the rates of the intestinal parasitic infections and to identify the main risk factors associated with these infections in children younger than 15 years in Vegón de Nutrias community, Barinas State, Venezuela. Methods: a questionnaire was applied; stool samples were collected, which were studied by parasitological techniques such as direct wet mount, Ritchie (formalin-ether) method, and Kato Katz thick smear. Results: 89.7 percent of children studied were found infected by parasites or commensals; Endolimax nana had the highest prevalence (38.9 percent) and Blastocystis spp was the second highest (36.6 percent). The main factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections were the age group (5-9 years old) inadequate hygienic habits, inadequate sanitary conditions, and the ingestion of bad quality water. These results suggest the necessity of implementing comprehensive strategies for the control and surveillance of these infections in order to improve the quality of life in these communities

Assuntos