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SUMMARY: The new paradigm in Forensic Sciences initiated by the entry of genetics (the current standard of legal evidence) and accentuated by recognized wrongful convictions derived from experts today in the eye of criticism, has highlighted the potential for bias and error in forensic disciplines when they depend on human interpretation and subjectivity, which has not been avoided by Forensic Odontology (FO). However, a subjective judgment is not necessarily wrong, so the refinement of processes, the development of standards, and robust research can contribute to the validity of interpretation to increase objectivity. Latin America (LATAM) has its own realities and needs, which have conditioned the priorities and objectives of FO research. A scoping review is presented to systematically map the investigation of LATAM researchers and identify the objective or subjective nature of their assessments. LATAM shows interesting productivity and intentions to adhere to international standards, with Brazil leading this research significantly, followed by Chile and Colombia, among others. However, there is a disproportionate approach in certain lines of research (dental age estimation), and needs to address other quantitative studies, and to improve the visibility of the LATAM FO research.

El nuevo paradigma en ciencias forenses iniciado por la entrada de la genética (el actual estándar de la evidencia jurídica), y acentuado por reconocidas condenas injustas derivadas de pericias hoy en el ojo de la crítica, ha destacado el potencial de sesgo y error que poseen algunas disciplinas forenses cuando dependen de la interpretación humana y la subjetividad, lo cual no ha sido ajeno a la odontología forense (OF). Sin embargo, un juicio subjetivo no necesariamente es erróneo, con lo que el refinamiento de procesos, el desarrollo de estándares y la investigación robusta pueden contribuir a validar esa interpretación para aumentar su objetividad. Latinoamérica (LATAM) posee realidades y necesidades propias que han condicionado las prioridades y objetivos de la investigación en OF. Se presenta una revisión con búsqueda sistemática para mapear sistemáticamente la investigación en OF realizada por investigadores latinoamericanos, así como identificar la naturaleza objetiva o subjetiva de sus evaluaciones. LATAM demuestra una productividad interesante e intenciones de adherirse a estándares internacionales, con Brasil liderando significativamente esta investigación, seguido por Chile y Colombia entre otros. Sin embargo, se observa un enfoque desproporcionado en ciertas líneas de investigación (estimación de edad dental particularmente), y necesidad tanto de abordar otros estudios cuantitativos como de mejorar la visibilidad de la investigación latinoamericana en OF.

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This article aims to show how the scientific realism proposed by the philosopher Evandro Agazzi contributes to the epistemological development of social discursive psychology. To do this, the debates led by Ian Parker and John Greenwood in the early 1990s about scientific and critical realism are addressed. In this debate, the limits of naive empiricism and discursive idealism, which began to predominate in discursive social psychology, are highlighted. Evandro Agazzi's assumptions about scientific realism are then presented to account for the contributions of scientific realism to the epistemological development of discursive social psychology.

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Background: Eggs have acquired a greater importance as an inexpensive and high-quality protein. The Brazilian eggindustry has been characterized by a constant production expansion in the last decade, increasing the number of housedanimals and facilitating the spread of many diseases. In order to reduce the sanitary and financial risks, decisions regarding the production and the health status of the flock must be made based on objective criteria. The use of Artificial NeuralNetworks (ANN) is a valuable tool to reduce the subjectivity of the analysis. In this context, the aim of this study was atvalidating the ANNs as viable tool to be employed in the prediction and management of commercial egg production flocks.Materials, Methods & Results: Data from 42 flocks of commercial layer hens from a poultry company were selected. Thedata refer to the period between 2010 and 2018 and it represents a total of 600,000 layers. Six parameters were selectedas “output” data (number of dead birds per week, feed consumption, number of eggs, weekly weight, weekly egg production and flock uniformity) and a total of 13 parameters were selected as “input” data (flock age, flock identification, totalhens in the flock, weekly weight, flock uniformity, lineage, weekly mortality, absolute number of dead birds, eggs/hen,weekly egg production, feed consumption, flock location, creation phase). ANNs were elaborated by software programsNeuroShell Predictor and NeuroShell Classifier. The programs identified input variables for the assembly of the networksseeking the prediction of the variables called outgoing that are subsequently validated. This validation goes through thecomparison between the predictions and the real data present in the database that was the basis for the work. Validation ofeach ANN is expressed by the specific statistical parameters multiple determination (R2) and Mean Squared Error...(AU)

