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Background and Objectives: Patients at high altitudes with COVID-19 may experience a decrease in their partial oxygen saturation (PO2S) levels. The objective was to assess the association between PO2S and intensive care unit (ICU) stay in patients at high altitudes with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: Clinical records of 69 COVID-19 patients (36% women) admitted to the ICU were analyzed. Median values were considered for intra-group categories ("≤11 days" and ">11 days" in the ICU) and for PO2S height categories ("<90%" and "≥90%"). Logistic regression and linear regression models adjusted for confounding variables were used. Results: Patients with >11 days in the ICU had 84% lower odds of having a PO2S ≥ 90% (OR: 0.16 [CI: 0.02, 0.69], p = 0.005) compared to those with ≤11 days in the ICU. An increase in PO2S by 1% reduced ICU stay by 0.22 days (ß: -0.22 [CI: -0.33, -0.11], p < 0.001), potentially leading to a reduction of up to 1.44 days. Conclusions: PO2S is a crucial factor in estimating ICU stays for COVID-19 patients at high altitudes and serves as an accessible and cost-effective measure. It should be used in infected patients to complement the prognosis of post-pandemic ICU stay.

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La mortalidad y formas graves atribuibles al COVID-19 en población pediátrica han sido bajas en comparación con los adultos. No obstante, los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) constituyen un universo especialmente afectado por la pandemia, en cuanto a restricción y limitación de sus derechos. La Subcomisión de Derechos de la Niñez y Adolescencia y el Comité de Pediatría Social de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría entendieron trascendente recolectar sus voces para relevar el impacto que la transición de la situación de pandemia por COVID-19 a la actual "nueva normalidad" ha producido en los sentimientos, emociones y deseos de los NNA en Argentina. Realizamos un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, basado en encuesta anónima, entre NNA argentinos de 6 a 18 años residentes en Argentina. El análisis incluyó 1537 entrevistas efectivas. Los resultados permitieron sugerir recomendaciones para desarrollar estrategias de afrontamiento, contención y acompañamiento de los NNA en la pospandemia.

The frequency of the severity of the different expressions of SARS-COV-2 disease, and its mortality in the pediatric population have been low unlike in the adult population. However, children and adolescents have been very affected by this virus, through the restriction and limitations of their rights. The Subcommittee on the Rights of the Childhood and Adolescence and the Committee of Social Pediatrics of the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría understood that it was very important to gather their voices to weigh the impact of the transition from COVID pandemic to this "new normalcy" and the effects on argentine children and adolescents' rights, emotions and desires, especially those related to accessibility to education and health. We carried on a qualitative descriptive narrative transversal phenomenological research, through an open anonymous survey, among children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years old, living in Argentina; 1537 surveys were collected. The research findings allowed elaborate recommendations to develop strategies to face, protect and accompany the children and adolescents during the post-pandemic.

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No fim de 2019 iniciou-se uma das maiores crises da saúde pública global em Wuhan, China. Essa emergência foi o aparecimento do SARS-CoV-2 e da doença COVID-19, uma síndrome respiratória aguda de alta transmissibilidade. A declaração da pandemia pela OMS em março de 2020 fez com que o mundo tomasse diversas medidas para o combate e contenção da doença. Inicialmente o isolamento social e lockdown foram as principais iniciativas, já que não havia formas de tratamento ou prevenção da doença. Essas medidas restritivas geraram uma mudança de hábito da população que deflagrou sérios comprometimentos físicos e psicológicos. Uma das consequências foi o aumento do uso de substâncias de abuso e, consequentemente, do transtornos por uso de substâncias, dentre elas o tabaco. Durante a pandemia o consumo de cigarro aumentou de 10 a 30% no mundo, o tabagismo é a principal causa de morte evitável e fator de risco para diversas doenças. Conjuntamente ao álcool, a nicotina têm um poder aditivo superior a muitas drogas ilícitas. A combinação dos transtornos por uso de substâncias e a COVID-19 acabam por ter um efeito sinérgico, dessa forma, buscamos integrar aspectos neuroquímicos, cognitivos e comportamentais que levaram ao aumento do consumo e/ou recaída nicotina e a terapêutica utilizada.

