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CONTEXT: Iron, folate, and zinc deficiencies during the gestational period may be associated with negative perinatal outcomes, such as low birth weight (LBW), but these relationships are not yet fully established in the scientific literature and require further investigation. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the scientific production to investigate the association between iron, folate, and zinc deficiencies during pregnancy and LBW. DATA SOURCES: The search was carried out using high-sensitivity descriptors in the English, Portuguese, and Spanish languages, combined with Boolean operators, adapted to each of the following indexed databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, LILACS via BVS, CENTRAL, and Web of Science. The eligibility criteria followed the PECOS (population, exposure, comparator, outcome, study) strategy. DATA EXTRACTION: Data extraction was performed using an Excel spreadsheet with the study variables of interest. Subsequently, the information was analyzed and summarized in a table. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to perform the risk-of-bias analysis. DATA ANALYSIS: A total of 21 042 references were identified, of which 7169 related to folate, 6969 to iron, and 6904 to zinc. After eligibility criteria application, 37 articles were included in this study, of which 18 referred to zinc nutritional status, 10 related to iron, and 9 related to folate. Studies of iron (40%), folate (66.66%), and zinc (50%) revealed a positive association between deficiencies of these micronutrients and LBW. The overall methodological quality of the studies included in this review was considered high. CONCLUSIONS: Iron, folate, and zinc deficiencies are still present during gestation. Nevertheless, the association between deficiencies of these micronutrients and LBW is still contradictory, and more studies are needed, as is efficient nutritional monitoring before and during gestation. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021284683.

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Introdução: A deficiência de vitamina D durante a gestação e a lactação pode repercutir negativamente no desenvolvimento fetal e infantil, devido seu papel fundamental nos sistemas imunológico, cardíaco, ósseo, muscular e neural. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão de literatura para integrar estudos que evidenciam a deficiência de vitamina D em gestantes e lactantes, e os fatores de risco associados a essa carência. Metodologia: Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico entre agosto e outubro de 2021, com atualização entre outubro e novembro de 2022 através de pesquisas às bases Pubmed e Scielo, bem como às listas de referências dos artigos selecionados. Foram empregados os descritores consumo alimentar, vitamina D, deficiência de vitamina D, gestantes e lactantes, usando-se o operador booleano AND para a associação entre eles. Como critérios de inclusão foram adotados o tipo de estudo (epidemiológicos, ensaios clínicos e revisões integrativa e sistemática), o idioma (espanhol, inglês e português) e o período de publicação (2010 a 2022). Resultados: Evidenciou-se que existem vários fatores de riscos para a inadequação do status de vitamina D em gestantes e lactantes como a baixa exposição da pele à luz solar e fatores relacionados (uso excessivo de protetor solar, menor tempo de atividades ao ar livre, clima, religião e hábitos culturais, maior escolaridade);a pigmentação mais escura da pele; o baixo consumo alimentar de vitamina D e variáveis associadas; a menor idade materna; o primeiro trimestre gestacional; a primiparidade e o excesso de tecido adiposo. Conclusões: Em gestantes e lactantes, a carência de vitamina D associa-se a distintos fatores, com destaque principalmente para a baixa exposição à luz solar, a pigmentação mais escura da pele e o excesso de tecido adiposo, sendo de extrema importância que sejam abordados com cautela, visando ações voltadas a variáveis modificáveis, de modo a auxiliar na redução da hipovitaminose D nestes grupos (AU).

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and breastfeeding can have a negative impact on fetal and infant development due to its fundamental role in the immune, cardiac, bone, muscular and neural systems. Objective: To conduct a literature review to integrate studies which show the Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant andlactating women, and the risk factors associated with this deficiency. Methodology: A bibliographic survey was carried out between August and October 2021, with an update between October and November 2022 through searches in the Pubmed and Scielo databases, as well as the reference lists of the selected articles. The descriptors food consumption, vitamin D, vitamin D deficiency, pregnant and lactating women were used, using the Boolean operator AND for the association between them. The type of study (epidemiological, clinical trials and integrative and systematic reviews), language (Spanish, English and Portuguese) and publication period (2010 to 2022) was adopted as inclusion criteria.Results:It was shown that there are several risk factors for inadequate vitamin D status in pregnant and lactating women, such as low skin exposure to sunlight and related factors (excessive use of sunscreen, less time spent outdoors, climate, religion and cultural habits, higher education); darker skin pigmentation; low dietary intake of vitamin D and associated variables; the lowest maternal age; the first gestational trimester; primiparity and excess adipose tissue.Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant and lactating women is associated with different factors, witha main emphasis on low exposure to sunlight, darker skin pigmentation and excess adipose tissue. Furthermore, it is extremely important that these factors are approached with caution, implementing actions aimed at modifiable variables in order to help reduce hypovitaminosis D in these groups (AU).

