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This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the growth-inhibitory effects against periodontal disease-causing bacteria and cytotoxic effects against mouse fibroblast cells of the Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão) hydroalcoholic extract. The contents of phenols and tannins in the extract were determined. The growth-inhibitory activity of the barbatimão was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The viability of fibroblast cells was analyzed using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay at 24 and 48 h post-treatment. The MIC values of the extract against Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum were 0.05, 0.125, and 2 mg mL-1, respectively, while the MBC values were 4, 2, and 2 mg mL-1, respectively. The viability rate of barbatimão (0.25 mg mL-1)-treated L929 cells was higher than that of chlorhexidine (0.12%)-treated L929 cells at 48 h post-treatment. The contents of total phenolics and total tannins in the extract were 837.39 ± 0.10 and 785.82 ± 0.14 mg of tannic acid equivalent per gram of the extract, respectively. These findings indicate that the barbatimão hydroalcoholic extract, which exerted potent growth-inhibitory effects against the test microbial species and low cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts, has potential applications in the development of novel mouthwash products.

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The oral cavity harbors hundreds of microorganisms that may be uncontrolled and provoke several diseases. In this sense, periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease with an essential microbial component in its etiology. Periodontal treatment involves mechanical control of the supra- and subgingival biofilm, but not all patients respond predictably to treatment. In this way, the biofilm chemical control helps in the reduction of periodontal pathogens during treatment or in the delay of bacterial re-colonization after scaling and root planning. Several products have been studied as adjunctive therapy and have shown promising results. Therefore, the present article reviews the biological effects of propolis, aloe vera, green tea, cranberry, calendula, myrrha and salvia that may support their use in the control of subgingival biofilm in patients with periodontitis. All the natural products cited above showed exciting results against microorganisms related to oral diseases, mainly periodontitis. These substances also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The natural agents propolis, aloe vera, green tea, cranberry, calendula, myrrha and salvia demonstrated potential to be used as oral hygiene products, based on their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions.

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This article aims to verify the relationship between the composition and diversity of oral microbiota with overweight and obese children and adolescents. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO, followed PRISMA 2020, and included an electronic search until March 2022, in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library databases. Studies were eligible if they compared the oral microbiota according to nutrition status among children and adolescents. Independent peers using JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists assessed the quality of studies. Eleven studies were eligible to be included in this review, with a total of 1,695 children and adolescents, 224 were obese, 190 were overweight, 1,154 were eutrophics and 127 were underweight. The most frequent phyla in overweight and obese children and adolescents, in comparison to their counterparts were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria. It was identified that nine of the eleven articles selected showed an association between oral microbiota and overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. We observed that there is an important association between oral bacterial composition diversity and overweight and obesity. This finding indicates the relevance of the evaluation and surveillance in oral health to control cases of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed (i) to evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the crude extract and fractions obtained from Euclea natalensis A.D.C. roots against bacteria that cause periodontal disease and caries and (ii) to identify the isolated compounds. DESIGN: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract and fractions were determined by the microplate dilution assay. The cytotoxicity of the extract and fractions was evaluated by using the XTT colorimetric assay and normal human fibroblast cells (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts). The compounds present in the most promising fraction were determined by qualitative analysis through liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-ESI). RESULTS: The MIC results ranged from 25 to > 400 µg/mL for the extract and from 1.56 to > 400 µg/mL for the fractions. To evaluate cytotoxicity, the tested concentrations of the extract and fractions ranged from 19.5 to 2500 µg/mL; IC50 values between 625 and 1250 µg/mL were obtained. Analysis of the main bioactive fraction by HPLC-MS-ESI identified phenolic acids, coumarins, naphthoquinones, lignans, and fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS: The E. natalensis root extract and fractions displayed good antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogenic and cariogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity may be due to compounds present in the extract and fractions, which also showed low cytotoxicity to normal human cells. These data are relevant and encourage further research into this plant species, which may contribute to the discovery of new herbal medicines that will help to mitigate the problems caused by oral pathogenic bacteria.

