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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the healing potential of Nile tilapia skin collagen using a rat model with experimentally induced traumatic oral ulcers. DESIGN: Male Wistar rats were segregated into three experimental groups (n = 8/group/euthanasia day). Ulcers were induced using a dermatological punch on the left buccal mucosa. The rats were then euthanized on days 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 (ntotal=120 rats). Each group received topical treatment, 2x/day, with 1 % Nile tilapia skin collagen orabase (experimental group), only orabase (negative control), or Oncilom-A® orabase (positive control). Ulcer area, closure percentage, and body mass variation were measured. Slides were prepared for histological analysis, which included Picrosirius red staining (collagen analysis), and immunohistochemistry (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-beta). RESULTS: On day 15, the experimental and positive control groups displayed smaller ulcer areas, a higher percentage of closure, complete re-epithelialization, superior histological repair scores, and a reduced count of polymorphonuclear cells in comparison to the negative control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the experimental group exhibited an increased number of blood vessels, total collagen (types I and III) and expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-beta relative to the negative and positive control groups (p < 0.05). By day 20, the experimental group showed a more significant weight gain compared to the other groups (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Nile tilapia skin collagen orabase optimizes the healing of traumatic ulcers by stimulating re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and collagenesis. Transforming growth factor-beta plays a significant role in this process.

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ntrodução: a própolis é um produto natural que apresenta inúmeras propriedades terapêuticas, dentre elas a ação cicatrizante e anti-inflamatória. Diversos estudos têm sugerido o seu emprego no manejo da mucosite oral (MO) e de lesões ulceradas em mucosa bucal. A MO é uma inflamação da mucosa oral, resultante do tratamento quimio e/ou radioterápico. Já as lesões ulceradas caracterizam-se como um distúrbio ulcerativo inflamatório doloroso. Objetivo: discutir a ação da própolis sobre a prevenção e cicatrização de lesões de origem não infecciosa que acometem a cavidade oral. Metodologia: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura em que foram utilizadas as bases de dados LILACS, PubMed, SciELO e Cochrane, por meio do cruzamento dos descritores em português: "própolis", "úlceras orais" e "mucosite oral"; e em inglês: "propolis", "oral ulcer" e "mucositis". Os seguintes critérios de inclusão foram estabelecidos: ensaios clínicos e revisões sistemáticas, na íntegra, escritos em inglês ou português, entre 2005 e 2018, que utilizaram a própolis de forma tópica ou sistêmica. Resultados: foram incluídos um total de 10 estudos, onde 2 abordaram o uso da própolis em úlceras orais e 8 tiveram como foco a aplicação deste agente no manejo da MO. Quanto ao desfecho, a aplicação da própolis na mucosite se mostrou eficaz em 7 dos 8 estudos. Já se tratando de úlceras orais, a administração deste agente foi efetiva nos 2 estudos. Conclusão: os estudos analisados demostraram que a própolis apresenta propriedades capazes de favorecer a prevenção e cicatrização de lesões de MO e úlceras orais.

Introduction: propolis is a natural product that has numerous therapeutic properties, including healing and anti-inflammatory action. Several studies have suggested its use in the management of oral mucositis (OM) and ulcerated lesions in the oral mucosa. OM is an inflammation of the oral mucosa resulting from chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Whereas ulcerated lesions are characterized as a painful inflammatory ulcerative disorder. Objective: to discuss the action of propolis on the prevention and healing of non-infectious lesions that affect the oral cavity. Methodology: this is an integrative literature review in which LILACS, PubMed, SciELO and Cochrane databases were used, by crossing descriptors in Portuguese: "própolis", "úlceras orais" and "mucosite oral"; and in English: "propolis", "oral ulcer" and "mucositis". The following inclusion criteria were established: clinical trials and systematic reviews, in full, written in English or Portuguese, between 2005 and 2018, which used propolis topically or systemically. Results: a total of 10 studies were included, where 2 addressed the use of propolis in oral ulcers and 8 focused on the application of this agent in the management of OM. As for the outcome, the application of propolis in mucositis proved to be effective in 7 of the 8 studies. As for oral ulcers, the administration of this agent was effective in both studies. Conclusion: the analysed studies demonstrated that propolis has properties capable of help the prevention and healing of OM lesions and oral ulcers.