Introducción: La deficiencia de vitamina D durante el embarazo y la lactancia puede tener un impacto negativo en el desarrollo fetal e infantil, por su papel fundamental en los sistemas inmunológico, cardíaco, óseo, muscular y neural. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica para integrar estudios que evidencien la deficiencia de vitamina D en mujeres embarazadas y lactantes, y los factores de riesgo asociados. Metodología:Se realizó un levantamiento bibliográfico entre agosto y octubre de 2021, con actualizaciones entre octubre y noviembre de 2022 mediante búsquedas en las bases de datos Pubmed y Scielo, así como en las listas de referencias de los artículos seleccionados. Se utilizaron los descriptores consumo de alimentos, vitamina D, deficiencia de vitamina D, gestantes y lactantes, utilizándose el operador booleano AND para la asociación entre ellos. Se adoptaron como criterios de inclusión el tipo de estudio (epidemiológicos, clínicos, revisiones integradoras y sistemáticas), idioma (español, inglés y portugués) y período de publicación (2010 a 2022).Resultados: Existen varios factores de riesgo para un estado inadecuado de vitamina D en mujeres embarazadas y lactantes, como la baja exposición de la piel a la luz solar y factores relacionados (uso excesivo de protector solar, menor tiempo al aire libre, clima, religión y hábitos culturales, educación más alta); pigmentación de la piel más oscura; baja ingesta dietética de vitamina D y variables asociadas; la edad materna más baja; el primer trimestre gestacional; Primiparidad y exceso de tejido adiposo. Conclusiones:En mujeres embarazadas y lactantes, el déficit de vitamina D se asocia a diferentes factores, especialmente la baja exposición solar, la pigmentación de la piel más oscura y el exceso de tejido adiposo, y es de suma importancia abordarlos con precaución, apuntando a acciones dirigidas a variables modificables, con el fin de ayudar a reducir la hipovitaminosis D en estos grupos (AU).

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Vitamin D (VD) deficiency (serum 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L) affects 27.3% of preschool children in Mexico. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation at different doses on serum 25(OH)D concentrations in preschool children. In a randomized control trial, 222 children 12-30 months old were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (1) Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) 400 IU/day (n = 56); (2) Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) 800 IU/day (n = 55); (3) Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) 1000 IU/day (n = 56); or (4) multiple micronutrients (MM) non-VD (n = 55). Supplements were given five days/wk for three months. Serum 25(OH)D was measured at baseline and after three months. At baseline, mean serum 25(OH)D was 58.9 ± 12.6 nmol/L and 23.4% were VD-deficient. There was a statistically significant increase in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D (range across groups: +8.2 to +17.3 nmol/L). Additionally, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency decreased after three months: for D2 400 IU, -9.0%; for D2 800 IU, -11.0%; for D3 1000 IU, -18.0%; and for MM non-VD, -2.8% (p < 0.05). No adverse effects were observed. VD supplementation for three months was effective for increasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations and for reducing VD deficiency in preschool children. The highest efficacy was observed by giving 1000 IU D3/d.

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Mineral nutrition in arracacha is a critical production factor that conditions harvest yield. Few studies have been developed in nutrition and physiology, this does not allow to the design of ideal fertilization programs; consequences are increased production costs, soil degradation, and low-quality storage roots. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the symptoms associated with macronutrient deficiency in arracacha plants and its effect on morphological parameters, the accumulation of fresh and dry biomass, and the distribution of dry matter in the different organs. Under greenhouse conditions, the experiment was conducted in Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia. A completely randomized design was implemented, with seven treatments and six replicates (6 solutions lacking N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S and Hoagland complete solution). Forty-two seedlings were transplanted, to which the complete solution was applied for 75 days, increasing the concentrations from 0.25 M to 1 M, and then nutritional deficiencies were induced. Deficiencies caused by macronutrients in arracacha plants exhibited visual symptoms and changes in their morphology. The omission of N, Ca, and S generated the most severe symptoms, drastically affecting plant height, leaf width, number of leaves, and plant mass accumulation. In the case of P, leaves became small and intense green with a violet margin. The Mg and K generated leaves with interveinal and margin chlorosis. Plants with the omission of macronutrients allocated dry mass in the following order: stem, storage roots, propagules, and leaves.