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Background: Eggs have acquired a greater importance as an inexpensive and high-quality protein. The Brazilian eggindustry has been characterized by a constant production expansion in the last decade, increasing the number of housedanimals and facilitating the spread of many diseases. In order to reduce the sanitary and financial risks, decisions regarding the production and the health status of the flock must be made based on objective criteria. The use of Artificial NeuralNetworks (ANN) is a valuable tool to reduce the subjectivity of the analysis. In this context, the aim of this study was atvalidating the ANNs as viable tool to be employed in the prediction and management of commercial egg production flocks.Materials, Methods & Results: Data from 42 flocks of commercial layer hens from a poultry company were selected. Thedata refer to the period between 2010 and 2018 and it represents a total of 600,000 layers. Six parameters were selectedas “output” data (number of dead birds per week, feed consumption, number of eggs, weekly weight, weekly egg production and flock uniformity) and a total of 13 parameters were selected as “input” data (flock age, flock identification, totalhens in the flock, weekly weight, flock uniformity, lineage, weekly mortality, absolute number of dead birds, eggs/hen,weekly egg production, feed consumption, flock location, creation phase). ANNs were elaborated by software programsNeuroShell Predictor and NeuroShell Classifier. The programs identified input variables for the assembly of the networksseeking the prediction of the variables called outgoing that are subsequently validated. This validation goes through thecomparison between the predictions and the real data present in the database that was the basis for the work. Validation ofeach ANN is expressed by the specific statistical parameters multiple determination (R2) and Mean Squared Error...

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Neste texto, objetivamos analisar os conteúdos presentes na definição de sentido(s) do trabalho que possuem maior influência no campo das ciências sociais aplicadas no Brasil. Para tanto, efetuamos uma análise imanente dos artigos mais referenciados na área, identificados por meio de um estudo bibliométrico nos portais CAPES, Spell e SciELO, entre os anos de 2000 a 2017. A partir do levantamento bibliométrico, foi constatado que os estudos acerca do sentido do trabalho possuem dois autores basilares: Estelle Morin e Ricardo Antunes. Para Morin, o trabalho só adquire sentido se houver a intensificação do trabalho e ele for produtivo para o capital; para Antunes, o trabalho só tem sentido para além do capital. Por isso, é epistemologicamente incoerente dialogar os dois autores em um mesmo trabalho, pois um afirma o status quo e o outro o nega. A compreensão emanada dos textos analisados permitiu reafirmarmos a necessidade de resgatar a categoria "trabalho" em sua particularidade histórica, defendermos a postura filosófica da determinação ontoprática do pensamento e propormos reflexões sobre uma agenda de pesquisa.

In this text, we aim to analyze the contents present in the definition of meaning of work that have the greatest influence in the field of applied social sciences in Brazil. We performed an immanent analysis of the most referenced papers in the area identified through a bibliometric study in the portals CAPES, Spell and SciELO, between the years of 2000 to 2017. By the bibliometric survey it was verified that the studies about the "Meaning(s) of the Work" have two basic authors: Morin and Antunes. For Morin, the meanings of work only make sense if there is an intensification of labor and it is productive for capital; for Antunes, the meanings of labor only make sense beyond capital. Therefore, it is epistemologically impossible to discuss the two authors in the same work, as one affirms the status quo and the other denies it. The understanding emanating from the analyzed texts allowed us to reaffirm the need to rescue the "work" category from the perspective of political economy, to defend the philosophical stance of the ontopractic determination of thought and to propose a research agenda.