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Syzygium aromaticum (clove) has been used as a dental analgesic, an anesthetic, and a bioreducing and capping agent in the formation of metallic nanoparticles. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect in oral microorganisms of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) formed with aqueous extract of clove through an ecofriendly method "green synthesis". The obtained AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy), SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), and ζ potential, while its antimicrobial effect was corroborated against oral Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, as well as yeast that is commonly present in the oral cavity. The AgNPs showed absorption at 400-500 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, had an average size of 4-16 nm as observed by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and were of a crystalline nature and quasi-spherical form. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed inhibition zones of 2-4 mm in diameter. Our results suggest that AgNPs synthesized with clove can be used as effective growth inhibitors in several oral microorganisms.

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Resumen En este estudio se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de extractos de Xenophyllum poposum sobre microorganismos bucales como Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Candida albicans y Veillonella sp. Se empleó el método de difusión radial en agar y como controles negativo y positivo de inhibición se emplearon etanol y clorhexidina al 0,12% (Plac out NF®) respectivamente. Los extractos con mayor actividad antimicrobiana fueron el etanólico y el clorofórmico. La diferencia entre ambos no fue estadísticamente significativa (p≥0,05). Tampoco se observó diferencia significativa con respecto a la clorhexidina, excepto sobre Veillonella sp., ya que el extracto etanólico presentó halos de inhibición significativamente menores sobre este microorganismo. Esto es importante ya que Veillonella se considera indicador de salud en relación a la caries dental. En base a esto, el extracto etanólico de Xenophyllum poposum podría ser usado como control químico de la biopelícula dental.

Abstract In this study, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Xenophyllum poposum extracts on oral microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Candida albicans, Veillonella sp. was evaluated. The radial diffusion method in agar was used and 0.12% ethanol and chlorhexidine (Plac out NF®) were used as negative and positive inhibition controls, respectively. The extracts with the highest antimicrobial activity were the ethanolic and chloroform extracts. The difference between the two was not statistically significant (p≥0.05). No significant difference was observed with respect to chlorhexidine, except on Veillonella sp., since the ethanolic extract presented significantly lower inhibition halos on this microorganism. This is important as Veillonella is considered an indicator of health in relation to dental caries. Based on this, the ethanolic extract of Xenophyllum poposum could be used as chemical control of dental biofilm.

Resumo Neste estudo, a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de Xenophyllum poposum sobre microrganismos orais como Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Candida albicans e Veillonella sp. Foi utilizado o método de difusão radial em ágar e etanol 0,12% e clorexidina (Plac out NF®) como controles de inibição negativa e positiva, respectivamente. Os extratos com maior atividade antimicrobiana foram os extratos etanólico e clorofórmio. A diferença entre os dois não foi estatisticamente significativa (p≥0,05). Não foi observada diferença significativa em relação à clorexidina 0,12%, exceto em Veillonella sp., uma vez que o extrato etanólico apresentou halos de inibição significativamente menores neste microrganismo. Isso é importante, pois a Veillonella é considerada um indicador de saúde em relação à cárie dentária. Com base nisso, o extrato etanólico de Xenophyllum poposum pode ser utilizado como controle químico do biofilme dental.

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The main aim of this study was to determine and compare the antimicrobial effect of hibiscus acid and a commercial 0.12% (w/v) chlorhexidine mouthrinse against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and to determine the effect on bacterial cell membrane permeability and the toxicity of hibiscus acid in a mouse model. Hibiscus acid was obtained from acetone extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces. Chlorhexidine (0.12% w/v) mouthrinse was purchased from a local pharmacy. The antimicrobial activity of hibiscus acid and mouthrinse were determined using the gel diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the solutions were determined using the broth dilution method. The effect on bacterial cell membrane permeability of hibiscus acid and mouthrinse was determined by crystal violet assay. The toxicity of hibiscus acid was investigated in a mouse model (registration number: UAEH2019-A1-S-8288). Hibiscus acid and mouthrinse showed antibacterial activity against all oral pathogenic bacteria. However, hibiscus acid showed a lower antibacterial effect compared with chlorhexidine mouthrinse. The MIC and MBC for hibiscus acid were 3 and 5 mg/mL, respectively, and was between 30 and 50 µg/mL for mouthrinse. The crystal violet test results indicate that hibiscus acid and mouthrinse alter the permeability of the bacterial membrane. Finally, hibiscus acid did not show toxicity in mouse studies.