One of the biggest global public health crisis began in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. That emergency was the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19, a highly transmissible acute respiratory syndrome. The pandemic declaration by the WHO in March 2020 caused the world to take on several measures to combat and contain the virus. Initially, social isolation and lockdown were the main initiatives, as there were no forms of treatment or prevention of the disease. These restrictive measures generate a change in the habit of the population that triggered serious physical and psychological impairments. One of the consequences was the increase in the use of substances of abuse and, consequently, substance use disorder, including tobacco. During the pandemic, cigarette consumption increased from 10 to 30% worldwide, whereas smoking is the main cause of preventable death and a risk factor for several diseases. Along with alcohol, nicotine has a greater addictive power than illicit drugs. Substance use disorders and COVID-19 have a synergistic effect, in this way, we seek to integrate neurochemical, cognitive and behavioral aspects that led to increased consumption and/or relapse in nicotine consumption and the used therapy.

Una de las mayores crisis mundiales de salud pública comenzó en Wuhan (China) a finales de 2019. Esa emergencia fue la aparición del SARS-CoV-2 y la enfermedad COVID-19, un síndrome respiratorio agudo altamente transmisible. La declaración de pandemia por parte de la OMS en marzo de 2020 hizo que el mundo adoptara varias medidas para combatir y contener el virus. Inicialmente, el aislamiento social y el encierro fueron las principales iniciativas, ya que no existían formas de tratamiento o prevención de la enfermedad. Estas medidas restrictivas generaron un cambio en los hábitos de la población que desencadenó graves alteraciones físicas y psicológicas. Una de las consecuencias fue el aumento del consumo de sustancias de abuso y, en consecuencia, el trastorno por consumo de sustancias, incluido el tabaco. Durante la pandemia, el consumo de cigarrillos aumentó del 10 al 30% en todo el mundo, mientras que el tabaquismo es la principal causa de muerte evitable y un factor de riesgo de varias enfermedades. Junto con el alcohol, la nicotina tiene un mayor poder adictivo que las drogas ilícitas. Los trastornos por uso de sustancias y la COVID-19 tienen un efecto sinérgico, de esta manera, buscamos integrar los aspectos neuroquímicos, cognitivos y conductuales que llevaron al aumento del consumo y/o recaída en el consumo de nicotina y la terapia utilizada.

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Objetivo: Refletir sobre as estratégias da Atenção Primária para a promoção do envelhecimento saudável em tempos de pandemia da COVID-19. Método: relato de experiencia sobre estratégias de cuidado aos idosos, pautados em artigos nacionais e internacionais e experiências dos autores. Resultados: As considerações versam sobre os seguintes temas: contexto do idoso na cidade de São Paulo, onde os mais expostos são os que moram sozinhos, abandonaram o tratamento de suas condições crônicas por medo de contrair a Covid-19, os que sofrem violência no domicílio, os institucionalizados e os que obtém informações equivocadas. Estratégias de cuidado à pessoa idosa no enfrentamento da pandemia da COVID-19 na atenção primária, explicando o que tínhamos, temos e precisamos construir. Conclusão: O atendimento da atenção primária é fundamental no cuidado da pessoa idosa, para a promoção do envelhecimento saudável e ativo, continuidade do tratamento de condições crônicas e detecção precoce da Covid-19, violência e seus encaminhamentos.

Objective: To reflect on primary care strategies for the promotion of healthy aging in pandemic times of COVID-19. Method: experience report on strategies of care for the elderly, based on national and international articles and experiences of the authors. Results: The considerations deal with the following themes: context of the elderly in the city of São Paulo, where the most exposed are those who live alone, abandoned the treatment of their chronic conditions for fear of contracting Covid-19, those who suffer violence at home, institutionalized and those who obtain mistaken information. Strategies to care for the old person in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic in primary care, explaining what we had, have and need to build. Conclusion: Primary care is fundamental in the care of the old person, for the promotion of healthy and active aging, continuity of treatment of chronic conditions and early detection of Covid-19, violence and its referrals

Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre las estrategias de atención primaria para la promoción del envejecimiento saludable en tiempos de pandemia de COVID-19. Método: informe de experiencia sobre estrategias de atención al anciano, basado en artículos y experiencias nacionales e internacionales de los autores. Resultados: Las consideraciones abordan los siguientes temas: contexto de los ancianos en la ciudad de São Paulo, donde los más expuestos son los que viven solos, abandonaron el tratamiento de sus condiciones crónicas por temor a contraer Covid-19, los que sufren violencia en el hogar, institucionalizados y los que obtienen información errónea. Estrategias para cuidar al anciano en el afrontamiento de la pandemia de COVID-19 en atención primaria, explicando lo que teníamos, tenemos y necesitamos construir. Conclusión: La atención primaria es fundamental en el cuidado del anciano, para la promoción del envejecimiento sano y activo, la continuidad del tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas y la detección precoz del Covid-19, la violencia y sus derivaciones.