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Resumen El empirismo reduccionista (ER) subyacente al habitus científico actual, al imponer la causalidad mecanicista (CM) como principio explicativo de las ciencias de la vida, ha oscurecido la comprensión del proceso vital al equipararlo al de una máquina. Se analizan las formas diversas que toman las ideas en el conocimiento como paradigmas (antropocéntrico y de disyunción, reducción y simplificación): lógicas implícitas de las formas de pensar y actuar humanos y como teorías comprensivo-explicativas. Se plantea que el ER, al desestimar las ideas, suplanta la significación biológica de lo observado por la significación estadística de la CM y las matemáticas lineales y probabilísticas. Se argumenta que la objetividad no deriva del control experimental, sino de un marco interpretativo pertinente al tipo de sucesos bajo estudio, y que la convicción de que la objetividad radica en el cómo se observa constituye el gran mito del ER que soslaya los paradigmas y su influencia. Se propone la causalidad contextual y se contrasta con la CM para realzar sus limitaciones y explicar la complejidad biológica. La coincidencia del colapso civilizatorio y la apoteosis de la ciencia reduccionista justifica tacharla de mayormente indiferente, omisa, impotente, acomodaticia o cómplice de la dominancia de los intereses de lucro sin límites, que todo lo degradan. Se concluye que son tiempos de definiciones: integrarse a fuerzas que apuntan, de modos diversos, a contrarrestar esa dominancia y preservar nuestro hábitat común o persistir en la complicidad individualista y suicida de «cada quién lo suyo y sálvese quien pueda¼.

Abstract The reductionist empiricism (RE) underlying the current scientific habitus by imposing mechanistic causality (MC) as an explanatory principle of life sciences has obscured the understanding of the life process by equating it with that of a machine. The shapes ideas can take within knowledge are analyzed: as paradigms (anthropocentric and of disjunction, reduction and simplification), implicit logics of human ways of thinking and acting, and as comprehensive-explanatory theories. It is proposed that, by dismissing the ideas, the RE supplants the biological significance of what is observed by the statistical significance of the MC and the linear and probabilistic mathematics. It is argued that objectivity does not derive from experimental control, but from an interpretative framework pertinent to the type of events being studied and that the conviction that objectivity lies in the method of observation constitutes a myth of the RE that circumvents paradigms and its influence. Contextual causality is proposed and contrasted with the MC to highlight its limitations to explain the ungraspable biological complexity. The coincidence of the ongoing collapse of civilization and the apotheosis of reductionist science justifies dismissing it as mostly indifferent, ominous, impotent, accommodating or complicit with the dominance of profit interests without limits that degrade everything. It is concluded that it is time for resolutions: integrate with forces that aim, in various ways, to counteract this dominance and preserve our common habitat or to continue with the suicidal individualist complicity of "each their due and every man for himself."

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The reductionist empiricism (RE) underlying the current scientific habitus by imposing mechanistic causality (MC) as an explanatory principle of life sciences has obscured the understanding of the life process by equating it with that of a machine. The shapes ideas can take within knowledge are analyzed: as paradigms (anthropocentric and of disjunction, reduction and simplification), implicit logics of human ways of thinking and acting, and as comprehensive-explanatory theories. It is proposed that, by dismissing the ideas, the RE supplants the biological significance of what is observed by the statistical significance of the MC and the linear and probabilistic mathematics. It is argued that objectivity does not derive from experimental control, but from an interpretative framework pertinent to the type of events being studied and that the conviction that objectivity lies in the method of observation constitutes a myth of the RE that circumvents paradigms and its influence. Contextual causality is proposed and contrasted with the MC to highlight its limitations to explain the ungraspable biological complexity. The coincidence of the ongoing collapse of civilization and the apotheosis of reductionist science justifies dismissing it as mostly indifferent, ominous, impotent, accommodating or complicit with the dominance of profit interests without limits that degrade everything. It is concluded that it is time for resolutions: integrate with forces that aim, in various ways, to counteract this dominance and preserve our common habitat or to continue with the suicidal individualist complicity of "each their due and every man for himself."

El empirismo reduccionista (ER) subyacente al habitus científico actual, al imponer la causalidad mecanicista (CM) como principio explicativo de las ciencias de la vida, ha oscurecido la comprensión del proceso vital al equipararlo al de una máquina. Se analizan las formas diversas que toman las ideas en el conocimiento como paradigmas (antropocéntrico y de disyunción, reducción y simplificación): lógicas implícitas de las formas de pensar y actuar humanos y como teorías comprensivo-explicativas. Se plantea que el ER, al desestimar las ideas, suplanta la significación biológica de lo observado por la significación estadística de la CM y las matemáticas lineales y probabilísticas. Se argumenta que la objetividad no deriva del control experimental, sino de un marco interpretativo pertinente al tipo de sucesos bajo estudio, y que la convicción de que la objetividad radica en el cómo se observa constituye el gran mito del ER que soslaya los paradigmas y su influencia. Se propone la causalidad contextual y se contrasta con la CM para realzar sus limitaciones y explicar la complejidad biológica. La coincidencia del colapso civilizatorio y la apoteosis de la ciencia reduccionista justifica tacharla de mayormente indiferente, omisa, impotente, acomodaticia o cómplice de la dominancia de los intereses de lucro sin límites, que todo lo degradan. Se concluye que son tiempos de definiciones: integrarse a fuerzas que apuntan, de modos diversos, a contrarrestar esa dominancia y preservar nuestro hábitat común o persistir en la complicidad individualista y suicida de «cada quién lo suyo y sálvese quien pueda¼..

