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Autosomal recessive type 2 primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHOAR2) and chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 (CEAS) are two entities caused by pathogenic variants (PVs) in the SLCO2A1 gene that can coexist or occur independently from one another. We report two cases of PHOAR2 in Mexico with concomitant CEAS and conducted a review of the literature of the reported cases of PHOAR2 and/or CEAS to analyze the relationship between their genotype and phenotype presentation. The patients from our Institution with classical PHOAR2 phenotype and CEAS, harbored SLCO2A1 c.547G > A and c.1768del variants. We reviewed 232 cases, of which 86.6% were of Asian origin, and identified 109 different variants in SLCO2A1. Intron 7, exon 13, and exon 4 were predominantly affected. The two most common PVs were c.940 + 1G > A and c.1807C > T. We found a statistically significant association between SLCO2A1 variants located in intron 7, exons 12, and 13 and the development of CEAS. Missense variants were more frequent in isolated PHOAR2, while a greater proportion of protein-truncating variants (PTVs) were found in CEAS. Further investigation is imperative to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms associated with CEAS, thereby facilitating the identification of effective therapeutic interventions.

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Pachydermoperiostosis is a rare genetic disease known as primary or idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA)/Touraine-Solente-Gole syndrome. It is an autosomal dominant or recessive disorder comprising digital clubbing, periostosis, hyperhidrosis, and pachydermia (thickening of facial skin). Ocular manifestations are uncommon; however, blepharoptosis may occur. This case presented with severe bilateral ptosis due to the disease progression. A large 20 mm upper lid resection with levator advancement was performed to improve his ability to see. This is the first reported case of pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) in Jamaica. We present a rare case of pachydermoperiostosis with severe blepharoptosis, who attained a good result with surgical intervention.

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RESUMEN: La paquidermoperiostosis es un raro desorden hereditario caracterizado por periostosis, paquidermia y acropaquia. Su expresividad es variable, por lo que son infrecuentes las formas completas de este síndrome. Se postula que sus manifestaciones clínicas se debana la formaciónexcesiva de colágenoyla desregulacióndeproteínas de la matrizdebido a lahiperactivaciónfibroblástica. Reportamos el caso de un varón de 32 años, quien desde los 18 años presenta edema en extremidades asociado a alteraciones en cara y cuero cabelludo.Presentamos el caso por haberse manifestado deforma completa, que es infrecuente, y por su semejanza con otras enfermedades.

ABSTRACT: Pachydermoperiostosis or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, also known as Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome, is a rare disorder, frequently inherited, characterized by periostitis of long bones,pachydermia (thickening of the skin) andacropachia. Expression tends to be variable, and so complete versions of the syndrome are infrequent. Abnormalities in fibroblast functionality have been implicated, along with an increase in collagen fibers´ synthesis.We report the case of 32-year-old man that consulted for cutaneous manifestations (thickening of face, scalp, hands and feet´s skin) since 18 years-old. We highlight the importance of the complete form of presentation and due to its similarity to other diseases.

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Pachydermoperiostosis or primary hypertropic osteoarthropathy is a rare hereditary disorder that was first described in 1868. It is characterized by digital clubbing, pachydermia (thickening of the facial skin and/or scalp), and periostosis (swelling of periarticular tissue and subperiosteal new bone formation). We report a case of a patient with the complete form of the disease, and with a unique appearance of the hair shaft and eyelashes. The authors propose a possible mechanism to justify the abnormalities observed in the patient's hair shafts regarding the metabolism of prostaglandins and its relationship with the hair follicle physiological cycle.

