RESUMO
BACKGROUND: This research evaluated the anti-Candida albicans effect of Mexican propolis from Chihuahua. Chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of propolis was determined by GC-MS, HPLC-DAD, and HPLC-MS. The presence of anthraquinone, aromatic acid, fatty acids, flavonoids, and carbohydrates was revealed. RESULTS: The anti-Candida activity of propolis was determined. The inhibitions halos were between 10.0 to 11.8 mm; 25% minimum inhibitory concentration (0.5 mg/ml) was fungistatic, and 50% minimum inhibitory concentration (1.0 mg/ml) was fungicidal. The effect of propolis on the capability of C. albicans to change its morphology was evaluated. 25% minimum inhibitory concentration inhibited to 50% of germ tube formation. Staining with calcofluor-white and propidium iodide was performed, showing that the propolis affected the integrity of the cell membrane. INT1 gene expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Propolis significantly inhibited the expression of the INT1 gene encodes an adhesin (Int1p). Chihuahua propolis extract inhibited the proliferation of Candida albicans, the development of the germ tube, and the synthesis of adhesin INT1. CONCLUSIONS: Given the properties demonstrated for Chihuahua propolis, we propose that it is a candidate to be considered as an ideal antifungal agent to help treat this infection since it would not have the toxic effects of conventional antifungals.
Assuntos
Candida albicans , Própole , Própole/farmacologia , Própole/química , Fatores de Virulência , México , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Proliferação de CélulasRESUMO
Strongyloidiasis is a parasitosis representing a significant public health problem in tropical countries. It is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals but its mortality rate increases to approximately 87% in severe forms of the disease. We conducted a systematic review, including case reports and case series, of Strongyloides hyperinfection and dissemination from 1998 to 2020 searching PubMed, EBSCO and SciELO. Cases that met the inclusion criteria of the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist were analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test and a Bonferroni correction for all the significant values. A total of 339 cases were included in this review. The mortality rate was 44.83%. The presence of infectious complications, septic shock and a lack of treatment were risk factors for a fatal outcome. Eosinophilia and ivermectin treatment were associated with an improved outcome.
Assuntos
Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidíase , Superinfecção , Animais , Humanos , Estrongiloidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Estrongiloidíase/epidemiologia , Superinfecção/complicações , Ivermectina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
En mayo de 2022 se reportó un aumento de casos de viruela símica (mpox en inglés) en el mundo, cuyo comportamiento epidemiológico y clínico, particularmente en pacientes con infección por VIH, condujo a la declaración del brote de mpox 2022 como emergencia de salud pública internacional. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con infección por VIH que cursó con mpox grave y fulminante, con placas necróticas en párpado y membrana inflamatoria sobre la superficie ocular; mucosa oral con lesiones blanquecinas y úlceras en lengua; induración de tejidos blandos y lesiones necróticas en los pies. Tras múltiples complicaciones, se convirtió en la primera víctima fatal reportada en Ecuador en 2022. En pacientes con infección por VIH, mpox puede presentarse como un agente oportunista, causando lesiones cutáneas graves, con o sin manifestaciones sistémicas.