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Vitamin E is an important nutrient from the earliest stages of life. It plays key roles as an antioxidant and in the maintenance of the immune system, among others. Vitamin E deficiency (VED), which occurs more frequently in children, is rarely addressed in the literature. This narrative review aims to summarise the chemistry, biology, serum indicators and clinical trials that have evaluated the impact of fortification and other relevant aspects of vitamin E, in addition to the prevalence of its deficiency, in children worldwide. Vitamin E intake in recommended amounts is essential for this nutrient to perform its functions in the body. Serum α-tocopherol is the most widely used biochemical indicator to assess the prevalence of VED. VED has been associated with symptoms secondary to fat malabsorption and may lead to peripheral neuropathy and increased erythrocyte haemolysis. Reduced concentrations of α-tocopherol may be caused by the combination of diets with low amounts of vitamin E and inadequate consumption of fats, proteins and calories. The lowest prevalence of VED was found in Asia and the highest in North America and Brazil. High proportions of VED provide evidence that this nutritional deficiency is a public health problem in children and still little addressed in the international scientific literature. The planning, evaluation and implementation of health policies aimed at combatting VED in the paediatric population are extremely important.

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In French Guiana, life expectancy is between 2 and 3 years below that of France, reflecting differences in mortality rates that are largely sensitive to primary healthcare and thus preventable. However, because poverty affects half of the population in French Guiana, global measurements of life expectancy presumably conflate at least two distinct situations: persons who have similar life expectancies as in mainland France and persons living in precariousness who have far greater mortality rates than their wealthier counterparts. We thus aimed to synthesize what is known about statistical regularities regarding exposures and sketch typical French Guiana exposomes in relation to health outcomes. We conducted a narrative review on common exposures in French Guiana and made comparisons between French Guiana and mainland France, between rich and poor in French Guiana, and between urban and rural areas within French Guiana. The most striking fact this panorama shows is that being a fetus or a young child in French Guiana is fraught with multiple threats. In French Guiana, poverty and poor pregnancy follow-up; renouncing healthcare; wide variety of infectious diseases; very high prevalence of food insecurity; psychosocial stress; micronutrient deficiencies; obesity and metabolic problems; and frequent exposure to lead and mercury in rural areas constitute a stunningly challenging exposome for a new human being to develop into. A substantial part of the population's health is hence affected by poverty and its sources of nutrition.

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La incidencia de individuos con Trastorno Espectro Autista (TEA) va en aumento. Por lo tanto, es importante la detección oportuna de la condición y conocer los factores de riesgo asociado a nutrición, en especial porque se trata de una población nutricionalmente vulnerable. Desde la última década, las investigaciones han aportado evidencia sobre los mecanismos que subyacen al TEA. Se ha comprobado la coexistencia de diversas complicaciones asociadas al TEA, tales como: trastornos metabólicos, deficiencias nutricionales y condiciones asociadas a la microbiota y funcionalidad gastrointestinal, que podrían estar relacionadas con la etiología o comportamiento en este grupo en particular. Es de suma importancia realizar un resumen de la evidencia con la finalidad de entregar información relacionada a los factores alimentarios y nutricionales asociados a modificación de comportamiento en TEA y desarrollo del mismo, para llevar a cabo una evaluación e intervención oportuna e individualizada, con un enfoque multidimensional, sistémico, multi e interdisciplinario.

