RESUMO
Introduction: Although there is an abnormal presentation of Niacin Response Syndrome (ANRS) in schizophrenic patients (SZ) compared to subjects with other psychiatric illnesses and with healthy individuals. However, most of the literature is based on studies that have used tests of niacin topical administration, observing, on the other hand, less scientific production of its oral administration. The objective was to determine the sensitivity of the oral niacin test as a method of detecting ASRN in EZ. Methods: A non-randomized clinical trial was carried out. Two groups were formed, the experimental or SZ, with 21 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV-TR SZ or schizoaffective disorder, and the HC group, made up of 20 healthy controls. Both groups were exposed to an oral niacin test and clinical-semiological tools were applied to evaluate the NRS. Results: 90.5% of the SZ group presented ANRS. In contrast, no participant in the HC group presented ANRS (0%). Conclusions: Oral niacin administration was sensitive to the detection of ASRN in schizophrenia. Likewise, ASRN could be a gradual phenomenon and its prevalence could be dose-dependent, being lower the lower the dose of oral niacin used. Further trials with larger and randomized samples will be needed.
Introducción: En pacientes esquizofrénicos (EZ) existe un síndrome de respuesta a niacina (ASRN) anormal en comparación con sujetos con otras enfermedades psiquiátricas y con individuos sanos. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de la literatura se basa en estudios que han utilizado pruebas de niacina por vía tópica, observándose, en cambio, menor cantidad de ensayos utilizando su administración por vía oral, a pesar de existir algunas ventajas comparativas con el uso de esta última vía. El objetivo fue determinar la sensibilidad de la prueba de niacina por vía oral como método de detección del ASRN en EZ. Metodología: Se realizó un ensayo clínico no aleatorizado, conformando dos grupos, el grupo experimental o EZ, con 21 pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia según DSM-IV-TR SZ o trastorno esquizoafectivo, y el grupo CS, constituido por 20 controles sanos. Ambos grupos fueron expuestos a la prueba de niacina por vía oral y se aplicaron herramientas clínico-semiológicas para evaluar el SRN. Resultados: La prevalencia de ASRN fue del 90,5% en el grupo EZ, mientras que en el grupo CS fue nula (0%). Conclusiones: La administración oral de niacina fue sensible a la detección de ASRN en la esquizofrenia. Asimismo, la ASRN podría ser un fenómeno gradual y su prevalencia podría ser dosis-dependiente, siendo menor cuanto menor sea la dosis de niacina oral utilizada. Se necesitarán ensayos adicionales con muestras de mayor tamaño y aleatorizadas.
Assuntos
Niacina , Esquizofrenia , Humanos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Humans and animals can be exposed to different chemical forms of mercury (Hg) in the environment. For example, methylmercury (MeHg)-contaminated fish is part of the basic diet of the riparian population in the Brazilian Amazon Basin, which leads to high total blood and plasma Hg levels in people living therein. Hg induces toxic effects mainly through oxidative stress. Different compounds have been used to prevent the damage caused by MeHg-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study aims to investigate the in vivo effects of sub-chronic exposure to low MeHg levels on the mitochondrial oxidative status and to evaluate the niacin protective effect against MeHg-induced oxidative stress. For this purpose, Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group, treated with drinking water on a daily basis; group exposed to MeHg at a dose of 100 µg/kg/day; group that received niacin at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day in drinking water, with drinking water being administered by gavage; group that received niacin at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day in drinking water as well as MeHg at a dose of 100 µg/kg/day. After 12 weeks, the rats, which weighed 500-550 g, were sacrificed, and their liver mitochondria were isolated by standard differential centrifugation. Sub-chronic exposure to MeHg (100 µg/kg/day for 12 weeks) led to mitochondrial swelling (p < 0.05) and induced ROS overproduction as determined by increased DFCH oxidation (p < 0.05), increased gluthatione oxidation (p < 0.05), and reduced protein thiol content (p < 0.05). In contrast, niacin supplementation inhibited oxidative stress, which counteracted and minimized the toxic MeHg effects on mitochondria.
Assuntos
Compostos de Metilmercúrio/toxicidade , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Niacina/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Masculino , Compostos de Metilmercúrio/administração & dosagem , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Melatonin, a hormone secreted in cow milk, has beneficial effects on human health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin supplementation and nocturnal milking on the concentration of melatonin in cow milk. Twenty-one confined cows in the final period of lactation were used for the study and the supplemented vitamins were: rumen-protected B vitamins, A, D3, E, and niacin (B3) not protected from rumen degradation. The experimental period had a duration of 10 days. Milk samples were collected during the first two days, without supplementation of vitamins (WITHOUT), and during the final two days, eight days after the beginning of supplementation (WITH). Samples of milk produced without and with supplementation, milked at 05:00 h (NIGHT) or from the total milk produced in the two daily milkings (TOTAL), were analyzed. The concentration of melatonin was determined by enzyme immunoassay using the ELISA kit, and the results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey´s test with 5% significance. Supplementation of the diet with vitamins (WITH) did not affect melatonin concentration in TOTAL milk, but it resulted in a concentration 40.55% lower in the NIGHT milk than in the milk from cows without (WITHOUT) supplementation (6.57 vs. 11.06 pg mL-1). Milk milked at night showed melatonin concentrations 1.43 to 2.38 times higher than daily TOTAL milk. The total milk of the herd showed a concentration of 2.13 pg mL-1. The differentiated collection of milk produced during the night period makes it possible to obtain milk with high levels of melatonin.