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Objetivo: identificar os desafios para o preparo da alta hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes no cenário pandêmico da Covid-19. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, de caráter exploratório e abordagem qualitativa realizada com a equipe multi- disciplinar na clínica pediátrica de um Hospital Universitário localizado na Paraíba. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas à luz da Análise do Conteúdo de Bardin. Re- sultados: A partir da análise dos dados foram construídos em duas categorias: Rotina da equipe multiprofissional e as medidas de biossegurança institucionalizadas e Desafios da equipe no preparo para alta de crianças e adolescentes durante a pandemia do Sars-Cov-2. Observou-se a percepção dos profissionais frente à complexidade da pandemia da Covid-19 e o direcionamento da alta hospitalar mediante as necessidades de saúde de crianças e adolescentes com condições crônicas. Conclusão: durante a pandemia, o preparo para alta hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes apresentou mudanças quanto à organização setorial frente aos procedimentos e demandas, assim como as restrições de contato desfavorecendo o apoio aos familiares. Aponta-se a necessidade de novas pesquisas relacionadas às análises frente ao processo de desospitalização, com intuito de possibilitar a reflexão em torno das problemáticas evidenciadas e elaborar uma análise do cenário para posteriores mudanças.

Objective: to identify the challenges for preparing children and adolescents for hospital discharge in the Covid-19 pandemic scenario. Method: This is a descriptive, exploratory research with a qualitative approach carried out with a multidisciplinary team at the pediatric clinic of a University Hospital located in Paraíba. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Bardin's Content Analysis. Results: From the analysis of the data, two categories were constructed: Routine of the multidisciplinary team and institutionalized biosecurity measures and Challenges of the team in preparing for the discharge of children and adolescents during the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic. The professionals' perception of the complexity of the Covid-19 pandemic and the direction of hospital discharge based on the health needs of children and adolescents with chronic conditions were observed. Conclusion: during the pandemic, preparation for hospital discharge of children and adolescents showed changes in terms of sectoral organization in terms of procedures and demands, as well as contact restrictions, disfavoring support for family members. It points out the need for further research related to the analysis of the process of dehospitalization, with the aim of enabling reflection on the problems highlighted and preparing an analysis of the scenario for subsequent changes.

Objetivo: identificar los desafíos para la preparación de niños y adolescentes para el alta hospitalaria en el escenario de la pandemia de Covid-19. Método: Se trata de una investigación descriptiva, exploratoria, con enfoque cualitativo, realizada con un equipo multidisciplinario en la clínica pediátrica de un Hospital Universitario ubicado en Paraíba. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y analizadas utilizando el Análisis de Contenido de Bardin. Resultados: A partir del análisis de los datos, se construyeron dos categorías: Rutina del equipo multidisciplinario y medidas de bioseguridad institucionalizadas y Desafíos del equipo en la preparación para el alta de niños y adolescentes durante la pandemia del Sars-Cov-2. Se observó la percepción de los profesionales sobre la complejidad de la pandemia de Covid-19 y la dirección del alta hospitalaria a partir de las necesidades de salud de niños y adolescentes con condiciones crónicas. Conclusión: durante la pandemia, la preparación para el alta hospitalaria de niños y adolescentes presentó cambios en cuanto a la organización sectorial en cuanto a trámites y demandas, así como restricciones de contacto, desfavoreciendo el apoyo a los familiares. Señala la necesidad de más investigaciones relacionadas con el análisis del proceso de deshospitalización, con el objetivo de permitir la reflexión sobre los problemas destacados y preparar un análisis del escenario para los cambios posteriores.

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Objetivo: identificar as implicações do teletrabalho para o trabalhador no período pandêmico de covid-19.Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura com buscas nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus, Medline via pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, utilizando os descritores teleworking, pandemics, occupational health com operador booleano AND. A busca foi realizada em agosto de 2022 e contou com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: textos no formato artigo científico com texto na íntegra, publicados no período pandêmico (2020 - 2022), em inglês, português e espanhol. Excluíram-se os artigos duplicados, pesquisas de revisão e artigos reflexivos. Resultados: Foram encontrados 134 artigos e após a aplicação dos critérios e avaliação do corpus textual, obtivemos uma amostra de 19 estudos. A análise se desdobrou na criação de 03 categorias, a citar: modificações no estilo de vida durante o trabalho remoto; implicações relacionadas à saúde mental e ao isolamento e implicações relacionadas ao processo de trabalho. O teletrabalho foi uma ferramenta valiosa porque proporcionou a continuidade e funcionamento das empresas durante a pandemia de Covid-19 uma vez que a saúde física e mental do trabalhador foi imensamente afetada. Conclusão: O teletrabalho mostrou- se uma importante modalidade de trabalho frente à pandemia de Covid-19. Apesar de ter sido uma ferramenta imprescindível para manutenção dos empregos e continuidade do funcionamento das empresas durante a pandemia, a saúde física e mental do trabalhador foi bastante afetada neste período.