The incidence of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasing. Early detection of the condition and recognizing risk factors associated with nutrition is essential, mainly because this population is nutritionally vulnerable. In the last decade, research has provided evidence on the mechanisms underlying ASD. The coexistence of various complications associated with ASD, such as metabolic disorders, nutritional deficiencies, and conditions associated with the microbiota and its gastrointestinal functionality, have been proven to be related to the etiology of behavior in this particular group. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to summarize the evidence to provide information related to dietary and nutritional factors associated with behavior modification in ASD and to carry out a timely and individualized assessment and intervention, with a multidimensional, systemic, multi and interdisciplinary approach.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The number of bariatric surgeries performed worldwide is growing. Among the main short, medium or long-term complications after surgery are nutritional deficiencies. Many of these, such as those of Zn, Cu and vitamins A, B1, B3, B6 and B12, are manifested by dermatological lesions before potentially fatal systemic disorders occur. OBJECTIVE: To identify the main dermatological manifestations associated with nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery, and the associated variables. DESIGN AND SETTING: Integrative literature review carried out at a public university in Brazil. METHODS: This was a case report and a review of health research portals and databases of national and international biomedical journals, without publication date limitation. The descriptors used for searches followed the ideal methodology for each database/search portal: "bariatric surgery", "skin", "skin disease", "skin manifestation", "deficiency disease" and "malnutrition". RESULTS: A total of 59 articles were selected, among which 23 were review articles or articles that addressed specific dermatological manifestations. The other 36 articles described 41 cases, which were organized into a table with the clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS: Although nutritional deficiencies are expected as complications after bariatric surgery, few articles relating them to their dermatological manifestations were found. It is important to recognize skin changes caused by nutritional deficiencies in patients treated via bariatric surgery, as these may occur before systemic complications appear and are easier to diagnose when the patient does not have any systemic symptoms yet. However, there is generally a delay between the appearance of skin lesions and making the diagnosis of nutritional deficiency.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate vitamin D status and deficiency in Mexican children and related factors, with updated data from a representative national survey. Materials and methods: Data and serum samples of child participants were collected in the Ensanut 2018-19. The measurement 25-(OH)-D was obtained through chemiluminescence. Height and weight, as well as dietary information, were measured using a semi-quan- titative food frequency questionnaire and sociodemographic information. Results: Data of 4 691 children aged 1-11 years were analyzed. Vitamin D deficiency (25-OH-D70% of vitamin D intake. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is important in Mexican children. Actions and programs to fight this deficiency are required.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el estado y la deficiencia de vitamina D en niños mexicanos, así como los factores relacionados, con datos actualizados de una encuesta nacional representativa. Material y métodos: Los datos y muestras de suero de niños participantes se recolectaron en la Ensanut 2018-19. La medición de 25- (OH)- D se realizó mediante quimiolu- miniscencia. Se obtuvo estatura, peso e información dietética a través de un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia alimentaria e información sociodemográfica. Resultados: Se analizaron datos de 4 691 niños entre 1 y 11 años. Se observó deficiencia de vitamina D (25-OH-D 70% de la ingesta. Conclusiones: La deficiencia de vitamina D es considerable en los niños mexicanos. Se requieren acciones y programas para combatirla.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La estomatitis aftosa recurrente (EAR) es la enfermedad ulcerativa más común que afecta la mucosa oral no queratinizada. La etiología aún se desconoce, pero se han propuesto varios factores locales y sistémicos como agentes causales. Descripción del caso: se informa tres pacientes con presencia de EAR asociada a deficiencias nutricionales, debidas a dietas de restricción alimentaria. El primer caso, una mujer de 19 años con deficiencia de hierro, refirió tomar té verde a diario y consumir poca cantidad de carbohidratos, grasas y carne. El segundo caso, un hombre de 32 años con deficiencia de hierro y vitamina B12 asociada a dieta tipo vegana, aunque a veces si consumía carne. El tercer caso, hombre de 50 años, vegano y exfumador desde hace un año, presentó deficiencia de hierro, vitamina B12 y ácido fólico. En los tres casos un detallado interrogatorio, examen clínico y análisis sanguíneo completo, permitió establecer un adecuado diagnóstico, manejo odontológico y derivación con un nutricionista, con el fin de tratar la patología de base y no sólo brindarles un tratamiento sintomático de las lesiones. Discusión: Ante un cuadro de EAR es recomendable realizar un análisis que incluya hemograma, ácido fólico, hierro y vitamina B12, para descartar posibles causas sistémicas y eventualmente tratarlas. El manejo clínico tiene como objetivo mejorar la función del paciente y la calidad de vida mediante terapias tópicas y sistémicas; sin embargo, es fundamental identificar y controlar los factores causales que contribuyen; así como, la exclusión o tratamiento de la enfermedad sistémica subyacente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common ulcerative disease that affects the non-keratinized oral mucosa. The etiology is still unknown, but several local and systemic factors have been proposed as causal agents. Case description: three patients are reported with RAS associated with nutritional deficiencies, due to dietary restriction diets. The first case, a 19-year- old woman with iron deficiency, reported taking green tea daily and consuming a small amount of carbohydrates, fats and meat. The second case, a 32-year-old man with iron deficiency and vitamin B12 associated with vegan diet, although sometimes if he consumed meat. The third case, man of 50 years, vegan and ex-smoker for a year, presented deficiency of iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid. In all three cases a detailed questioning, clinical examination and complete blood analysis allowed to establish an adequate diagnosis, dental management and referral with a nutritionist, in order to treat the underlying pathology and not only provide a symptomatic treatment of the injuries. Discussion: In the setting of RAS, it is advisable to perform an analysis that includes a blood count, folic acid, iron and vitamin B12, to rule out possible systemic causes and eventually treat them. Clinical management aims to improve patient function and quality of life through topical and systemic therapies; however, it is essential to identify and control the causal factors that contribute; as well as, the exclusion or treatment of the underlying systemic disease.