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BACKGROUND: Ensuring objectivity and maintaining reliability are necessary in order to consider any form of assessment valid. Evaluation of students in Problem-Based Learning (PBL) tutorials by the tutors has drawn the attention of critiques citing many challenges and limitations. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of tutor variability in assessing the PBL process in the Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. METHOD: All 181 students of year 3 MBBS were assigned randomly to 14 PBL groups. Out of 18 tutors, 12 had an opportunity to assess three groups: one assessed 2 groups and 4 tutors assessed one group each; at the end each group had been assessed three times by different tutors. The tutors used a PBL assessment rating scale of 12 different criteria on a six-point scale to assess each PBL Group. To test the stated hypotheses, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Bonferroni test, Intra Class Correlation, and Pearson product moment correlations were performed. RESULT: The analysis revealed significant differences between the highest- and lowest-rated groups (t-ratio = 12.64; p < 0.05) and between the most lenient and most stringent raters (t-ratio = 27.96; p < 0.05). ANOVA and post-hoc analysis for highest and lowest rated groups revealed that lenient- and stringent-raters significantly contribute (p < 0.01) in diluting the score in their respective category. The intra class correlations (ICC) among rating of different tutors for different groups showed low agreement among various ratings except three groups (Groups 6, 8 and 13) (r = 0.40). The correlation between tutors' PBL experiences and their mean ratings was found to be moderately significant (r = 0.52; p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Leniency and stringency factors amongst raters affect objectivity and reliability to a great extent as is evident from the present study. Thus, more rigorous training in the areas of principles of assessment for the tutors are recommended. Moreover, putting that knowledge into practice to overcome the leniency and stringency factors is essential.

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El propósito de este trabajo es realizar una defensa de la posición objetivista frente a la insistente presencia de epistemologías constructivistas y relativistas en el campo de la psicología. Para cumplir este objetivo, examinamos críticamente algunos argumentos constructivistas y luego revisamos el papel de los factores no cognoscitivos y del marco conceptual del investigador en la construcción del conocimiento. Finalizamos con una breve discusión de la racionalidad en la decisión científica y de la posibilidad de un desarrollo progresivo, y no solo sustitutivo, del conocimiento científico. Nuestra conclusión es que, contrario a lo que sostienen constructivistas y relativistas, es posible generar conocimiento y que existe una línea real de progreso en el saber humano; a todo lo cual denominamos optimismo epistémico.

The purpose of this paper is to carry out a defense of the objectivist stance before the insistent presence of constructivist and relativist epistemologies in psychology. For this, we critically examine some constructivist arguments and then we review the role of non-cognitive factors and researchers' conceptual frameworks in constructing knowledge. We finalize with a brief account about rationality of scientific decision and the possibility of a progressive, not only substitute, development of scientific knowledge. We substitutive that, contrary to claims of constructivists and relativists, it is indeed possible to create knowledge and there exists a way of true progress in it, all of which we call epistemic optimism.

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Neste artigo discutimos diferentes concepções de representação em algumas produções científicas relacionadas aos estudos da cognição. Nossa análise é produzida a partir dos contrastes criados entre a produção de modelos de processamento de informação - objetivo comum das pesquisas experimentais em psicologia cognitiva - e a construção de políticas cognitivas (Kastrup, 1999). Partimos da distinção entre representação forte, na qual a relação entre sujeito e objeto é dada a partir da reconstrução interna do segundo pelo primeiro, e representação fraca indicando apenas uma referência e não necessariamente uma correspondência entre sujeito e objeto (Varela, Thompson, & Rosch, 2003). Buscamos apontar que o modo como a representação é concebida define a forma como explicamos a cognição e essas explicações, por sua vez, contribuem para definir os modos de existência da cognição no mundo.