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As úlceras traumáticas representam uma condição benigna e recorrente que acomete a cavidade oral, com variação de tamanho e dimensão. Existem inúmeras terapias que podem ser empregadas com o objetivo de promover analgesia e(ou) reparo tecidual. A fotobiomodulação laser (FBML) tem adquirido espaço no manejo dessas lesões, por se tratar de um dispositivo minimamente invasivo e bem tolerado pelo organismo, além de atuar na bioestimulação, o que confere efeito analgésico, anti-inflamatório e cicatricial. Dessa maneira, o estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a aplicação terapêutica da FBML em úlceras traumáticas na cavidade oral. Tratou-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com base na pesquisa de artigos científicos dos últimos nove anos, realizada nas plataformas LILACS, BVS, SciELO, PubMed, e Google Acadêmico, utilizando o cruzamento de Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e empregando o uso dos operador booleano "AND". De forma adicional, a busca livre foi realizada com vistas à complementação da fundamentação teórica. Um total de sete artigos foram incluídos na presente revisão integrativa, o que incluiu estudos em humanos e em modelo animal. Todos os estudos incluídos apresentaram resultados positivos com a utilização da FBML, que demonstrou efeito benéfico através de uma ou duas sessões, com indução do processo de cicatrização, melhora da sintomatologia dolorosa e da inflamação. A FBML foi capaz de melhorar o quadro clínico e histológico das úlceras traumáticas em cavidade oral, através da modulação da percepção da dor e da inflamação, aceleração da cicatrização e consequente regressão das lesões.

Traumatic ulcers represent a benign and recurrent condition that affects the oral cavity, varying in size and dimension. There are numerous therapies that can be used to promote analgesia and/or tissue repair. Laser photobiomodulation (FBML) has gained space in the management of these lesions, as it is a minimally invasive device that is well tolerated by the body, in addition to acting in biostimulation, which confers analgesic, anti-inflammatory and healing effects. Thus, the study aims to evaluate the therapeutic application of FBML in traumatic ulcers in the oral cavity. This was an integrative literature review, based on the research of scientific articles from the last nine years, carried out on the LILACS, BVS, SciELO, PubMed, and Google Scholar platforms, using the intersection of Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) and employing the use of the Boolean operator "AND". Additionally, the free search was carried out with a view to complementing the theoretical foundation. A total of seven articles were included in this integrative review, which included studies in humans and in an animal model. All included studies showed positive results with the use of FBML, which demonstrated a beneficial effect through one or two sessions, inducing the healing process, improving pain symptoms and inflammation. FBML was able to improve the clinical and histological picture of traumatic ulcers in the oral cavity, by modulating the perception of pain and inflammation, accelerating healing and consequent regression of the lesions.

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BehÒ«et's disease is a low prevalence disorder that is difficult to diagnose. Its forms of presentation are often confused with infectious processes that involve multiple treatments and prolonged hospital stays. This article presents the case of a 30-year-old man who consulted with non-specific symptoms that represented a diagnostic challenge for the medical team.