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To determine and compare the antimicrobial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts, six types of commercial mouthwashes, and chlorhexidine on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Two varieties of H. sabdariffa cultivated in Mexico were used. Aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, acetonic, and ethyl acetate extracts were obtained from H. sabdariffa calyces. Six different types of mouthwash (Astringosol®, Colgate plax-ice-infinity®, Crest pro-health®, Dental max®, Equate®, and Listerine zero®) and chlorhexidine (0.12%) were purchased at a pharmacy. The antimicrobial activity of the H. sabdariffa calyx extracts, mouthwashes, and chlorhexidine was determined by the agar disc diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of all solutions were determined by the broth dilution method and the pour plate technique, respectively. Also, the effect of H. sabdariffa extracts and chlorhexidine on permeability of the bacterial membrane was determined by the violet crystal assay. All H. sabdariffa calyx extracts and chlorhexidine showed antibacterial activity against all oral pathogenic bacteria. The mouthwashes showed lower antibacterial effect than H. sabdariffa extracts and chlorhexidine. Dental max showed no antibacterial effect. The MICs and MBCs, respectively, for H. sabdariffa extracts were between 5-20 and 10-20 mg/mL; and for chlorhexidine, between 3-4 and 3-5 mg/mL. For the Listerine®, the MIC and MBC values were between 20-25 and 25-33 mg/mL, respectively. The results of the crystal violet test indicate that H. sabdariffa calyx extracts and chlorhexidine alter the permeability of the bacterial membrane. All H. sabdariffa extracts and chlorhexidine showed significantly greater antimicrobial effect than mouthwashes. This is the first report in which the antimicrobial effect of the H. sabdariffa calyx extracts, mouthwashes, and chlorhexidine is compared.

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Background: This exploratory study aimed to characterize the gut microbiome of individuals with different periodontal conditions, and correlate it with periodontal inflammation and tissue destruction. Methods: Stool samples were obtained from individuals presenting periodontal health (PH = 7), gingivitis (G = 14) and chronic periodontitis (CP = 23). The intestinal microbiome composition was determined by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Results: A lower alpha-diversity in the gut microbiome of individuals with CP was observed, although no significant difference among groups was found (p > 0.01). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Euryarchaeota were increased, whereas Bacteroidetes were decreased in abundance in patients with periodontitis compared to PH. Prevotella (genus), Comamonadaceae (family) and Lactobacillales (order) were detected in higher numbers in G, while Bacteroidales (order) was predominant in PH (p < 0.01). Significant correlations (rho = 0.337-0.468, p < 0.01) were found between OTUs representative of periodontal pathogens and attachment loss. Mogibacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Prevotella were able to discriminate individuals with periodontal diseases from PH (overall accuracy = 84%). Oral taxa were detected in high numbers in all stool samples. Conclusions: Individuals with periodontal diseases present a less diverse gut microbiome consistent with other systemic inflammatory diseases. High numbers of oral taxa related to periodontal destruction and inflammation were detected in the gut microbiome of individuals regardless of periodontal status.