In this paper we discuss the different roles that representation can play in scientific productions related to studies of cognition. Our analysis is produced from the contrast created between the production of models of information processing, common goal of experimental research in cognitive psychology; and the construction of cognitive politics (Kastrup, 1999). We start from the distinction between strong representation, where the relationship between subject and object is given from the internal reconstruction of the later by the former; and weak representation indicating only a reference - not necessarily a match - between subject and object (Varela et al., 2003). We seek to point out that the way the representation is thought defines the way cognition is explained and those explanations, in turn, contribute to define the modes of existence of cognition in the world.

En este trabajo se discuten los diferentes papeles que la representación puede desempeñar en producciones científicas relacionadas con los estudios de la cognición. El análisis se produce a partir del contraste creado entre la producción de los modelos de procesamiento de la información, el objetivo común de la investigación experimental en psicología cognitiva; y la construcción de las políticas cognitivas (Kastrup, 1999). Partimos de la distinción entre una fuerte representación, donde la relación entre sujeto y objeto se da desde la reconstrucción interna de la tarde por el anterior; y representación débil indicando sólo una referencia - no necesariamente una coincidencia - entre sujeto y objeto (Varela et al., 2003). Buscamos a señalar que la forma en que se piensa la representación define la forma en la cognición se explica y esas explicaciones, a su vez, contribuyen a definir los modos de existencia de la cognición en el mundo.

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The concept of biological diversity has inspired important discussions throughout the history of ecology. Although its meaning and usefulness have been questioned, it is currently one of the key artifacts of ecology. One way to try to understand why such a concept has undergone so many discussions is to examine its emergence and history from the epistemology perspective. In the present work, we investigated how the emergence of mechanical objectivity (as an epistemic virtue) and trained judgment affected how ecologists address the concept of biological diversity. Thus, we employed the theoretical framework of objectivity (provided by Daston and Galison in Objectivity. Zone Books, New York, 2007) to analyze different periods of scientific literature in ecology ("initial period": end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century; "intermediate period": mid-twentieth century; "contemporary period": from the second half of the 1980s). Our results showed that the emergence of mechanical objectivity and trained judgment affected biological diversity research. In particular, the ideal of objectivity behind the way in which the concept of biological diversity is addressed in different fields of contemporary ecology could not be the same.

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Retomamos a análise filosófica e metodológica de autores da primeira metade do século XX sobre o conhecimento psicológico e estabelecemos um diálogo com aqueles do primeiro decênio do século XXI que, historicamente, epistemológica e filosoficamente, discutem o caminho tomado pela psicologia para se estabelecer como ciência, em consonância com as discussões sobre a história da criação da noção de objetividade científica e sobre os elementos subjetivos dessa construção. Evidenciamos que o foco particular está na definição do método de pesquisa, na consideração da subjetividade e na discussão sobre a consciência. Apontamos um consenso ao longo do tempo: a demanda de uma análise crítica e reflexiva da produção do conhecimento psicológico e a afinidade dessa produção com a prática de pesquisa e a prática profissional. Dialogando com diferentes autores, concluímos que a análise histórica, epistemológica e filosófica sobre o conhecimento psicológico tem permitido a elaboração de um modo inovador de se conceber a prática da pesquisa e a prática profissional que, ao contrário de negar os viéses culturais e políticos, passou à busca metodológica que permita considerá-los

We resume the philosophical and methodological analysis on psychological knowledge by authors from the first half of the twentieth century in order to establish a dialogue with those authors from the first decade of the twenty-first century who, historically, epistemologically and philosophically, discuss the path taken by the psychology to establish itself as a science, in line with the discussions on the history of the creation of the scientific objectivity notion and on the subjective elements of that construction. We highlight that the particular focus is on the definition of the research method, on considering subjectivity and on the discussion about consciousness. We point out a consensus over time: the demand for a critical and reflexive analysis on the production of the psychological knowledge and the affinity of this production with the research practice and the professional practice. Dialoguing with different authors, we conclude that the epistemological, philosophical and historical analysis of the psychological knowledge has allowed the development of an innovative way of conceiving the research practice and the professional practice which, rather than denying the cultural and political biases, started the methodological search that allows considering them.