Objective: To identify the implications of teleworking for the worker in the pandemic period of covid-19.Methods: This is an integrative literature review with searches in the Web of Science, Scopus, Medline via pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases, using the descriptors teleworking, pandemics, occupational health with boolean operator AND. The search was carried out in August 2022 and had the following inclusion criteria: texts in the format of scientific article with full text, published in the pandemic period (2020 - 2022), in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Duplicate articles, review research, and reflective articles were excluded. Results: We found 134 articles and after applying the criteria and evaluation of the textual corpus, we obtained a sample of 19 studies. The analysis unfolded in the creation of 03 categories, to mention: changes in lifestyle during remote work; implications related to mental health and isolation and implications related to the work process. Teleworking was a valuable tool because it provided business continuity and operation during the COVID-19 pandemic as the worker's physical and mental health was greatly affected. Conclusion: Teleworking proved to be an important way of working against the COVID-19 pandemic. Although it was an indispensable tool for maintaining jobs and continuing the functioning of companies during the pandemic, the physical and mental health of the worker was greatly affected in this period.

Propósito: identificar las implicaciones del teletrabajo para los trabajadores en el periodo pandémico de covid-19.Métodos: Se trata de una revisión integrada de la literatura con búsquedas en la Web de Ciencia, Scopus, Medline via pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo y el Índice Acumulativo a las bases de datos de Enfermería y Literatura de Salud Aliada, utilizando los descriptores teletrabajo, las pandemias, la salud ocupacional con operador Y. La búsqueda se llevó a cabo en agosto de 2022 y pudo contar con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: textos en formato de artículo científico con texto completo, publicados en el período de la pandemia (2020-2022), en español, portugués e inglés. Se excluyeron artículos duplicados, encuestas de revisión y artículos reflexivos. Resultados: se encontraron 134 artículos, y tras la aplicación de los criterios de valoración del corpus textual, se obtuvo una muestra de 19 estudios. El análisis ha dado lugar a la creación de 30 categorías, por citar: cambios en el estilo de vida durante el trabajo a distancia; consecuencias relacionadas con la salud mental y el aislamiento y consecuencias relacionadas con el proceso de trabajo. El teletrabajo era un instrumento valioso porque ofrecía continuidad y funcionamiento de las operaciones durante la pandemia del Covid-19, ya que la salud física y mental del trabajador se veía inmensamente afectada. Conclusión: el teletrabajo ha demostrado ser una importante modalidad de trabajo frente a la pandemia del Covid-19. Aunque fue un instrumento indispensable para mantener el empleo y continuar el funcionamiento de las empresas durante la pandemia, la salud física y mental del trabajador se ha visto muy afectada en este período.