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Objetivo ­ Avaliar a alimentação dos pacientes que foram submetidos à gastroplastia redutora após 3 meses de pós-operatório. Métodos ­ Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico, que foi realizado em uma clínica particular de Taguatinga Sul/DF, a amostra foi composta por pacientes adultos de ambos os sexos. Para avaliação da alimentação foi utilizado um registro ou diário alimentar, o mesmo foi utilizado para quantificar todos os alimentos e bebidas dos pacientes ingeridos em três dias não consecutivos. Também foi utilizado um questionário para saber sobre o possível uso de suplementos tais como: vitaminas, minerais e outros produtos. Resultados ­ A amostra foi composta por 20 pacientes que foram submetidos à gastroplastia redutora no Distrito Federal, com idades entre 40 e 55 anos de ambos os sexos, com a maior prevalência de cirurgia nas mulheres (85%) e a maioria dos pacientes avaliados tinham mais de 12 meses de P.O. Toda amostra apresentou inadequação no consumo de macronutrientes como carboidratos, lipídeos e proteínas e o consumo dos micronutrientes apresentaram inadequados para o Cálcio, Retinol, Ferro e Tiamina (B1), apenas a Vitamina C apresentou 100% de adequação quando comparado com as recomendações. Conclusão ­ Com o presente estudo pode-se concluir que cirurgia bariátrica é um tratamento eficaz contra a obesidade, contribuindo assim para a melhora das doenças associadas. É importante que o nutricionista conheça as principais deficiências que ocorrem após o tal procedimento, para assim poder oferecer um tratamento nutricional direcionado a cada paciente

Objective ­ To evaluate the feeding of patients who underwent reductive gastroplasty after 3 months postoperatively. Methods ­ This is a cross-sectional analytical study, which was performed in a private clinic in Taguatinga Sul / DF, the sample was composed of adult patients of both sexes. A dietary record or diary was used to evaluate the diet, which was used to quantify all foods and beverages of patients ingested on three nonconsecutive days. A questionnaire was also used to know about the possible use of supplements such as vitamins, minerals and other products. Results ­ The sample consisted of 20 patients who underwent reductive gastroplasty in the Federal District, aged between 40 and 55 years of both sexes, with the highest prevalence of surgery in women (85%) and the majority of patients evaluated had more than 12 months of PO All intakes of macronutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and micronutrient intake were inadequate for Calcium, Retinol, Iron and Thiamine (B1), only Vitamin C presented 100% adequacy when compared with recommendations. Conclusion ­ With the present study it can be concluded that bariatric surgery is an effective treatment against obesity, thus contributing to the improvement of the diseases associated. It is important that the nutritionist knows the main deficiencies that occur after this procedure, in order to offer a nutritional treatment directed to each patient

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ABSTRACT Background : Bariatric surgery promotes significant weight loss and improvement of associated comorbidities; however, nutrients deficiencies and weight regain may occur in the middle-late postoperative period. Aim: To investigate nutritional status in 10 years follow-up. Methods : Longitudinal retrospective study in which anthropometric, biochemical indicators and nutritional intake were assessed before and after one, two, three, four, five and ten years of Roux-en Y gastric bypass through analysis of medical records. Results : After ten years there was a reduction of 29.2% of initial weight; however, 87.1% of patients had significant weight regain. Moreover, there was an increase of incidence of iron (9.2% to 18.5%), vitamin B12 (4.2% to 11.1%) and magnesium deficiency (14.1% to 14.8%). Folic acid concentrations increased and the percentage of individuals with glucose (40.4% to 3.7%), triglycerides (38% to 7.4%), HDL cholesterol (31 % to 7.4%) and uric acid (70.5% to 11.1%) abnormalities reduced. Also, there is a reduction of food intake at first year postoperative. After 10 years, there was an increase in energy, protein and lipid intake, also a reduction in folid acid intake. Conclusions : Roux-en Y gastric bypass is an effective procedure to promote weight loss and improve comorbidities associated with obesity. However, comparison between postoperative period of five and 10 years showed a high prevalence of minerals deficiency and a significant weight regain, evidencing the need for nutritional follow-up in the postoperative period.