Melatonina é um hormônio secretado no leite e tem efeitos benéficos sobre a saúde humana. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da suplementação da dieta com vitaminas e da ordenha noturna sobre a concentração de melatonina no leite de vacas. Foram utilizadas 21 vacas confinadas, na fase final de lactação e as vitaminas suplementadas foram do complexo B, vitaminas A, D3 e E rúmen-protegidas, sendo a niacina (B3) não protegida da degradação ruminal. O período experimental teve duração de 10 dias, as amostras de leite foram coletadas nos dois primeiros dias, sem suplementação de vitaminas (SEM) e nos dois dias finais, oito dias após início da suplementação (COM). Foram analisadas amostras do leite produzido sem e com suplementação, nas ordenhas realizadas às 05:00 h (NOITE) e do leite total produzido nas duas ordenhas diárias (TOTAL). A concentração de melatonina foi determinada através de imunoensaio enzimático em kit de ELISA e os resultados analisados ANOVA e teste Tukey com 5% significância. A suplementação da dieta COM vitaminas não teve efeitos sobre a concentração de melatonina no leite TOTAL, porém, no leite da NOITE, resultou em concentração 40,55% menor que o leite de vacas SEM suplementação (6,57 vs 11,06 pg mL-1, respectivamente). O leite da ordenha da NOITE apresentou concentração de melatonina 1,43 a 2,38 vezes superior ao leite TOTAL diário. O leite total do rebanho apresentou concentração de 2,13 pg mL-1. A coleta diferenciada do leite produzido no período noturno possibilita a obtenção de leite com alta concentração de melatonina.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Lactente , Bovinos , Melatonina/análise , Ração Animal/análise , Substitutos do Leite Humano , Suplementos Nutricionais/análiseRESUMO
Melatonin, a hormone secreted in cow milk, has beneficial effects on human health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin supplementation and nocturnal milking on the concentration of melatonin in cow milk. Twenty-one confined cows in the final period of lactation were used for the study and the supplemented vitamins were: rumen-protected B vitamins, A, D3, E, and niacin (B3) not protected from rumen degradation. The experimental period had a duration of 10 days. Milk samples were collected during the first two days, without supplementation of vitamins (WITHOUT), and during the final two days, eight days after the beginning of supplementation (WITH). Samples of milk produced without and with supplementation, milked at 05:00 h (NIGHT) or from the total milk produced in the two daily milkings (TOTAL), were analyzed. The concentration of melatonin was determined by enzyme immunoassay using the ELISA kit, and the results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey´s test with 5% significance. Supplementation of the diet with vitamins (WITH) did not affect melatonin concentration in TOTAL milk, but it resulted in a concentration 40.55% lower in the NIGHT milk than in the milk from cows without (WITHOUT) supplementation (6.57 vs. 11.06 pg mL-1). Milk milked at night showed melatonin concentrations 1.43 to 2.38 times higher than daily TOTAL milk. The total milk of the herd showed a concentration of 2.13 pg mL-1. The differentiated collection of milk produced during the night period makes it possible to obtain milk with high levels of melatonin.(AU)
Melatonina é um hormônio secretado no leite e tem efeitos benéficos sobre a saúde humana. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da suplementação da dieta com vitaminas e da ordenha noturna sobre a concentração de melatonina no leite de vacas. Foram utilizadas 21 vacas confinadas, na fase final de lactação e as vitaminas suplementadas foram do complexo B, vitaminas A, D3 e E rúmen-protegidas, sendo a niacina (B3) não protegida da degradação ruminal. O período experimental teve duração de 10 dias, as amostras de leite foram coletadas nos dois primeiros dias, sem suplementação de vitaminas (SEM) e nos dois dias finais, oito dias após início da suplementação (COM). Foram analisadas amostras do leite produzido sem e com suplementação, nas ordenhas realizadas às 05:00 h (NOITE) e do leite total produzido nas duas ordenhas diárias (TOTAL). A concentração de melatonina foi determinada através de imunoensaio enzimático em kit de ELISA e os resultados analisados ANOVA e teste Tukey com 5% significância. A suplementação da dieta COM vitaminas não teve efeitos sobre a concentração de melatonina no leite TOTAL, porém, no leite da NOITE, resultou em concentração 40,55% menor que o leite de vacas SEM suplementação (6,57 vs 11,06 pg mL-1, respectivamente). O leite da ordenha da NOITE apresentou concentração de melatonina 1,43 a 2,38 vezes superior ao leite TOTAL diário. O leite total do rebanho apresentou concentração de 2,13 pg mL-1. A coleta diferenciada do leite produzido no período noturno possibilita a obtenção de leite com alta concentração de melatonina.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Lactente , Bovinos , Ração Animal/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Melatonina/análise , Substitutos do Leite HumanoRESUMO