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Este artigo visa compreender elementos teóricos identificados em Bachelard e em Weber, considerados relevantes para se refletir sobre a elaboração de conhecimento científico nas ciências sociais. Estes elementos são a objetividade - a relação entre sujeito e objeto é fundamental - e o método vistos a partir de defesas teóricas que cada um dos autores fizeram em suas obras. A comparação dos elementos que se relacionam, objetividade e método nos autores em tela, é central na explanação sobre aproximações ou distanciamentos de Weber e Bachelard ao positivismo. Esclarece-se que a objetividade e o método estão imbricados, sendo que a maneira como se entende um, modifica consequentemente a forma como se vê o outro. Na mesma direção, há neste artigo a defesa da aproximação das reflexões elaboradas pela filosofia sobre a ciência e, a produção de conhecimento proposta e colocada em prática pelas ciências sociais. A “separação” que se faz adiante para a compreensão desses elementos em Bachelard e Weber é apenas um esforço didático de apresentação das ideias dos autores.(AU)

This paper aims to understand the theoretical elements identified in Bachelard and Weber, considered relevant to reflect on the development of scientific knowledge in the social sciences. These elements are the objectivity - the relationship between subject and object is key - and the method seen from theoretical defenses that each of the authors did in their works. The comparison of the elements that relate, objectivity and method in authors on screen, is central in identifying approaches or distancing Weber Bachelard and positivism. It is clarified that the objectivity and method are intertwined, and how we understand one, therefore changes the way you see the other. In the same vein, this article is defending the approach developed by the reflections on science and philosophy, knowledge production proposed and put into practice by the social sciences. The "separation" that is further to the understanding of these elements in Bachelard and Weber is just an effort didactic presentation of the ideas of the authors.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender los elementos teóricos identificados em Bachelard y Weber, considera relevante para reflexionar sobre el desarrollo del conocimiento científico en las ciencias sociales. Estos elementos son la objetividad - la relación entre el sujeto y el objeto es la clave - y el método de vista de las defensas teóricas que cada uno de los autores hicieron en sus obras. La comparación de los elementos que se relacionan, la objetividad y el método de los autores en la pantalla, es central en la identificación de enfoques o distanciamiento Weber Bachelard y el positivismo. Se aclara que la objetividad y el método están entrelazadas, y cómo nos entendemos, por lo tanto, cambia la forma de ver al otro. En el mismo sentido, este artículo defiende el enfoque desarrollado por las reflexiones sobre la ciencia y la filosofía, la producción de conocimiento propuesto y puesto en práctica por las ciencias sociales. La "separación" que está más a la comprensión de estos elementos em Bachelard y Weber es sólo una presentación didáctica esfuerzo de las ideas de los autores.(AU)

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Este artigo visa compreender elementos teóricos identificados em Bachelard e em Weber, considerados relevantes para se refletir sobre a elaboração de conhecimento científico nas ciências sociais. Estes elementos são a objetividade - a relação entre sujeito e objeto é fundamental - e o método vistos a partir de defesas teóricas que cada um dos autores fizeram em suas obras. A comparação dos elementos que se relacionam, objetividade e método nos autores em tela, é central na explanação sobre aproximações ou distanciamentos de Weber e Bachelard ao positivismo. Esclarece-se que a objetividade e o método estão imbricados, sendo que a maneira como se entende um, modifica consequentemente a forma como se vê o outro. Na mesma direção, há neste artigo a defesa da aproximação das reflexões elaboradas pela filosofia sobre a ciência e, a produção de conhecimento proposta e colocada em prática pelas ciências sociais. A “separação” que se faz adiante para a compreensão desses elementos em Bachelard e Weber é apenas um esforço didático de apresentação das ideias dos autores.