RESUMO Racional: A cirurgia bariátrica promove importante perda ponderal e melhora das comorbidades associadas; entretanto, deficiências nutricionais e reganho de peso podem ocorrer no pós-operatório médio e tardio. Objetivo: Investigar a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes após cinco e 10 anos de pós-operatório. Método: Estudo retrospectivo longitudinal, no qual indicadores antropométricos, bioquímicos e a ingestão alimentar foram avaliados no período pré-operatório e após um, dois, três, quatro, cinco e dez anos da operação, por meio de revisão de prontuários. Resultados: Após 10 anos observou-se redução de 29,2% do peso inicial; no entanto, 87,1% dos pacientes tiveram reganho significativo de peso. Além disso, houve aumento da incidência de deficiência de ferro (9,2% para 18,5%), vitamina B12 (4,2% para 11,1%) e magnésio (14,1% para 14,8%). As concentrações de ácido fólico aumentaram e a porcentagem de indivíduos com alterações na glicemia (40,4% a 3,7%), triglicérides (38% a 7,4%), colesterol HDL (31% a 7,4%) e ácido úrico (70,5% a 11,1%) diminuiu. Além disso, houve redução na ingestão alimentar no primeiro ano de pós-operatório. Após 10 anos, houve aumento na ingestão de energia, proteína e lipídios, e redução na de ácido fólico. Conclusões: A derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux é procedimento eficaz para promover perda de peso e melhorar as comorbidades associadas à obesidade. Entretanto, a comparação entre os períodos pós-operatórios de cinco e 10 anos mostrou que uma porcentagem de pacientes apresenta deficiências de vitaminas e minerais e reganho de peso significativo, evidenciando a necessidade do acompanho nutricional no período pós-operatório.

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INTRODUCTION: Adequate feeding during childhood and adolescence is extremely important, due to its act directly on physical and cognitive development. OBJECTIVE: To verify the relationship between dietary intake and nutritional status with school performance. METHODS: It is an observational, quantitative and cross-sectional study of 134 students aged 9 to 11 years. The nutritional status was measured using the Body Mass Index by age and gender, and food consumption was assessed through the 3-day Dietary Recall. For the knowledge of the school performance, the report cards of 2016 were consulted. A questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the marital status. RESULTS: Regarding nutritional status, 59,7% of the students presented eutrophy, 18,7% overweight, 15,6% obesity and 6,0% underweight. The consumption of calcium (p<0,001) and iron (p<0,001) were significantly below the values recommended by the Dietary Reference Intakes. Obese children consumed significantly more lipids (p=0,026) and calories (p=0,003) than the other students. The participation of ultra processed foods represented 35.50% of the total energy value, with a positive correlation between their consumption and the amount of calories consumed (p=0,022) and inverse correlation with zinc intake (p=0,007). CONCLUSION: There was no significant association between dietary intake and nutritional status with school performance, but it was found that the marital status of the parents was associated with student performance, the children of married parents had a higher educational achievement than the children of separated parents.