La enfermedad de BehÒ«et es una patología de baja prevalencia y difícil diagnóstico; sus formas clínicas de presentación suelen confundirse con procesos infecciosos que implican múltiples tratamientos y estancias hospitalarias prolongadas. Este artículo presenta el caso de un hombre de 30 arios quien consulta de manera repetitiva con síntomas inespecíficos, lo que representa un reto diagnóstico para el equipo médico.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad de Behçet es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica, recurrente, multisistémica, de etiología desconocida, caracterizada por úlceras orales y genitales recurrentes, inflamación ocular, lesiones cutáneas, artritis, afecciones neurológicas, pulmonares, gastrointestinales y vasculitis sistémica. Objetivo: Describir el manejo anestésico en un paciente portador de enfermedad de Behçet. Presentación del caso: Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 52 años de edad con antecedentes patológicos personales de enfermedad de Behçet que recibe anestesia general para exéresis de adenopatía cervical izquierda metastásica de un carcinoma primario oculto. Conclusiones: El mantenimiento del tratamiento con esteroides, el uso de nadroparina cálcica junto a otras medidas preventivas de la trombosis venosa profunda, el manejo cuidadoso de la vía aérea, la protección ocular y la articular, así como de los puntos de presión y la prevención de la patergia son elementos fundamentales en el manejo de estos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Behçet's disease is a chronic, recurrent, multisystemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers, ocular inflammation, skin lesions, arthritis, neurological, pulmonary and gastrointestinal conditions, as well as systemic vasculitis. Objective: To describe the anesthetic management of a patient with Behçet's disease. Case presentation: The case is reported of a 52-year-old male patient with an individual history of Behçet's disease, who receives general anesthesia for removal of left cervical metastatic adenopathy from a hidden primary carcinoma. Conclusions: Keeping the steroid therapy, using calcium nadroparin, together with other measures for preventing deep vein thrombosis; careful airway management, eye and joint protection, as well as attention to pressure points and pathergy prevention are fundamental elements for the management of these patients.

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RESUMEN: Las úlceras orales (UO) son uno de los signos de toxicidad por metotrexato (Mtx) aún en pacientes con esquemas de dosis bajas para el control de artritis reumatoide (AR). En estos casos establecer un diagnóstico correlacionando UO con el medicamento puede ser un reto. Presentamos 2 casos clínicos de pacientes con AR en tratamiento con Mtx, las cuales desarrollaron UO. En los dos casos, interesantemente los pacientes fueron evaluados tanto por especialistas del área médica y oral sin tener un resultado satisfactorio después de múltiples tratamientos. Las UO resolvieron posterior a la suspensión del medicamento. Se estableció el diagnóstico de Estomatitis por Metotrexato (EMtx) por un especialista en medicina oral. El manejo multidisciplinario en estos casos es clave para el establecimiento de un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno.

ABSTRACT: Oral ulcers (OU) are a sign of methotrexate (Mtx) toxicity, even in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that are under a low-dose regime. In those cases, establishing a diagnosis correlating OU with the medication can be quite a challenge. Here we present 2 clinical cases of RA patients under Mtx treatment that developed OU. Interestingly, in both cases the patients were evaluated by two specialists in the medical and dentistry area, and following multiple treatments there was no satisfactory result. However, oral ulcers resolved after stopping the treatment. A diagnosis of Metotrexato stomatitis was established (SMtx) by a specialist in oral medicine. Multidisciplinary management in these cases is key for the establishment of an opportune diagnosis and treatment.

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Objetivo: Describir la importancia del reconocimiento oportuno del trauma crónico de la mucosa bucal producido por un elemento dentario que generó una lesión erróneamente diagnosticada como neoplasia maligna. Caso clínico: Una paciente de sexo femenino, de 79 años de edad, realizó una consulta estomatológica por una lesión lingual con un diagnóstico presuntivo de cáncer. Tras la inspección de la cavidad bucal y el estudio anatomopatológico se diagnosticó úlcera asociada a trauma dentario. La intervención terapéutica odontológica (eliminación del trauma) resolvió el cuadro cínico. Conclusión: El trauma crónico en la mucosa bucal puede generar lesiones sobre mucosa sana o bien complicar una patología preexistente. En el presente caso, la inspección de la cavidad bucal con la identificación y la eliminación del trauma lograron la reparación de la lesión. El estudio anatomopatológico precisó el diagnóstico de ulceración asociada a trauma dentario (AU)