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A osteoartropatia hipertrófica primária é uma síndrome rara, caracterizada pela presença de baqueteamento digital de mãos e pés, aumento das extremidades e de tecidos periarticulares secundários à proliferação óssea, fisionomia facial grosseira, dor e edema articular. A forma primária representa 3 a 5% de todos os casos de osteoartropatia hipertrófica e tem como fatores etiológicos influência genética, anormalidade da atividade fibroblástica e alteração no suprimento sanguíneo periférico. Apresenta evolução crônica e insidiosa, alternando fases de exacerbação com períodos assintomáticos. As manifestações clínicas são variáveis. A denominação síndrome completa é reservada aos casos com paquidermia (espessamento cutâneo da face e couro cabeludo, periostite e cutis vertici gyrata); síndrome incompleta, quando não há envolvimento do couro cabeludo; e frustra, quando se observa paquidermia com periostite mínima ou ausente. Os autores descrevem um homem branco de 39 anos diagnosticado com a forma primária da osteoartropatia hipertrófica. A partir do relato de caso, discutem-se características clínicas, radiológicas e a abordagem terapêutica dessa patologia.

Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is a rare syndrome, consisting of clubbed hands, fingers, and feet digits; enlarged extremities secondary to periarticular and bone proliferation; thickened facial skin; painful and swollen joints. The idiopathic form represents 3 to 5 per cent of all cases of hypertrophic osteoarthropaty. Genetic influence, abnormal fibroblasts activity, and changes of the peripherical blood flow appear to be significant on the pathogenesis. Clinical manifestations are variable: the term complete syndrome is used for the patient with pachydermia, coarsening of the face skin and scalp, periostitis, and cutis verticis gyrata); the incomplete form, when there is no sparing of the scalp; and the frusted form for pachydermia with minimal or absent periostitis. The authors describe a 39-year-old white man diagnosed with primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. We also report the clinical and radiological carateristics of this syndrome and terapeutical approach of pachydermoperiostosis.

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Apresentamos o caso de um paciente com baqueteamento digital e artrite que foi diagnosticado como tendo osteoartropatia hipertrófica primária. Essa é uma doença rara e benigna. Entretanto, artralgia e alterações cutâneas podem reduzir significativamente a qualidade de vida do paciente. Além de um breve resumo da doença, apresentamos o caso e a revisão da literatura, enfatizando o tratamento dessa condição para os clínicos em geral.

We report the case of a patient with clubbing of the digits and arthritis who was diagnosed as having primary hipertrophic osteoarthropathy. This is a rare, benign disease. However, the arthralgia and skin changes can significantly impair the quality of life of the patient. In addition to a brief description of the disease, we present the case and a review of the literature regarding the treatment of this condition to the general practitioner.

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La paquidermoperiostosis es una enfermedad poco frecuente que se caracteriza por un engrosamiento de la piel en el cuero cabelludo, frente y párpados, también ocurre en la piel de manos y pies, con un engrosamiento concomitante de las estructuras óseas de las extremidades. El crecimiento acral hace sospechar acromegalia. Su presentación puede ser idiopática, con inicio en la adolescencia y estabilización en la tercera y cuarta década, es de origen genético, de transmisión autosómico dominante y penetranica variable, o secundaria a enfermedades tumorales, principalmente pulmonares o intratorácicas de inicio en la cuarta y quinta décadas de la vida. El tratamiento para sus dos variedades es quirúrgico, ya sea reconstructivo tratándose de la primaria, con mejoría estética; o excisional en el caso de la secundaria, con regresión total o parcial a la normalidad. Se presenta el primer caso conocido en el ámbito de la medicina costarricense, a fin de dar a conocer esta patología al cuerpo científico y facilitar la detección de otros posibles casos. Esta es una enfermedad poco frecuente en el mundo y hasta ahora desconocida en nuestro país.

The disease known as pachydermoperiostosis is of rare occurrence and is characterized by thickening of the skin folds on the forehead and eyelids and in the extremities. It is also accompanied by a gross thickening of the underlying the bony structures of hands and feet, raising the diagnostic possibility of acromegaly. It has two presentations, idiopathic, which is transmitted in an autosomic and dominant fashion with variability in its penetrance and starts in the teen years and halts progression in the third and fourth decades of life, the secondary type starts in the fourth and fifth decade and its secondary to a pulmonary or intrathoracic tumoral lesion. Treatment consists in either reconstructive surgery for the primary type, with cosmetic acceptable results and surgical excision in the secondary type with partial or complete regression of the disease. We present to our knowledge what is the first reported case in Costa Rica with the purpose of informing the scientific body in our country of the existence of the disease and to help detect any other possible cases.

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