In May 2022 several cases of mpox were reported worldwide, whose epidemiological and clinical outcome, particularly in patients seropositive for HIV, led to declaring the 2022 mpox outbreak as a public health emergency. We describe a case of a patient with HIV infection and severe and fulminant mpox, with necrotic plaques on the eyelid and an inflammatory membrane on the ocular surface; oral mucosa with whitish lesions and ulcers on the tongue; soft tissues induration, and necrotic lesions on the feet. After multiple complications, he became the first fatality reported in Ecuador in 2022. In HIV-infected patients mpox can be considered an opportunistic agent, with severe skin lesions with or without systemic manifestations.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Mpox/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas , Evolução Fatal , Mpox/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Cases of cryptococcosis have been reported in patients with COVID-19. The majority are in patients with severe symptoms or who received immunosuppressants. However, there is still no clear association between COVID-19 and cryptococcosis. We report eight cases of cerebral cryptococcosis associated with CD4+ T lymphocytopenia in non-HIV patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The median age was 57 years and 5/8 were male. In addition, 2/8 of patients had diabetes, and 8/8 had a history of mild COVID-19, with a median of 75 days before diagnosis of cerebral cryptococcosis. All patients denied having received prior immunosuppressive therapy. The most frequent symptoms were confusion (8/8), headache (7/8), vomiting (6/8), and nausea (6/8) All patients were diagnosed by isolating Cryptococcus in cerebrospinal fluid. The median CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were 247 and 173.5, respectively. Other causes of immunosuppression, such as HIV or HTLV infection, were excluded in all patients. Finally, three patients died, and one presented long-term visual and auditory sequelae. The CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte count normalized during follow-up in those patients who survived. We hypothesize that CD4+ T lymphocytopenia in the patients in this case series could increase the risk of cryptococcosis after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
RESUMO
Trichoderma is a saprophytic fungus that is used worldwide as a biocontrol and biofertilizer agent. Although considered nonpathogenic until recently, reports of human infections produced by members of the Trichoderma genus are increasing. Numerous sources of infection were proposed based upon patient data and phylogenetic analysis, including air, agriculture, and healthcare facilities, but the deficit of knowledge concerning Trichoderma infections makes patient treatment difficult. These issues are compounded by isolates that present profiles which exhibit high minimum inhibitory concentration values to available antifungal drugs. The aim of this review is to present the global distribution and sources of infections that affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, clinical features, therapeutic strategies that are used to treat patients, as well as highlighting treatments with the best responses. In addition, the antifungal susceptibility profiles of Trichoderma isolates that have emerged in recent decades were examined and which antifungal drugs need to be further evaluated as potential candidates to treat Trichoderma infections are also indicated.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Trichoderma , Humanos , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Filogenia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Hospedeiro ImunocomprometidoRESUMO
On 25 August 2021, a single female sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) was found stranded dead in Playa Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico. Skin biopsies were obtained and screened for the detection of various potentially pathogenic bacterial genera, using conventional polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the positive amplicons. We recorded, for the first time, the presence of Vibrio paraheamolyticus in skin samples from P. macrocephalus in the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, we discuss 29 records reporting strandings of sperm whales from six states of the Mexican Republic. Most of the records are concentrated in the Pacific Ocean. Our findings increase the inventory of bacteria reported in P. macrocephalus worldwide, summarising the knowledge of stranding events in sperm whale populations in Mexico.
Assuntos
Cachalote , Vibrio , Feminino , Animais , Cachalote/microbiologia , México , Meio AmbienteRESUMO
AIMS: This manuscript aims to explain the relationship between mucositis caused by 5-FU over gut bacterial species and susceptibility to opportunistic infection caused by P. aeruginosa. MAIN METHODS: BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally treated with PBS or 5-FU. Bodyweight and faecal consistency were checked daily. Mice faecal DNA was extracted, and bacterial phylogenetic groups were analysed using qPCR or high-throughput sequencing. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate BMDM activation by mice-treated faecal content. Mice were challenged intratracheally with virulent P. aeruginosa, and the CFU and histology were analysed. Faecal microbiota were transplanted to evaluate the gut microbiota and resistance to pulmonary P. aeruginosa recovery. KEY FINDINGS: The animals treated with 5-FU presented mucositis with great weight loss, altered faecal consistency, bacterial gut dysbiosis and histological changes in the intestinal mucosa. Mice under 5-FU treatment were more susceptible to lung infection by the bacteria P. aeruginosa and had more extensive tissue damage during their lung infection with greater pro-inflammatory gene expression. It was observed that the mucositis remained in the groups with 5-FU even with the FMT. The results caused by mucositis in animals that received allogeneic FMT were reversed, however, with a decrease in P. aeruginosa susceptibility in animals treated with 5-FU and allogeneic FMT compared to animals treated with 5-FU and autologous FMT. SIGNIFICANCE: Treatment with 5-FU in a murine model makes it more susceptible to pulmonary infection by the bacterium P. aeruginosa, FMT offers an opportunity to protect against this susceptibility to infection.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Mucosite , Infecções Oportunistas , Infecções por Pseudomonas , Animais , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Bactérias , Disbiose/microbiologia , Fluoruracila/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mucosite/induzido quimicamente , Mucosite/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Oportunistas/complicações , Infecções Oportunistas/metabolismo , Infecções Oportunistas/patologia , Filogenia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/tratamento farmacológico , Pseudomonas aeruginosaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Chemotherapy is one of the best methods to cure oncologic patients. However, it leads to adverse effects that contribute to the establishment of infections. Up-to-date knowledge is needed to offer the best care to patients. METHODOLOGY: This is a narrative review based on searching articles in five databases (PubMed, LILACS, Research Gate, Google Scholar, and SciELO) using "cancer treatments", "chemotherapy", "febrile neutropenia", "cancer opportunistic infections", "chemotherapy AND febrile neutropenia", "cancer AND hospital infections", and "immunosuppression AND cancer patients" as keywords. No filter was applied, however, articles published in the last five years were preferentially selected to compose this article. RESULTS: Almost all microorganisms can cause infection in cancer patients, including colonizing and normal microbiota. However, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. are the most reported agents. Viruses may be underrepresented because molecular techniques are needed to identify them. Bloodstream and associated infections are among the highest occurrences because of the devices that are constantly introduced. Antibiotic administration selects for resistant microorganisms, which leads to delay or even failure in the treatment. Protocols for efficient infection prevention and control measures must involve staff from the kitchen, janitors, nurses, and physicians, in addition to patients and relatives. CONCLUSIONS: Bloodstream infections caused by the bacteria and which have the most resistance to several antimicrobials are the main concern for oncologic patients. Preventive and educative actions must be taken by a multidisciplinary team in order to achieve the best care for the vulnerable patients.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Infecção Hospitalar , Neoplasias , Neutropenia , Humanos , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/complicações , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Atenção à SaúdeRESUMO
RESUMEN Esta revisión tiene un enfoque práctico y conciso, con el fin de que sea un apoyo rápido y eficiente, para la prevención de las Infecciones Oportunistas (IO) en pacientes que viven con VIH, proporciona al médico que atiende a este tipo de pacientes, un conjunto de herramientas y metodologías para que tengan un criterio uniforme al momento de la identificación, y garantizar un tratamiento oportuno de estas infecciones. Los objetivos principales de esta revisión son: a) Conocer las pautas para la prevención de IO, b) Conocer el inicio de la profilaxis primaria y secundaria, c) Determinar el momento de la suspensión de la profilaxis. La calidad de la evidencia científica para el tratamiento se califica según el sistema estándar que utiliza la Sociedad de Enfermedades Infecciosas en otras guías
This review has a practical and concise approach, in order to be a quick and efficient support, for the prevention of Opportunistic Infections (OI) in patients living with HIV, it provides the doctor who cares for this type of patients, a set of tools and methodologies so that they have a uniform criterion at the time of identification, and guarantee a timely treatment of these infections. The main objectives of this review are: a) know the guidelines for the prevention of OI, b) know the start of primary and secondary prophylaxis, c) determine the moment of suspension of prophylaxis. The quality of the scientific evidence for treatment is rated according to the standard system used by the Infectious Diseases Society in other guidelines.
RESUMO
Phaeohyphomycosis is a fungal infection common in immunocompromised patients such as those with hematologic malignancies, transplant recipients or under prolonged corticosteroid use. Here we describe a rare case of phaeohyphomycosis due to Biatriospora mackinnonii in a kidney transplant patient. We confirmed B. mackinnonii identity by sequencing of the internal transcribed spaces (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and achieved a satisfactory therapeutic response with itraconazole administration.