Aim: The aim of this case report is to show the importance of the early diagnosis of a traumatic lesion of the oral mucosa arising from a posterior broken tooth that was initially misdiagnosed as oral cancer. Case report: A 79-year-old female attends an appointment with the oral medicine specialist for a lesion on the lateral side of the tongue with a presumptive diagnosis of oral cancer. The examination of the oral cavity and the anatomopathological diagnosis confirmed the presence of an ulcer associated with dental trauma. The lesion healed completely with the elimination of the trauma. Conclusion: Chronic trauma in the oral cavity can produce lesions in the oral mucosa or exacerbate preexisting lesions. In this case report a thorough oral examination showed a broken tooth as the cause of trauma and after its removal the lesion healed completely. The result of the biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of an oral ulcer associated with dental trauma (AU)

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This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors for uveitis recurrence (UR) risk in Behcet's disease (BD) patients. BD patients (n=164) with a history of uveitis were recruited, and demographic data, clinical features, and laboratory tests were recorded. Uveitis was defined as anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, panuveitis referring to the "International Uveitis Study Group recommendations for the evaluation of intraocular inflammatory disease". In total, there were 70 UR patients and 94 non-UR patients. Compared to non-UR patients, UR patients appeared to be older and presented with increased uveitis occurrence rate and times within 3 months, oral ulcers occurrence rate, as well as higher concentrations of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and serum amyloid A (SAA). Multivariate logistic model disclosed that uveitis occurrence times within 3 months, oral ulcers, TG, LDL, and SAA independently predicted higher risk of UR. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the combination of uveitis occurrence times within 3 months, oral ulcers, TG, LDL, and SAA exhibited a high predictive value for UR risk with an area under the curve of 0.983 (95%CI: 0.969−0.998). In conclusion, uveitis occurrence times within 3 months, oral ulcers, TG, LDL, and SAA might be potential predictive factors for UR risk in BD patients, which can help in prevention and management of the disease.

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Introducción: Las aftas y ulceraciones bucales constituyen un motivo frecuente de consulta al estomatólogo. El afta es una forma particular de ulceración bucal. La aftosis se define por el carácter recidivante de aftas múltiples que evolucionan por episodios de 3-10 días y se repiten por lo menos dos veces al año. Objetivo: Abordar los principales aspectos de la Enfermedad de Behçet que podrían ser útiles al estomatólogo. Desarrollo: La enfermedad de Behçet es una vasculitis sistémica inmunomediada caracterizada por una triada característica de lesiones oculares, úlceras orales y genitales recurrentes. La aftosis bucal y la enfermedad de Behçet parecen deberse al mismo mecanismo patogénico, pero aún falta por encontrar las razones por las cuáles la primera se limita a la cavidad bucal y la segunda es sistémica. Debido a que las úlceras orales recurrentes se encuentran en de igual forma en esta enfermedad y la EB, debe considerarse como diagnóstico diferencial de EB. Conclusiones: El papel de los estomatólogos es importante para establecer el diagnóstico de Enfermedad de Behçet, ya que podrían ser los primeros en detectarla. Las úlceras orales recurrentes son un síntoma inicial común de EB. Se requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario para diagnosticar y tratar la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Aphthae and oral ulcers are a frequent reason for consulting the stomatologist. Aphthous are a particular form of oral ulceration. Aphtosis is defined by the recurrent nature of multiple aphthae that progress through episodes of 3-10 days and are repeated at least twice a year. Objective: To describe the main aspects of the Behçet disease that could be useful to the stomatologist. Development: Behçet's disease is an immune-mediated systemic vasculitis characterized by a characteristic triad of ocular lesions, recurrent oral and genital ulcers. Oral aphtosis and Behçet's disease seem to be due to the same pathogenic mechanism, but we still have to find the reasons why the former is limited to the oral cavity and the latter is systemic. Because recurrent oral ulcers are found in the same way in this disease and EB, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis of EB. Conclusions: The role of stomatologists is important to establish the diagnosis of Behçet's disease, since they could be the first to detect it. Recurrent oral ulcers are a common initial symptom of EB. A multidisciplinary approach is required to diagnose and treat the disease(AU)