INTRODUÇÃO: A alimentação adequada durante a infância e a adolescência é extremamente importante, pois atua diretamente no desenvolvimento físico e cognitivo. OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação entre o consumo alimentar e o estado nutricional com o rendimento escolar. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, quantitativo e transversal, realizado com 134 escolares com idades entre 9 e 11 anos. O estado nutricional foi mensurado por meio do Índice de Massa Corporal por idade e gênero e a avaliação do consumo alimentar foi realizada através do Recordatório Alimentar de 3 dias. Para o conhecimento do rendimento escolar foram consultados os boletins do ano letivo de 2016. Utilizou-se um questionário para coletar dados referentes ao estado civil. Quanto ao estado nutricional, 59,7% dos escolares apresentaram eutrofia, 18,7% sobrepeso, 15,6% obesidade e 6,0% baixo peso. RESULTADO: O consumo de cálcio (p=0,000 ) e ferro (p=0,000) foram significativamente abaixo dos valores recomendados pela Dietary Reference Intakes. Os escolares com obesidade consumiram significativamente mais lipídios (p=0,026) e calorias (p=0,003) que os demais estudantes. A participação dos alimentos ultraprocessados representou 35,50% do valor energético total, observando-se correlação positiva entre o seu consumo e a quantidade de calorias da alimentação (p=0,022) e correlação inversa com a ingestão de zinco (p=0,007 CONCLUSÃO: Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre o consumo alimentar e estado nutricional com o rendimento escolar, porém verificou-se que o estado civil dos pais apresentou associação com o desempenho dos estudantes, os filhos de pais casados tiveram um rendimento escolar superior aos filhos de pais separados

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A obesidade é um grave problema de saúde em todo o mundo. Apresenta alta prevalência e grande impacto sobre a mortalidade. A cirurgia bariátrica é cada vez mais utilizada no tratamento de obesidade mórbida por se mostrar o mais eficaz tratamento mantendo a perda de peso sustentada e diminuindo a incidência das comorbidades associadas. Complicações neurológicas agudas e crônicas têm sido relatadas após este procedimento, e podem resultar principalmente por deficiência nutricional. Objetivo: Destacar as complicações neurológicas comuns e raras que podem ocorrer após cirurgia bariátrica. Metodologia: Revisão narrativa da literatura. Resultados: Complicações neurológicas pós-cirurgia bariátrica podem ocorrer em qualquer nível do neuroeixo ou em músculos. As mais comuns são por deficiências nutricionais, mas outros mecanismos mais raros podem ocorrer como inflamatórios mecânicos. Conclusão: Com o aumento de incidência da obesidade, a cirurgia bariátrica tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente para perda de peso. É importante avaliar corretamente a indicação desse procedimento uma vez que ele não é isento de complicações. Embora a maioria das complicações do sistema nervoso central, periférico e musculoesquelético após a cirurgia bariátrica seja devido a deficiências nutricionais, existem outras neuropatias associadas com envolvimento inflamatório do nervo periférico. Um processo autoimune tem sido aceito como fisiopatologia subjacente. (AU)

Obesity is a serious health problem throughout the world. It has high prevalence and significant impact on mortality. Bariatric surgery is increasingly used in the treatment of morbid obesity out to be the most effective treatment maintaining sustained weight loss and decreasing the incidence of comorbidities. Acute and chronic neurological complications have been reported after this procedure, and may result primarily by nutritional deficiency. Objective: To emphasize the common and rare neurological complications that may occur after bariatric surgery. Methodology: Narrative review of the literature. Results: Neurological complications after bariatric surgery can occur at any neuraxial level or muscle. The most common are by nutritional deficiency, but other rarer mechanisms may occur, like mechanical or inflammatory. Conclusion: With increasing incidence of obesity, bariatric surgery has become increasingly common for weight loss. It is important to properly evaluate the indication for this procedure since it is not without complications. Although most of the central and peripheral nervous system and musculoskeletal complications after bariatric surgery are due to nutritional deficiencies, there are other neuropathies associated with inflammatory involvement of the peripheral nerve. An autoimmune process has been accepted as an underlying pathophysiology. (AU)