RESUMO
Resumen Presentamos el caso de un paciente con infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) con recuento de LTCD4+ 49 céls/mm3, que consultó por un cuadro de siete meses de baja de peso, dolor abdominal, diarrea crónica y lesiones cutáneas gomosas. El mielocultivo y hemocultivos fueron positivos para Rhodococcus equi. Además, se observaron lesiones histológicas en piel e intestino compatibles con este agente como malacoplaquia, reacción granulomatosa y cuerpos de Michaelis-Gutmann. Se descartó compromiso pulmonar mediante tomografía de tórax. Recibió terapia antibacteriana combinada con claritromicina, imipenem y vancomicina. A pesar del tratamiento, el paciente evolucionó desfavorablemente y falleció.
Abstract We present the case of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with a LTCD4 + 49 cells/mm3, who was admitted due to a seven-month period of weight loss, abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea and rubbery skin lesions. Myeloculture and blood cultures were positive for Rhodococcus equi. In addition, histological lesions in the skin and intestine compatible with this agent were observed, such as malacoplachy, granulomatous reaction and Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Pulmonary involvement was ruled out by chest tomography. The patient received antibacterial therapy combined with clarithromycin, imipenem, and vancomycin. Despite the treatment, the patient evolved unfavorably and died.
Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por Actinomycetales/diagnóstico , Infecções por Actinomycetales/tratamento farmacológico , Rhodococcus equi , Peru , Infecções por HIVRESUMO
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has changed Mycobacterium avium epidemiology. A significant decrease in the incidence of disseminated M. avium complex: (DMAC) infection was observed between pre-cART and post-cART periods. In contrast, diagnoses of DMAC more than doubled from 1990 to 1996. During this time, DMAC prevalence in people living with AIDS (PLHA) in developed countries reached 20-23% overall and >40% in groups with CD4 cell counts <10 cells/mm3. At present, DMAC in PLHA has an incidence of two events per 1000 patient years. Recently, the centers for disease control changed the criteria for MAC primary prophylaxis, where only patients without immediate cART and CD4 cell counts <50 cells/mm3 are prescribed 1200 mg of azithromycin weekly. Treatment is discontinued when patients initiate effective cART. Diagnosing a disseminated M. avium infection is difficult due to the low accuracy of fluid cultures and a lack of diagnostic processes. However, the usefulness of newer molecular techniques such as whole-genome sequencing has not been evaluated for DMAC and HIV/AIDS. As DMAC has a high mortality rate if not properly diagnosed and treated, we performed a literature review of HIV/AIDS and DMAC epidemiology, risk factors, prophylaxis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/complicações , HIV-1 , Mycobacterium avium , Tuberculose/complicações , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Incidência , Prevalência , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/microbiologiaRESUMO
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has changed Mycobacterium avium epidemiology. A significant decrease in the incidence of disseminated M. avium complex (DMAC) infection was observed between pre-cART and post-cART periods. In contrast, diagnoses of DMAC more than doubled from 1990 to 1996. During this time, DMAC prevalence in people living with AIDS (PLHA) in developed countries reached 20-23% overall and >40% in groups with CD4 cell counts <10 cells/mm3. At present, DMAC in PLHA has an incidence of two events per 1000 patient years. Recently, the centers for disease control changed the criteria for MAC primary prophylaxis, where only patients without immediate cART and CD4 cell counts <50 cells/mm3 are prescribed 1200 mg of azithromycin weekly. Treatment is discontinued when patients initiate effective cART. Diagnosing a disseminated M. avium infection is difficult due to the low accuracy of fluid cultures and a lack of diagnostic processes. However, the usefulness of newer molecular techniques such as whole-genome sequencing has not been evaluated for DMAC and HIV/AIDS. As DMAC has a high mortality rate if not properly diagnosed and treated, we performed a literature review of HIV/AIDS and DMAC epidemiology, risk factors, prophylaxis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment
Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HIV , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Mycobacterium aviumRESUMO
Purpose of Review Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the most seriously opportunistic infections in people living with HIV. We evaluated clinical and laboratorial features (minimum inhibitory concentrations for fluconazole, initial fungal burden in cerebrospinal fluid) and risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Recent Findings There is no good evidence for the use ofminimum inhibitory concentrations for fluconazole in routine practice for the management of cryptococcosis patients. Counting yeast cells at cerebrospinal fluid can predict positive culture by not death. Summary Data from 46 cryptococcal meningitis patients were reviewed, retrospectively. Patients who presented yeast cell count greater than 400 yeast cells/µ in their initial cerebrospinal fluid sample were associated with higher mortality (p = 0.014); moreover, the yeast cell count is an easy and cheap assay, with high values possibly associated to poor prognosis. Additionally, we verified no significant differences between fluconazole susceptibility profile, molecular type, clinical presentation, cytological analyses, time to sterilize the cerebrospinal fluid, agent recovering out of central nervous system, previous diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis or usage of fluconazole, and overall mortality
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Meningite Criptocócica , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDSRESUMO
The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolation and their related outcomes among pediatric patients of a Brazilian university hospital from 2012 to 2019. NTM were identified in different clinical samples by microbiological culture and molecular-based methods. NTM were isolated from 14 patients, out of whom four (27%) were infected and were treated accordingly. Two were infected with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), two with M. abscessus complex (MABSC) and one with M. intracellulare. Two patients had cystic fibrosis-related lung disease and improved after successful NTM eradication. One patient was HIV-positive and died. One patient had severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-related pneumonia and is currently being followed-up. We conclude that NTM frequency in our center was low among pediatric patients. Whether this is inherent to Brazilian patients, due to the broad coverage of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in Brazil, or a result of underdiagnosis remains to be elucidated.
Assuntos
Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Vigilância da População , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Linezolida/uso terapêutico , Nocardiose/tratamento farmacológico , Nocardia/isolamento & purificação , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Masculino , Nocardia/efeitos dos fármacos , Nocardiose/diagnóstico , Nocardiose/microbiologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: Caracterizar de forma sociodemográfica y clínica pacientes con diagnóstico nuevo de VIH, que fueron hospitalizados en una Clínica Universitaria de alta complejidad entre el año 2010 - 2016. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptico, de corte transversal por medio de revisión de historias clínicas, que incluyo pacientes ≥14 años, a quienes se les diagnosticó VIH durante la hospitalización y tuvieran al menos un conteo de linfocitos CD4. Resultados: La mediana para la edad fue 41 años (RIC 31 - 51), el 85,1% eran hombres. Los principales síntomas al ingreso fueron generales/sistémicos (70,2%). 99 pacientes (61,5%) tenían infecciones oportunistas siendo tuberculosis la más frecuente (34,3%). La mediana para el conteo de CD4 fue 88 células/mm3 RIC (27 - 327) y el 77% se clasificó como SIDA. 29 pacientes murieron (18%) encontrando como posible factor de riesgo tener conteo de CD4 fue 88 células/mm3 RIC (27 - 327) y el 77% se clasificó como SIDA. 29 pacientes murieron (18%) encontrando como posible factor de riesgo tener conteo de CD4<200 células/mm3 , no pertenecer al régimen contributivo, ingresar con síntomas respiratorios, tener diagnóstico de neumonía, criterios de falla multiorgánica o necesidad de UCI/UCE. Conclusión: Para nuestro caso la mayoría de pacientes con diagnóstico nuevo de VIH se encontraban en estados avanzados de inmunosupresión con alta carga de enfermedades definitorias de SIDA. Es importante fortalecer las políticas de salud pública para diagnosticar más temprano la infección por VIH.