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Abstract Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease that affects the axial skeleton and the sacroiliac joints. Recent studies investigated the link between AS and oral diseases, particularly periodontitis. Others suggested that periodontitis may have a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the association between AS and oral conditions. Material and Methods: This research was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 26307. The UK Biobank recruited around 500000 participants throughout Great Britain. Clinical records were available for 2734 participants. Two case-control studies were conducted based on whether AS was self-reported or clinically diagnosed. Oral conditions were identified using self-reported reports of oral ulcers, painful gums, bleeding gums, loose teeth, toothache, and dentures. The association between AS and oral conditions was assessed using logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, educational level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and body mass index. Results: A total of 1307 cases and 491503 control participants were eligible for the self-reported AS study. The mean age was 58 years for the cases [7.5 standard deviation (SD)] and 57 years for the control groups (8.1 SD). Also, 37.1% of the cases and 54.2% of the control participants were females. Among the oral conditions, only oral ulcers were strongly associated with AS [1.57 adjusted odds ratio (OR); 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31 to 1.88]. For the study of clinically diagnosed AS, 153 cases and 490351 control participants were identified. The mean age for both cases and control groups was 57 years; 7.6 SD for the cases and 8.1 for the control group. Females corresponded to 26.1% of the cases, and 54.2% of the control participants. Clinically diagnosed AS was associated with self-reported oral ulcers (2.17 adjusted OR; 95% CI 1.33 to 3.53). Conclusion: Self-reported and clinically diagnosed AS populations have increased risk of reporting oral ulcers. Further investigations are required to assess the link between a specific type of oral condition and AS.

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RESUMEN El pénfigo es una enfermedad autoinmune potencialmente mortal, que causa ampollas y erosiones en la piel y en la membrana mucosa. Las lesiones epiteliales son el resultado de autoanticuerpos que reaccionan con las glicoproteínas desmosomales y están presentes en la superficie celular del queratinocito. La reacción autoinmune contra estas glicoproteínas causa una pérdida de adhesión celular, resultando en la formación de ampollas intraepiteliales. Del 80 al 90 % de los pacientes con pénfigo vulgar, desarrollan trastornos cutáneos y en el 60 % de los casos alteraciones en la mucosa que es el primer o único signo. El diagnóstico de las lesiones en cavidad bucal es fundamental, ya que pueden prevenir su afectación a la piel. Si se establece el tratamiento en su etapa inicial, la enfermedad es más fácil de controlar y aumenta la posibilidad de una remisión temprana del trastorno y mejor calidad de vida. Este reporte de caso mostró a una paciente de 35 años, la que comenzó a presentar lesiones ulceradas en toda la orofaringe, con sensación de ardor e incapacidad para la ingestión de alimentos. El diagnóstico fue pénfigo vulgar (AU).

ABSTRACT Pemphigus is a potentially deadly autoimmune disease causing blisters and erosions in the skin and the mucous membrane. The epithelial lesions are the result of antibodies reacting to desmosomal glycoproteins, and are present in the keratinocytes cellular surface. The autoimmune reaction to these glycoproteins causes a cellular adhesion loss resulting in the formation of intraepithelial blisters. From 80 to 90 % of the patients with vulgar pemphigus develop skin disorders, and 60 % of the cases show mucosa changes as the first or unique sign. The diagnosis of the lesions in oral cavity is essential because it could prevent the skin damage. If the treatment begins in an initial stage, it is easier to control the disease and the possibility of the disorder's early remission and a better life quality increases. This is the report of the case of a female patient, aged 35 years, who presented ulcerated lesions in the entire oropharyngeal region, with itching sensation and inability for food consumption. The diagnosis was vulgar pemphigus (AU).