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RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as estratégias de coping na história de mulheres no período gestacional no processo pandêmico da COVID-19. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa sócia histórica à luz da Teoria Motivacional. Participaram cinco mulheres que realizaram o pré-natal em Unidade Básica de Saúde de um município catarinense, entre março e dezembro de 2020. A análise dos dados seguiu a proposta história oral temática pela análise de conteúdo de Minayo e o software Iramuteq para análises multidimensionais de textos e questionários. Resultados: emergiram da relação entre a análise textual por semelhança das histórias referenciadas pelos participantes e, as características definidas pela teoria motivacional do Coping, necessidade de competência e apoio. Emergindo a categoria analítica O coping no gestar: mulheres e o pré-natal na pandemia COVID-19. Considerações finais: considera-se que o estresse na condição gestacional e período pré-natal na pandemia COVID-19 retratam estratégias de coping enquanto enfrentamentos positivos das mulheres.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las estrategias de coping en la historia de las mujeres en el período gestacional en el proceso pandémico de COVID-19. Método: investigación cualitativa socio histórica a la luz de la Teoría Motivacional. Participaron cinco mujeres que realizaron el prenatal en Unidad Básica de Salud de un municipio de Santa Catarina/Brasil, entre marzo y diciembre de 2020. El análisis de los datos siguió la propuesta historia oral temática por el análisis de contenido de Minayo y el software Iramuteq para los análisis multidimensionales de textos y cuestionarios. Resultados: surgieron de la relación entre el análisis textual por semejanza de las historias referenciadas por los participantes y, las características definidas por la teoría motivacional del Coping, necesidad de competencia y apoyo. Manifestando la categoría analítica El coping en el gestar: mujeres y el prenatal en la pandemia COVID-19. Consideraciones finales: se considera que el estrés en la condición gestacional y período prenatal en la pandemia COVID-19 retratan estrategias de coping en cuanto enfrentamientos positivos de las mujeres.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify coping strategies in the history of women in the gestational period in the pandemic process of COVID-19. Method: qualitative research historical partner in the light of motivational theory. Five women who performed prenatal care in a Primary Health Unit of a municipality of Santa Catarina, between March and December 2020, participated. Data analysis followed the proposed thematic oral history by Minayo content analysis and Iramuteq software for multidimensional analysis of texts and questionnaires. Results: emerged from the relationship between the textual analysis by similarity of the stories referenced by the participants and the characteristics defined by the motivational theory of Coping, need for competence and support. Emerging the analytical category Coping in pregnancy: women and prenatal care in the COVID-19 pandemic. Final thoughts: it is considered that stress in the gestational condition and prenatal period in the COVID-19 pandemic portray coping strategies as positive confrontations of women.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of teleworking on self-reported job satisfaction and workers' productivity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was administered to 331 teleworkers belonging to industrial companies, whose data were analyzed with a PLS-SEM structural equation model. The results indicate that communication with coworkers, time spent teleworking, and workplace suitability positively affect self-reported productivity, while trust on the part of supervisors and workplace suitability positively affect job satisfaction. On the other hand, work-family conflict negatively affects job satisfaction and self-reported productivity, whereas communication with coworkers, support from supervisor and time spent teleworking have no significant effect on job satisfaction. This study provides relevant information for industrial organizations to improve the job-satisfaction and productivity in large scaled teleworking contexts, as should have been implemented during the mandatory preventive isolation due to the health crisis related to the transmission of SARs-CoV-2.

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Objetivo: Caracterizar el papel de comedores y merenderos barriales de Mendoza (Argentina) en la alimentación de infancias vulnerables durante la pandemia y comparar iniciativas gestionadas por movimientos sociales, por agrupaciones vecinales y en espacios gubernamentales. Metodología: Estudio exploratorio cualitativo con base en una muestra intencional de informantes de barrios de Gran Mendoza y Gran San Rafael con inseguridad alimentaria. Se realizaron 16 entrevistas semiestructuradas a referentes sociales, a docentes y a personal de salud entre abril y agosto de 2021. Para analizar la información se utilizó el método de comparación constante. Resultados: Comedores y merenderos difieren en la previsibilidad de recursos para proveer alimentos según sus vinculaciones con las políticas de asistencia alimentaria directa implementadas antes y durante la pandemia. Todos los espacios están a cargo de mujeres, utilizan estrategias similares para adquirir mercaderías y ofrecen preparaciones semejantes contemplando disponibilidad de insumos y preferencias de los comensales. Conclusión: Las iniciativas comunitarias contribuyeron a sostener la alimentación de niños y adolescentes de familias ligadas a la economía informal que recurrieron a ellas en razón de la merma de ingresos por efecto del aislamiento. No se identifican diferencias relevantes en los menús ofrecidos entre comedores y merenderos gestionados por movimientos sociales y en los de tipo autogestivo, vecinal. Las experiencias organizativas de comensalidad barrial, el apoyo de vecinos y relaciones de confianza previamente construidas con donantes externos fueron clave para sostener la entrega de raciones y el cuidado de personas aisladas.

The aims of the study are to characterize the role of various types of community dining centers located in the Argentinian province of Mendoza in feeding vulnerable children during the pandemic and to compare initiatives coming from social movements that facilitate the state's food assistance to the ones managed by self-directed neighborhood associations and those of governmental spaces. The methodology is qualitative and exploratory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 informants from neighborhoods located in Gran Mendoza and Gran San Rafael with food insecurity between April and August 2021. A constant comparative method was used to analyze the information. Results: There were differences in the predictability of resources to provide food between community dining centers which related to their connections with direct food assistance policies implemented before and during the pandemic. Shared characteristics included women being in charge and the deployment of combined strategies of obtaining resources to deal with higher food demand. The food offered was similar and subject to the availability of supplies and diners' preferences. Conclusion: Community initiatives contributed to sustaining the nutrition of children and teenagers from families working in the informal economy that utilized them due to isolation-related salary cuts. No relevant differences were found between menus offered in dining centers managed by social movements and the self-managed, neighborhood-based ones. The management experiences of neighborhood associations, the support of neighbors, and previously built relationships of trust with donors and external organizations were key to upholding the delivery of rations and care of isolated people.