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Infections are a major complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Because the oral cavity may act as a source of systemic pathogens, some authors advocated specific measures when these patients are submitted to oral interventions, such as the administration of prophylactic antibiotics. Oral protozoa colonization may vary significantly with geographic distribution and to our knowledge no studies were performed in Portugal. The aim of the present study was to evaluate protozoa colonization in the saliva of ESRD patients undergoing PD and of their family members, living in the north of Portugal. Saliva was collected from 39 PD patients with a mean time on PD therapy of 12.7 - 15.9 months, and from 18 healthy volunteers (ESRD family members) for microscopic evaluation of protozoa by Lugols’ direct smear and specific staining techniques (Giemsa, Trichrome and Kinyoun). After the analysis of 456 smears obtained from 57 participants, only one PD patient (2.6%) presented an amoeba trophozoite in saliva. In conclusion, very low oral protozoa colonization was found, both on PD patients and family controls, suggesting that the oral protozoa colonization of Portuguese population is low and not significantly modified by the presence of end-stage chronic kidney disease. Further studies are required to address this issue.

Las infecciones son la principal complicación en pacientes renales del último estadio (ESRD) y que necesitan de diálisis del peritoneo (PD). Como la cavidad oral puede funcionar como una fuente de patógenos sistémicos, algunos autores indican medidas específicas cuando esos pacientes son sometidos a intervenciones orales, como la administración de antibióticos profilácticos. La colonización oral puede variar significativamente con la distribución geográfica. Según nuestros conocimientos, no han sido realizados estudios similares en Portugal. El principal objetivo fue evaluar la colonización de protozoos en saliva de pacientes ESRD del Norte de Portugal que hacían PD y, también, de sus familiares. Muestras de saliva fueron recogidas de 39 pacientes PD, con tiempo medio de terapia de PD de 12,7-15,9 meses y, también de 18 voluntarios saludables (familiares de ESRD). Las mismas utilizadas para evaluación microscópica de protozoos en laminas con lugol y tinciones especificas (Giemsa, Trichrome and Kinyoun). Después del análisis de 456 laminas, obtenidas de los 57 participantes, solamente en un paciente PD (2.6%) se observó un trofozoíto del ameba. En conclusión, se encontró una baja prevalencia de colonización oral de protozoos en el grupo estudiado. Así, la colonización oral de la población Portuguesa por protozoos es baja y no se cambia con la evolución de la enfermedad. Para mejor analizar esta situación, futuros estudios son necesarios.

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Equisetum hyemale L. (Equisetaceae) species is considered a medicinal plant used in the form of teas to combat infectious or inflammation diseases, presenting several compounds related to these actions. There are no extensive studies about the use against different microbial groups as well as for the toxicity. The objective of these studies was for the first time evaluated the antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms and the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of 70% ethanol and methanol E. hyemale extracts. Antimicrobial activity assays were performed by broth microdilution technique to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the cytoxicity was assayed in vitro and acute toxicity in vivo was performed with mice. The methanol extracts, showed better antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms whit MIC of 0.5 mg/mL. Both extracts presented low cytotoxicity even in high concentrations and the 70% ethanol extract of E. hyemale did not present toxicity inducing significant alterations and/or death in mice. This results suggests that both extracts exhibits great potential to therapeutic applications...

Equisetum hyemale L. (Equisetaceae) é considerada uma planta medicinal por ser utilizada sob a forma de chás para combater doenças infecciosas ou inflamatórias, apresentando vários compostos relacionados a essas ações. Não existem estudos extensos sobre a utilização contra diferentes grupos de micro-organismos, bem como para a toxicidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana contra micro-organismos orais e a toxicidade in vitro e in vivo dos extratos etanólico (70%) e metanólico de E. hyemale. A avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo para determinar a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), a citotoxicidade foi realizada in vitro frente a linhagens de macrófagos e fibroblastos e a toxicidade aguda foi realizado in vivo. O extrato metanólico apresentou melhor atividade antimicrobiana contra micro-organismos orais, com CIM de 0,5 mg/mL. Ambos os extratos apresentaram baixa citotoxicidade, mesmo em altas concentrações e o extrato etanólico (70%) não apresentou toxicidade in vivo capaz de induzir alterações e/ou morte significativa em camundongos. Estes resultados sugerem que ambos os extratos apresentam potencial para aplicações terapêuticas...

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