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The effects of topical copaiba oil extract and topical corticosteroid were assessed on oral wound healing in an in vivo model using 96 male Wistar rats. Traumatic ulcers were caused in the dorsum of the tongue using a 3-mm punch tool. The animals were divided into: Control; Corticosteroid; Placebo and Copaiba oil Group. The animals received two daily applications of the products. The control group received only daily handling. Six rats in each group were euthanized at days 3, 5, 10 and 14. The animals were monitored daily to determine wound status. The weigh was assessed at day 0 and euthanasia day. The percentage of repair was calculated, and histopathological aspects were analyzed. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the results between groups and times of evaluation. Closing time was assessed through the log-rank test. The corticosteroid group lost more weight at days 10 and 14 than the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the healing time of corticosteroid group was longer than the control group (p = 0.007). No differences were observed between the copaiba oil group and the control group. We concluded that topical copaiba oil, in spite of being safe, did not accelerate the process of oral wound healing. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Introdução: A internação de pacientes em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) pode provocar alterações bucais, que podem influenciar o estado geral de saúde destes pacientes. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a frequência em que ocorreram as alterações bucais nos pacientes durante sua internação em uma UTI e verificar se existe associação entre estas alterações e o desfecho clínico e prognóstico destes pacientes. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com avaliação bucal de 168 pacientes internados em uma UTI. Os dados referentes às características clínicas foram coletados dos prontuários médicos. Os escores de gravidade dos pacientes internados na UTI foram obtidos pelos escores SAPS 3 e SOFA para o primeiro dia de internação e para o dia do exame bucal na UTI. Durante os exames bucais foram avaliadas características da mucosa bucal, dentes, lubrificação na mucosa e higiene bucal. As associações das alterações bucais com os escores clínicos e desfechos foram analisadas pelos testes Mann Whitney, qui-quadrado/Fisher, e Kruskal-Wallis, quando apropriados. Resultados: As alterações bucais mais encontradas foram: ressecamento e crosta labial, língua saburrosa, palidez da mucosa, petéquias/equimoses/hematoma, candidíase, língua despapilada e lesões provocadas por trauma. As petéquias/equimoses/hematoma extra-bucais foram observadas num número significantemente maior de pacientes internados por causas clínicas, e a lingua saburrosa e a palidez da mucosa foram dentre os pacientes pós-cirúrgico. Houve aumento significativo dos escores de gravidade com a presença das seguintes alterações extrabucais: ressecamento, crosta e, úlceras labiais, petéquias/equimoses/hematoma e icterícia. As alterações intrabucais que apresentaram associações estatisticamente significantes com maiores escores de gravidade foram: sangramento espontâneo, petéquias/equimoses/hematoma e língua despapilada. A presença de língua saburrosa mostrou associação significante com menor escore de gravidade. Houve um aumento significativo da mediana de SAPS 3 quando a qualidade de higiene bucal era ruim. Mais pacientes intubados apresentaram sangramento espontâneo, e a candidíase era mais frequente dentre os pacientes não intubados Mais alterações extrabucais foram observadas dentre aqueles que apresentavam complicações respiratórias, mas a língua saburrosa foi mais frequente dentre os que não apresentavam esse desfecho. Pacientes que foram a óbito apresentavam mais úlceras, petéquias/equimoses/hematoma e icterícia extrabucais, além de crosta no dorso de língua, do que os pacientes que não foram a óbito. Por outro lado, mais pacientes com língua saburrosa e sinais de infecção odontogênica sobreviveram. Conclusões: As alterações bucais foram frequentes na população estudada de pacientes internados em UTI e algumas delas foram associadas valores mais altos dos escores de gravidade. Isto torna necessário o exame bucal rotineiro dos pacientes internados em UTI, para a detecção de lesões que podem sugerir o prognóstico destes pacientes. (AU)