Purposes: To characterize sociodemographic and clinical aspects in newly diagnosed HIV patients that were hospitalized at a university health center between 2010 - 2016. Methods: We made an observational descriptive cross - sectional study reviewing clinical records, including patients older than 14 years old, who were diagnosed with HIV infection during hospitalization and at least a CD4 count. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 41 years old (IQR 31 - 51), 85% were men. The main symptoms were general/systemic (70.2%). 99 patients (61.5%) had opportunist infections, being tuberculosis the most frequent (34.3%). The median CD4 were 88 cells/mm3 (IQR 27 - 327) and 77% were classified as AIDS. 29 patients died (18%), finding as a risk factor for mortality don't having a good health care insurance, low CD4 count, having respiratory symptoms, pneumonia diagnosis, multiple organic failure's criteria and ICU admission. Conclusion: In our case, the majority of patients with a new diagnosis of HIV were in advanced stages of immunosuppression with a high burden of AIDS defining diseases. It is important to strengthen public health policies to diagnose HIV infection earlier.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , HIV , Infecções Oportunistas , Demografia/classificação , Coleta de Dados , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Diagnóstico , HospitalizaçãoRESUMO
Following a fatal case of Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in a child with X-linked hyper-immunoglobulin M syndrome (XHIGM), we evaluated the fungal isolate in an experimental infection in a mouse model with respect to microbiology, epidemiology, virulence and response to therapy. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for antifungals in the susceptibility test were 0.5mg/L for amphotericin B, 4.0mg/L for fluconazole and 0.12mg/L for voriconazole. Evaluation of pathogenicity by means of an experimental infection in BALB/c mice showed that fungus isolated from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of the child was able to disseminate, reaching the spleen, lungs and brain, where it caused significant macroscopic alterations in the size and texture of each organ. Treatment of infected mice with amphotericin B reduced the fungal load in the spleen and lungs, but not in the brain.
Assuntos
Cryptococcus neoformans/isolamento & purificação , Cryptococcus neoformans/patogenicidade , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência com Hiper-IgM Tipo 1/complicações , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência com Hiper-IgM Tipo 1/microbiologia , Meningite Criptocócica/diagnóstico por imagem , Meningite Criptocócica/microbiologia , Anfotericina B/farmacologia , Animais , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Pré-Escolar , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência com Hiper-IgM Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Fungi of the genus Cryptococcus are cosmopolitan and may be agents of opportunistic mycoses in immunocompromised and sometimes immunocompetent individuals. Cryptococcus species are frequently isolated from trees and bird excreta in the environment and infection occurs by inhalation of propagules dispersed in the air. The aim was to investigate Cryptococcus species in bird excreta and tree hollows located in a university hospital area and in an academic area of a university campus. METHODOLOGY: A total of 40 samples of bird excreta and 41 samples of tree hollows were collected. The identification of the isolates was done by classical methodology and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Twenty (62.5%) isolates of Cryptococcus were found in bird excreta and 12 (37.5%) in tree hollows. C. laurentii (currently Papiliotrema laurentii) was the most frequent species in both samples, being found in 5 samples of excreta and in 8 tree hollows. The diversity of species found in excreta (C. laurentii, C. albidus [currently Naganishia albida], C. liquefaciens [currently N. liquefaciens], C. friedmanii [currently N. friedmannii] and others) was higher than in tree hollows (C. laurentii, C. flavescens [currently Papiliotrema flavescens], and other yeasts). CONCLUSION: Many Cryptococcus species were isolated from excreta and tree hollows, and this fact is important for understanding the environmental epidemiology of those emerging pathogens for public health, as a way to implement surveillance actions and control of cryptococcosis.
Assuntos
Cryptococcus/classificação , Cryptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia Ambiental , Fezes/microbiologia , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos , Animais , Aves , Hospitais UniversitáriosRESUMO
Abstract INTRODUCTION: We avaluated the clinical features, epidemiology, opportunistic infections and coinfections of HIV/AIDS patients. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 143 patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at a public center in the Midwest of Santa Catarina, south of Brazil, from December 2014 to September 2015. RESULTS: Most were male, Caucasian, married, with low education level, and aged 31-50 years. Heterosexual transmission was the most common infection route. Regarding coinfection, 3.5% had hepatitis C, 2.1% hepatitis B, 4.2% syphilis, and 4.9% tuberculosis; 38.5% had opportunistic infections. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection follows the national trend, but hepatitis B and C coinfection rates were higher, while tuberculosis rate was lower.