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Background: Face masks are widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic as one of the protective measures against the viral infection risk. Some evidence suggests that face mask prolonged use can be uncomfortable, and discomfort can be exacerbated during exercise. However, the acute responses of mask-wearing during exercise on affective/psychological and exercise performance responses is still a topic of debate. Purpose: To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of the acute effects of mask-wearing during exercise on affective/psychological and exercise performance responses in healthy adults of different/diverse training status. Methods: This review (CRD42021249569) was performed according to Cochrane's recommendations, with searches performed in electronic (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SportDiscus, and PsychInfo) and pre-print databases (MedRxiv, SportRxiv, PsyArXiv, and Preprint.Org). Syntheses of included studies' data were performed, and the RoB-2 tool was used to assess the studies' methodological quality. Assessed outcomes were affective/psychological (discomfort, stress and affective responses, fatigue, anxiety, dyspnea, and perceived exertion) and exercise performance time-to-exhaustion (TTE), maximal power output (POMAX), and muscle force production] parameters. Available data were pooled through meta-analyses. Results: Initially 4,587 studies were identified, 36 clinical trials (all crossover designs) were included. A total of 749 (39% women) healthy adults were evaluated across all studies. The face mask types found were clothing (CM), surgical (SM), FFP2/N95, and exhalation valved FFP2/N95, while the most common exercises were treadmill and cycle ergometer incremental tests, beyond outdoor running, resistance exercises and functional tests. Mask-wearing during exercise lead to increased overall discomfort (SMD: 0.87; 95% CI 0.25-1.5; p = 0.01; I2 = 0%), dyspnea (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI 0.09-0.71; p = 0.01; I2 = 68%), and perceived exertion (SMD: 0.38; 95% CI 0.18-0.58; p < 0.001; I2 = 46%); decreases on the TTE (SMD: -0.29; 95% CI -0.10 to -0.48; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%); without effects on POMAX and walking/running distance traveled (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Face mask wearing during exercise increases discomfort (large effect), dyspnea (moderate effect), and perceived exertion (small effect), and reduces the TTE (small effect), without effects on cycle ergometer POMAX and distance traveled in walking and running functional tests. However, some aspects may be dependent on the face mask type, such as dyspnea and perceived exertion. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021249569], identifier [CRD42021249569].

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Resumen El confinamiento ocasionado por la pandemia del COVID-19 ha impactado en la vida de los estudiantes universitarios en todo el mundo. Conocer sus efectos en la salud mental y el comportamiento será una prioridad en los siguientes años. En este contexto, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar por primera vez las relaciones directas e indirectas entre la experiencia de soledad, las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas (rumiación, evitación, supresión, catastrofización y autoculpa) y la ansiedad en una muestra de universitarios mexicanos. Con base en él, se hipotetizó que las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas mediarían la relación entre la soledad y la ansiedad. Para lograr este propósito se especificó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Un total de 824 estudiantes universitarios participaron en la presente investigación. Los resultados mostraron que los datos se ajustaron de manera adecuada al modelo estructural especificado. Por otra parte, también se encontró que la soledad tuvo un efecto directo que no fue estadísticamente significativo con la ansiedad. En conclusión, estos hallazgos revelan la presencia de un efecto de mediación al mostrar que la soledad estuvo relacionada indirectamente con la ansiedad por su relación con las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas. Con ello, al analizar la función mediadora de las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas se aportaron, por primera vez en México, nuevos elementos que permiten conocer con mayor profundidad los efectos directos e indirectos de estos tres constructos.