Background: The hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU) may cause oral changes, which may influence the general health of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of oral changes in patients during their admission in an ICU, and to verify if there is an association between these alterations and prognosis of these patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with an oral evaluation of 170 patients hospitalized in an ICU. Data regarding clinical characteristics were collected from medical records. The prognostic scores of patients admitted to the ICU were obtained by the SAPS 3 and the SOFA scores and their respective estimates of mortality. Characteristics of oral mucosa, teeth, saliva and oral hygiene were analyzed during the oral exams. The associations between the oral alterations and clinical scores were analyzed by the Mann Whitney, chi-square/Fisher, and Kruskal- Wallis tests, when appropriate. Results: The most frequent oral lesions were chapped and crusted lips, coated tongue, pale mucosa, petechiae/ecchymosis/haematoma, candidiasis and tongue depapillation. There were significant higher prognostic scores in the presence of the following extraoral alterations: dry and crusted lips, lip ulcers, petechiae/ecchymosis/haematoma and jaundice. Significant higher scores were also observed with the presence of the following intraoral changes: depapillated tongue, petechiae/ecchymosis/haematoma and spontaneous bleeding. There were significant lower median scores in patients with coated tongue. The median SAPS3 was higherin the patients with poor oral hygiene. More patients admitted for clinical reasons presented extraoral petechiae/ecchymosis/haematoma, and more post-surgery patients presented coated tongue and pale mucosa. More extraoral alterations were observed in patients with respiratory problems, and the coated tongue was more frequently observed in those patients who did not present this complication. Deceased patients presented more extraoral ulcers, petechiae/ecchymosis/haematoma and jaundice, and tongue crust, and those who survived presented more coated tongue and signs of odontogenic infection. Conclusions: Oral changes were frequent in the studied population of patients hospitalized in a ICU, and some of them were associated with higher prognostic scores. Routine oral exams must be performed in patients from ICU, so that oral markers of prognosis can be detected. Key words - Intensive care unit, scores, oral manifestations, oral mucosa, oral hygiene, oral ulcers. (AU)

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Introducción: toda enfermedad está basada en trastornos a nivel molecular, por lo que el profesional de la salud debe interpretar las variadas manifestaciones internas de las enfermedades producidas por alteraciones de las biomoléculas que interactúan sistémicamente, en las cuales tienen un papel importante el estrés oxidativo. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre el estrés oxidativo y las enfermedades que afectan a la cavidad bucal. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en el periodo comprendido entre septiembre de 2014 a enero de 2016. Se consultaron las bases de datos de sistemas referativos, como MEDLINE, PubMed y SciELO con la utilización de descriptores como oxidative stress in oral deseases y su contraparte en español. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés y español y publicaciones de los últimos cinco años, solo seis con mayor tiempo de publicación. Se revisaron 110 artículos, y se circunscribió el estudio a 49 que enfocaron estas temáticas de manera más integral. Análisis e integración de los resultados: tiene el estrés oxidativo gran relación con la enfermedad periodontal, la mucositis, los estados pulpares, síndrome de Sjögren, síndrome de ardor bucal, aftas bucales y lesiones premalignas como leucoplasia y liquen plano bucal. Conclusiones: existe relación entre el estrés oxidativo y muchas enfermedades que afectan la cavidad bucal, lo que influye en la patogenia de estas.(AU)

Introduction: the basis of disease is the occurrence of disorders at the molecular level, so the health professional should be able to understand the varied internal manifestations of a disease caused by alterations in the biomolecules that systemically interact and the important role that the oxidative stress plays in this process. Objective: to make a literature review on the oxidative stress and the diseases affecting the oral cavity. Methods: a literature review was made in the period of September 2014 through January 2016. MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO databases were consulted; the subject headings were oxidative stress in oral diseases in Spanish and in English. Several articles in English and Spanish and publications of the last five years, in addition to 6 articles published prior to this period, were all included. A total of 110 articles were reviewed, but for the study, 49 were selected on account of a more comprehensive approach on these topics. Data analysis and integration: the oxidative stress is closely related to periodontal disease, mucositis, pulpal diseases, Sjögren syndrome, burning mouth syndrome, oral aphthas and premalignant lesions such as leukoplakia and oral lichen planus. Conclusions: there is association of the oxidative stress and many other diseases affecting the oral cavity, which has an impact on the pathogenesis of many diseases(AU)

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This article reports a case of oral mucosa lesions as the sole manifestation in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). This is a very uncommon manifestation of LCH since this disease preferably affects the bones with frequent involvement of the jaws. LCH may also involve other organs, particularly the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and skin. The highlights of this report are the differential diagnosis, immunohistochemical analysis and, mostly, the therapeutic approach.