This paper aims to understand the theoretical elements identified in Bachelard and Weber, considered relevant to reflect on the development of scientific knowledge in the social sciences. These elements are the objectivity - the relationship between subject and object is key - and the method seen from theoretical defenses that each of the authors did in their works. The comparison of the elements that relate, objectivity and method in authors on screen, is central in identifying approaches or distancing Weber Bachelard and positivism. It is clarified that the objectivity and method are intertwined, and how we understand one, therefore changes the way you see the other. In the same vein, this article is defending the approach developed by the reflections on science and philosophy, knowledge production proposed and put into practice by the social sciences. The "separation" that is further to the understanding of these elements in Bachelard and Weber is just an effort didactic presentation of the ideas of the authors.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender los elementos teóricos identificados em Bachelard y Weber, considera relevante para reflexionar sobre el desarrollo del conocimiento científico en las ciencias sociales. Estos elementos son la objetividad - la relación entre el sujeto y el objeto es la clave - y el método de vista de las defensas teóricas que cada uno de los autores hicieron en sus obras. La comparación de los elementos que se relacionan, la objetividad y el método de los autores en la pantalla, es central en la identificación de enfoques o distanciamiento Weber Bachelard y el positivismo. Se aclara que la objetividad y el método están entrelazadas, y cómo nos entendemos, por lo tanto, cambia la forma de ver al otro. En el mismo sentido, este artículo defiende el enfoque desarrollado por las reflexiones sobre la ciencia y la filosofía, la producción de conocimiento propuesto y puesto en práctica por las ciencias sociales. La "separación" que está más a la comprensión de estos elementos em Bachelard y Weber es sólo una presentación didáctica esfuerzo de las ideas de los autores.

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Indudablemente el tema de la violencia intrafamiliar lidera en México el ranking de preocupaciones de los científicos sociales y de quienes en ellos se basan para diseñar políticas públicas que la diagnostiquen, la controlen, la erradiquen y la prevengan. La Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia (LGAMVLV) representa un claro ejemplo de dicha mancuerna entre el conocimiento y el poder, y ostenta un carácter innovador en materia epistemológica al pretender mostrarse como multidimensional, objetiva, ecológica, compleja e interdisciplinaria. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una reflexión crítica sobre cada una de dichas pretensiones, tras lo cual se concluiá que existen incongruencias y frivolizaciones que ameritan una seria y urgente revisión de sus fundamentos.

There's no doubt that the topic of domestic violence is a major concern for social scientists and for people who design public policies in Mexico. The General Law of Women's Access to a Life Free of Violence (GLWAL-FV) represents a clear example of the connection between knowledge and power, and boasts an innovative character in epistemological terms by attempting to show that it is multidimensional, objective, ecological, complex and interdisciplinary. The objective of this article is to present a critical reflection on each of these claims, after which it will conclude that there are inconsistencies and frivolities that deserve a serious and urgent review of its foundations.

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A questão a respeito da relação entre sujeito e objeto tem sido debatida e explorada nas mais diversas tendências teórico-metodológicas, apresentando ressonâncias e discordâncias referentesàs possibilidades de desenvolvimento de uma ciência ou de um sistema filosófico que permitam a construção de um conhecimento sobre o mundo. Dentre tais tendências, as de dois autores, em específico, se diferenciam, respectivamente, em sua complexidade taxionômica e ontológica: Michel Foucault e Karl Marx. O objetivo deste texto é discutir aspectos da díade objetividade/subjetividade nos trabalhos desses dois pensadores, apontando algumas correlações entre elas. Para tanto, foi realizada uma discussão a respeito da concepção de conhecimentoadotada pelo filósofo francês Michel Foucault e da dificuldade encontrada por seus estudiosos e pensadores em classificar sua obra dentro de alguma tendência ou sistema teórico moderno, além de se discutir a respeito da diferença marcada pelo arcabouço teórico de Marx em relação a outros programas de pesquisa em ciências humanas modernas por não apresentaro indivíduo como entidade ontológica fundamental. A obra de Foucault traz algumas contribuições que, de certa maneira, influenciaram correntes neomarxistas em seu trabalho de reconstituição teórica e de resgate do marxismo.