Abstract The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of undergraduate students around the world. Knowing its effects on mental health and behavior will be a priority for years to come. Due to the multiple negative effects that confinement by the COVID-19 pandemic has brought, this study aims to provide new scientific evidence that will allow a better understanding of the effects of the experience of loneliness caused by this pandemic. Based on the procedural model of emotion regulation created by Gross, the objective of this research was to analyze the direct and indirect relations between the experience of loneliness, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (rumination, avoidance, suppression, catastrophizing, and self-blame) and anxiety in a sample of Mexican undergraduate students. Based on this goal, it was hypothesized that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the relation between loneliness and anxiety. To achieve this purpose, a total of 824 undergraduate students participated in the present research. In addition to providing their sociodemographic data, they answered the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. In order to carry out the mediating analysis, a structural equation model was created which included three latent variables (loneliness, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and anxiety). This model was tested using the Lavaan software. The indirect effects were analyzed using the bootstrapping method. The results showed that maladaptive emotional regulation strategies had a mediating role which was positive and significant in the relation between loneliness and anxiety. Regarding the measurement model, confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the measurement model comprising the three latent variables. Results showed that the measurement model fit the observed data appropriately. Furthermore, with the purpose of examining the validity of the measurement model, the average variance extracted and square root of the average variance extracted were calculated. Findings indicated that the average variance extracted for each construct was higher than all the squared correlations involving that construct. This confirmed the discriminant validity of all variables of study. Regarding the structural model, results showed acceptable data fit. The model explained 48 % of the variance in anxiety. The structural equation analysis revealed that loneliness was related positively with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Similarly, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were associated positively with anxiety. Likewise, it was possible to confirm the main hypothesis of this study which stated that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the influence of loneliness on anxiety among Mexican university students. Finally, it was confirmed that loneliness had a nonsignificant direct effect on anxiety. Regarding the contribution of each of the five maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, rumination had a significant function in the mediating process showing that loneliness had an impact on anxiety via the continuous thoughts that participants had about their own emotions. In turn, because of the strategy of catastrophizing, participants intensified their thoughts and emotions waiting for the worse scenario which in turn increased their levels of anxiety. Likewise, the strategies of avoidance and suppression had also a significant contribution on the mediating role of maladaptive strategies. Finally, the strategy of self-blame was a significant contribution to the mediating function. Therefore, with the purpose of controlling emotions associated with loneliness, it was possible that participants could blame themselves as a mechanism to regulate their emotions. In conclusion, these findings reveal the presence of a mediating effect by showing that loneliness was indirectly related to anxiety via its relation with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.

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PytuTester is an open-source ventilator tester developed to help bio-engineers in the design and verification of new ventilator prototypes. A ventilator tester allows measuring the flow, pressure, volume, and oxygen concentration provided to the patient. During the global pandemic COVID-19, several open-source ventilators prototypes were developed; however, due to high cost and demand testers, they were not available. In this context, a low-cost tester was developed using a Raspberry Pi and medical-grade sensors for the test ventilators prototypes. This paper presents the design files, software interface, and validations tests. Our results indicate that the tester has good accuracy to evaluate the efficacy and performance of new prototypes. When tested on two ventilator designs developed in Paraguay, PytuTester reported flow profiles that were concordant with the industry-standard VT650 Gas Flow Analyzer. PytuTester was then field deployed to test several DIY ventilator designs in low-resource areas.

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The pandemic had serious implications for university education, specifically due to the transition from face-to-face teaching to online methodologies. This article analyzes the perception of students undergoing speech therapy from a Chilean University about the E-portfolio incorporation as an evaluative tool during the emergency virtual teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic. From quantitative research, a survey of 38 questions based on Likert scales was applied to 108 penultimate year undergraduate students. The survey demonstrated that there is an improvement in the methodology and teaching support, as well as in the creativity and professionalism of the students.

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Objectives: To assess postoperative complications, including COVID-19 infection, among patients undergoing surgeries at a tertiary institution during the pandemic, and to develop a local epidemiological profile of spine surgery patients. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study of all patients who underwent spine surgery between March 2020 and 14 January 2021 in a tertiary institution in Latin America. All patients who underwent spine surgery were included, without age restrictions. The main outcomes were postoperative complications, including COVID-19 infection. Results: 74 patients were included in the study, 43 males and 31 females. The average age was 49.6 years. The mean duration of hospitalization was 11.5 days. Urgent surgeries were performed in 60.81% of cases. During hospitalization, only 5 of 74 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19, and only 1 patient had pulmonary involvement estimated to be greater than 50%. On average, 1.9 surgical debridements were required after postoperative surgical site infection. Conclusions: During the hospitalization period, only 6.7% of patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. The COVID-19 infection death rate was 1 in 5 cases. The postoperative surgical site infection rate was 10.8%, similar to the level before the pandemic. Level of Evidence IV; Observational retrospective descriptive study .