RESUMO

Aim Describe the location of traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa that develop after the installation of complete dentures, as well as to quantify the number of post-operative controls that are required. A descriptive study was conducted by examining 84 patients who attended the dental center of Universidad de Los Andes, San Bernardo, during the period from July 2012 to July 2013. A sample of 120 edentulous patients was obtained. After the fabrication and installation of the complete dentures, at least 3 post-operative controls were performed and the location of oral lesions was recorded. Documentation of the association between the patient's clinical variables and the appearance of oral lesions during the first 3 controls was performed using a logistic regression. Results For maxillary dentures, 5 post-operative visits were made and 6 controls for mandible dentures. In the upper jaw the anatomical areas of higher incidence of traumatic injuries were: canine fossa (23.9%), average bridle (23.1%), and distobuccal sulcus (20.1%). In the lower jaw, the highest number of lesions were recorded on the anterior lingual flank (16.5%), anterior and posterior lingual flank (13.4%), and distobuccal sulcus (12.8%). A significant association was observed between subjects who reported consumption of cholesterol-lowering medications and the development of traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa (OR: 0.25 and 95% CI: 0.055-0.939). The installation of complete dentures does not determine that the treatment has ended. Post-operative controls are needed to assess areas of erythema and ulceration.

Objetivo Describir la ubicación y frecuencia de las lesiones traumáticas de la mucosa oral que se generan después de la instalación de las prótesis dentales completas, y cuantificar el número de controles postoperatorios necesarios. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, examinando a 84 pacientes que asistieron al centro dental de la Universidad de Los Andes, durante el período comprendido entre de julio de 2012 y julio del de 2013. Se obtuvo una muestra de 120 pacientes edéntulos. Después de la fabricación e instalación de las dentaduras completas se realizaron por lo menos 3 controles postoperatorios y la localización de las lesiones orales fue registrada. La documentación de la asociación entre las variables clínicas de los pacientes y la aparición de lesiones orales durante los 3 primeros controles fue realizado por medio de una regresión logística. Resultados Para prótesis maxilar 5 visitas de controles postoperatorios fueron realizados y 6 para mandibulares. En el maxilar superior las zonas de mayor incidencia de lesiones traumáticas fueron: fosa canina (23,9%), flanco medio (23,1%) y distovestibular del surco (20,1%). En la mandíbula se registraron mayor frecuencia de las lesiones en el flanco lingual anterior (16,5%), anterior y posterior (13,4%) y distovestibular del surco (12,8%). Una asociación significativa se observó entre los sujetos que reportaron consumo de medicamentos reductores del colesterol y el desarrollo de las lesiones traumáticas de la mucosa oral (o: 0,25 e IC: 0,055-0,939). La instalación de las prótesis dentales completas no determina que el tratamiento haya terminado. Los controles postoperatorios son necesarios para evaluar las áreas de eritema y ulceración.

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O complexo gengivite-estomatite-faringite linfoplasmocitária é uma doença comum em gatos e de caráter crônico, caracterizada pela inflamação, ulceração e proliferação dos tecidos moles da boca e é uma das doenças mais comuns em gatos, juntamente com a doença periodontal. O caso clínico descrito trata de um felino, fêmea, de três anos, tratado de maneira conservativa por cerca de quatro meses com medicações (antibióticos e cortisona via oral). Com a recidiva das lesões, optou-se, num segundo momento, pelo tratamento cirúrgico, com a remoção de todos os dentes molares e pré-molares do animal, obtendo- -se assim a resolução da enfermidade até o presente momento.(AU)

The feline lymphoplasmacytic gingivostomatitis is a common chronic condition in cats and it is characterized by inflammation, ulceration and proliferation of the soft tissues of the mouth. Its one of the most common diseases in cats, as well as the periodontal disease. The clinical case described is about a three years old feline, female, that had been treated conservatively for about four months with medications (antibiotics and cortisone orally). With the recurrence of the lesions, the surgical treatment has been chosen, with removal of all molars and premolars of the animal, thus obtaining the resolution of the disease to date.(AU)

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