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Abstract: Objective: To describe energy and nutrient intakes and their adequacies in older Mexican adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut) 2006 and 2012. Materials and methods: Dietary information was obtained through a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) from 526 adults 60 y and older participating in Ensanut 2012 and 3 326 in Ensanut 2006 in Mexico. Quantile and logistic regression models were used to obtain medians and marginal effects of each nutrient, adjusting by confounders and survey design. Results: Dietary intake of energy and nutrients was similar in both surveys. Most common micronutrients at risk of dietary deficiency were, for vitamins: A, B-12, C, D and folate, and for minerals: calcium, iron and zinc, in both surveys. Excessive intake of sugar and saturated fat and low fiber intake were common. Conclusions: Diet in older Mexican adults is low in micronutrient essentials, and excessive in fat and sugar. Attention to the diet in this age group through targeted interventions is necessary to promote a healthy diet.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la ingesta y adecuación de energía y nutrimentos de la dieta de adultos mexicanos mayores de 60 años (AM) participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2006 y 2012 de México. Material y métodos: El cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos se analizó en 526 AM de la Ensanut 2012 y en 3 326 de Ensanut 2006. Modelos de regresión por cuantiles y logístico se emplearon para estimar las medianas y riesgos de inadecuación para los nutrimentos evaluados, ajustando por confusores y diseño de encuesta. Resultados: La ingesta de energía y nutrimentos no fue diferente entre las dos encuestas. Los micronutrimentos con mayor riesgo de deficiencia dietética fueron las vitaminas A, B-12, C, D y folato, y los minerales calcio, hierro y zinc, en ambas encuestas. La ingesta excesiva de azúcar y grasa saturada y la baja ingesta de fibra fueron comunes. Conclusiones: La dieta de AM mexicanos es deficiente en micronutrimentos importantes y excesiva en grasa y azúcar. Se sugiere atención a la dieta en este grupo de población por medio de programas sociales e intervenciones focalizadas.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess vitamin D dietary sources, intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and their association with individual and sociodemographic characteristics in Mexican children. DESIGN: Data obtained from 2695 children aged 1-11 years from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (2012) were analysed. Diet was assessed by a 141-item FFQ. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D was measured by a chemiluminescent assay. RESULTS: Mean vitamin D intake was 3·38 (se 0·09) µg/d (135·2 (se 3·6) IU/d) among pre-school children and 2·85 (se 0·06) µg/d (114·0 (se 2·4) IU/d) in school-age children. Milk accounted for 64·4 % of vitamin D intake in pre-school children and 54·7 % in school-age children. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<50 nmol/l) was 25·9 % in pre-schoolers and 36·6 % in school-age children. Overweight/obese school-age children had a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency compared with normal-weight children (OR=2·23; 95 % CI 1·36, 3·66; P<0·05). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D intakes are low in Mexican children, and milk is the main source of the vitamin. Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with overweight in school-age children.

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ABSTRACT Background: Bariatric surgery is deemed one of the most effective procedures for the treatment of obesity and it aims at the reduction and maintenance of weight loss in long term, as the control of the related comorbidities. Aim: Quantify the occurrence of alterations of the gastrointestinal tract, suggestive signs of nutritional deficiencies and the use of supplements in a group of women undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: The sample consisted of women aged 20-65 years submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with monitoring equal to or higher than 24 months. For the qualitative analysis, the Feeding Frequency Questionnaire was used. Results: In the postoperative period, alopecia was the most reported (79.3%), followed by changes in the texture of the nails, both considered predictive of nutritional deficiencies. Changes in the gastrointestinal tract were described in 86.2%, and episodes of dumping were reported in 65.5%. Qualitative analysis has shown reduced daily consumption of sources of animal and plant proteins. Conclusion: After bariatric surgery can occur flatulence, vomiting and dumping syndrome as the most frequent representative symptoms of digestive functional disorders. Alopecia and nail changes are the most important signs of nutritional deficiency. The use of dietary supplements in the postoperative period is scarce and sporadic.

RESUMO Racional: A cirurgia bariátrica é considerada um dos procedimentos mais eficazes para tratamento da obesidade e objetiva a redução e manutenção da perda de peso em longo prazo, assim como, o controle das comorbidades associadas. Objetivo: Quantificar a ocorrência de alterações funcionais do trato gastrointestinal, sinais sugestivos de carências nutricionais e o uso de suplementos em um grupo de mulheres submetidas à cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: A amostra foi constituída por mulheres com idades entre 20-65 anos submetidas ao bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux com seguimento igual ou superior a 24 meses. Para análise qualitativa foi utilizado o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar. Resultados: No período pós-operatório a alopecia foi a mais relatada (79,3%), seguida de alteração na textura das unhas, ambas consideradas preditivos de carências nutricionais. As alterações do trato gastrointestinal foram descritas por 86,2%, e os episódios de dumping foram relatados em 65,5%. Na análise qualitativa foi observado consumo diário reduzido de fontes de proteínas animal e vegetal. Conclusão: Após a cirurgia bariátrica pode ocorrer flatulência, vômitos e síndrome de dumping como sintomas representativos mais frequentes das alterações funcionais digestivas. Alopecia e alterações ungueais são os sinais mais relevantes de carência nutricional. O uso de suplementos alimentares no pós-operatório é escasso e esporádico.

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