Objetivos: Avaliar complicações pós-cirúrgicas, incluindo infecções por COVID-19, entre pacientes cirúrgicos numa instituição terciária de saúde durante a pandemia, e desenvolver um perfil epidemiológico local de pacientes de cirurgias da coluna. Métodos: estudo descritivo e retrospectivo de todos os pacientes que passaram por cirurgias da coluna entre março de 2020 e 14 de janeiro de 2021, numa instituição terciária na América Latina. Todos os pacientes que passaram por cirurgias na coluna foram incluídos, sem restrição de idade. Os principais resultados foram complicações pós-cirúrgicas, incluindo a infecção por COVID-19. Resultados: 74 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 43 do sexo masculino e 31 do feminino. A média de idade foi de 49.6 anos. A duração média da hospitalização foi de 11.5 dias. Cirurgias urgentes foram realizadas em 60.81% dos casos. Durante a hospitalização, apenas 5 dos 74 pacientes foram diagnosticados com COVID-19, e apenas 1 deles teve envolvimento pulmonar estimado em mais que 50%. Em média, 1,9 desbridamentos cirúrgicos foram necessários após infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Conclusões: Durante o período de hospitalização, apenas 6,37% dos pacientes foram diagnosticados com infeção por COVID-19. A taxa de mortes devido à infecção por COVID-19 foi de 1 em 5. Infecções do sítio cirúrgico atingiram uma taxa de 10.8%, nível similar àquele prévio à pandemia. Nível de evidência IV ; Estudo observacional retrospectivo descritivo .

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The Governance Analytical Framework (MAG) defines governance as a social fact, endowed with analyzable and interpretable characteristics, through what it calls observable constitutive elements of governance: the problem, the actors, the social norms, the process of decision-making and scope or nodal points; in the sense that each society develops its modes of governance, its decision-making or conflict resolution systems among its members, its norms, and institutions. In this perspective, the purpose of this article was to carry out a systematic review of the scientific literature to understand the role of governance in health policies in health emergencies, such as that caused by the SARS-CoV-2. The systematic review was designed based on the methodology proposed in the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) Declaration. The literature search was carried out in six databases: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, APA-PsycInfo, MEDLINE, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), PubMED, and MedicLatina, published in the last 5 years. Fifteen articles that met quality and evidence criteria were analyzed. The governance approach alluding to the health emergency problem in health policies was the most addressed by the authors (80%), followed by a description of the actors (40%), the process of decision-making spaces (33%), and ultimately, social norms or rules with 13%. Formulating a coherent set of global health policies within a large-scale global governance framework is mostly absent. Although the countries adopt international approaches, it is a process differentiated by the social, economic, and political contexts between countries, affecting heterogeneous health outcomes over the pandemic.

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Objective: This article seeks to determine the social determinants of inequality in economic income in independent workers in the Puno region in the periods 2019 and 2020. Methods: For which the quantitative approach was used, with descriptive and correlational design, considering the multiple regression model. Results: It was determined that there is a very significant income gap by educational level due to the productive differential that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected all the households; there is inequality in the economic income of independent workers, since in 2019, there was a greater inequality of economic income among independent workers (Gini = 0.6142) in relation to the national level (Gini = 0.415) and in 2020, the inequality of economic income increased due to COVID-19 problem, where the Gini coefficient amounted to 0.7136 in relation to the national level (Gini = 0.431). Conclusion: The determining factors of the economic income of the independent worker in the region of Puno in the periods 2019 and 2020 are the age that explains in 5.19 and 1.72%, the level of education that explains in 20.74 and 34.86% and the sex that explains in 37 and 14.19%, respectively.

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The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact schools and how education is conveyed to students. One of the aspects that has gained strength is supporting the wellbeing of educational communities. The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the construction of school wellbeing during the pandemic, based on the notion of collective and sustainable wellbeing. Through a qualitative design, we conducted a study in four Chilean low-SES schools in which a national school mental health program is implemented. A total of 41 in-depth interviews and one group interview were conducted with students, parents, teacher, teacher assistants, school principals, psychosocial professionals, and the school mental health officers during the second half of the 2020 school year. Thematic content analyses showed that, while facing the school closure challenges, schools strived to protect students' and teachers' wellbeing. However, participants highlighted necessary conditions for sustaining the school community's wellbeing and mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: assuring digital connectivity for all students; coordinated work with families and within the school; strengthening networks; curriculum adaptation and diversified pedagogical strategies; and emotional support toward teachers, families, and students. We discuss these findings and their implications for a sustainable and collective perspective of the wellbeing of school communities in low-SES schools, as well as for policy, practice, and research from the perspective of schools for social justice and health promotion.