The question of the relationship between subject and object has been discussed and explored in several theoretical and methodological systems, showing resonances and disagreements about the possibilities of developing a science or a philosophical system to allow the construction of the knowledge about the world. Among these, the systems of two authors in particular are different, respectively, regarding the complexity and ontological taxonomic: Michel Foucault and Karl Marx. This work aims to discuss the objectivity and subjectivity in the work of these two thinkers, indicating some possible correlations. The discussions were about the concept of knowledge in Michel Foucault, difficulties experienced by its researchers to classify their work within a classical theoretical system and the difference of Marxist theory in relation to other research programs for not presenting the individual as the fundamental ontological entity. Foucault´s work influenced the process of restoration and redemption of Marxism by Marxists groups.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Ao contrário da sua propalada aversão à práxis, Adorno situa em sua obra a prática em um nexo fundamental com suas posições teóricas e vice-versa. O objeto de sua apreensão teórica é a sociedade como auto-produção humana em todas as suas dimensões. As próprias formas sociais da sociedade são também socialmente produzidas. Assim a política não deve ser encarada como prática no plano da sociedade, mas no plano da produção histórica e social da mesma. Na sociedade vigente, as formas sociais parecem formas naturais perenes; o que seria práxis política se instala como pseudo-atividade de sujeitos assujeitados objetivamente numa ordem meramente adaptativa. Como construção do todo social verdadeiro, a política deve levar em conta estas determinações sociais que a condicionam na sociedade atual, decifrando-as em sua gênese; não pode prescindir da teoria para conferir objetividade à ação ao intervir na própria produção destas determinações.(AU)

Although one finds very often assertions that Adorno has an aversion for praxis, this is a basic and foundational concept, articulated to Adorno's theoretical stand. The subject matter of Adorno's theoretical apprehensions is society understood as human self-production in all its dimensions. The social forms of society are, themselves, socially produced. Therefore politics should not be taken only as praxis on the realm of society, but it must be taken on the realm of its social and historical production. Social forms of the present society seem to be natural and immutable; what should be taken as political praxis appears as pseudo-activities of subjects that are objectively submitted to a merely adaptive order. Politics, as a construction of the true social whole, should take into account the social determinants of its existence in the present society, deciphering its genesis. Politics, to be objective in its actions to intervene in the determiners of its own production, cannot exist without theory.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Ao contrário da sua propalada aversão à práxis, Adorno situa em sua obra a prática em um nexo fundamental com suas posições teóricas e vice-versa. O objeto de sua apreensão teórica é a sociedade como auto-produção humana em todas as suas dimensões. As próprias formas sociais da sociedade são também socialmente produzidas. Assim a política não deve ser encarada como prática no plano da sociedade, mas no plano da produção histórica e social da mesma. Na sociedade vigente, as formas sociais parecem formas naturais perenes; o que seria práxis política se instala como pseudo-atividade de sujeitos assujeitados objetivamente numa ordem meramente adaptativa. Como construção do todo social verdadeiro, a política deve levar em conta estas determinações sociais que a condicionam na sociedade atual, decifrando-as em sua gênese; não pode prescindir da teoria para conferir objetividade à ação ao intervir na própria produção destas determinações.

Although one finds very often assertions that Adorno has an aversion for praxis, this is a basic and foundational concept, articulated to Adorno's theoretical stand. The subject matter of Adorno's theoretical apprehensions is society understood as human self-production in all its dimensions. The social forms of society are, themselves, socially produced. Therefore politics should not be taken only as praxis on the realm of society, but it must be taken on the realm of its social and historical production. Social forms of the present society seem to be natural and immutable; what should be taken as political praxis appears as pseudo-activities of subjects that are objectively submitted to a merely adaptive order. Politics, as a construction of the true social whole, should take into account the social determinants of its existence in the present society, deciphering its genesis. Politics, to be objective in its actions to intervene in the determiners of its own production, cannot exist without theory.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La discusión sobre los determinantes es muy prolífica en el campo de la salud, no obstante todavía hace falta reflexionar sobre la manera en que ésta es definida y entendida como una categoría que permite problematizar la realidad desde una mirada totalizadora y compleja y sobre los alcances que puede tener su aplicación en la salud colectiva. Este trabajo discute los conceptos de causalidad, que predomina en la visión positivista, y determinación utilizado por algunas visiones alternativas en el campo de la salud. Se exponen algunos argumentos en torno al tratamiento ontológico y epistemológico en el estudio del proceso salud-enfermedad a partir de algunos planteamientos de la fenomenología.

The discussion on the determinants is extremely prolific in the area of health. However, we still have to think about the way in which the determination is defined and understood as a category that allows to question reality, from an overall and complex view, and the extent that they can have their application in public health. This article discusses the concepts of causality, which is dominant in the positivist vision as well as determination and historicity, used by some alternative views on health. Some arguments are exposed on the ontological and epistemological approach to address the study of health-disease process, from considerations of phenomenology.

Assuntos