Kiwifruit are a popular fruit worldwide; however, plant growth is threatened by abiotic stresses such as drought and high temperatures. Niacin treatment in plants has been shown to increase NADPH levels, thus enhancing abiotic stresses tolerance. Here, we evaluate the effect of niacin solution spray treatment on NADPH levels in the kiwifruit cultivars Hayward and Xuxiang. We found that spray treatment with niacin solution promoted NADPH and NADP+ levels and decreased both O2·- production and H2O2 contents in leaves during a short period. In fruit, NADPH contents increased during early development, but decreased later. However, no effect on NADP+ levels has been observed throughout fruit development. In summary, this report suggests that niacin may be used to increase NADPH oxidases, thus increasing stress-tolerance in kiwifruit during encounter of short-term stressful conditions.(AU)
Kiwis são uma fruta popular em todo o mundo; No entanto, o crescimento das plantas é ameaçado por estresses abióticos como a seca e as altas temperaturas. O tratamento com niacina em plantas mostrou aumentar os níveis de NADPH, aumentando assim a tolerância a stress abiótico. Aqui, avaliamos o efeito do tratamento com spray de solução de niacina sobre os níveis de NADPH nos cultivares de kiwis Hayward e Xuxiang. Descobrimos que o tratamento por spray com solução de niacina promoveu níveis de NADPH e NADP + e diminuiu a produção de O2·- e os teores de H2O2 nas folhas durante um curto período. Nos frutos, os teores de NADPH aumentaram durante o desenvolvimento precoce, mas diminuíram mais tarde. No entanto, não se observou qualquer efeito nos níveis de NADP + ao longo do desenvolvimento do fruto. Em resumo, este relatório sugere que a niacina pode ser utilizada para aumentar NADPH oxidases, aumentando assim a tolerância ao estresse em kiwis durante o encontro de condições estressantes de curto prazo.(AU)
Assuntos
Actinidia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Niacina/farmacologia , Estresse Fisiológico , NADPH OxidasesRESUMO
Abstract Kiwifruit are a popular fruit worldwide; however, plant growth is threatened by abiotic stresses such as drought and high temperatures. Niacin treatment in plants has been shown to increase NADPH levels, thus enhancing abiotic stresses tolerance. Here, we evaluate the effect of niacin solution spray treatment on NADPH levels in the kiwifruit cultivars Hayward and Xuxiang. We found that spray treatment with niacin solution promoted NADPH and NADP+ levels and decreased both O2·- production and H2O2 contents in leaves during a short period. In fruit, NADPH contents increased during early development, but decreased later. However, no effect on NADP+ levels has been observed throughout fruit development. In summary, this report suggests that niacin may be used to increase NADPH oxidases, thus increasing stress-tolerance in kiwifruit during encounter of short-term stressful conditions.
Resumo Kiwis são uma fruta popular em todo o mundo; No entanto, o crescimento das plantas é ameaçado por estresses abióticos como a seca e as altas temperaturas. O tratamento com niacina em plantas mostrou aumentar os níveis de NADPH, aumentando assim a tolerância a stress abiótico. Aqui, avaliamos o efeito do tratamento com spray de solução de niacina sobre os níveis de NADPH nos cultivares de kiwis Hayward e Xuxiang. Descobrimos que o tratamento por spray com solução de niacina promoveu níveis de NADPH e NADP + e diminuiu a produção de O2·- e os teores de H2O2 nas folhas durante um curto período. Nos frutos, os teores de NADPH aumentaram durante o desenvolvimento precoce, mas diminuíram mais tarde. No entanto, não se observou qualquer efeito nos níveis de NADP + ao longo do desenvolvimento do fruto. Em resumo, este relatório sugere que a niacina pode ser utilizada para aumentar NADPH oxidases, aumentando assim a tolerância ao estresse em kiwis durante o encontro de condições estressantes de curto prazo.
Assuntos
NADPH Oxidases/efeitos dos fármacos , Actinidia/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/efeitos dos fármacos , Niacina/farmacologia , Oxirredução , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Radicais Livres/metabolismo , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , NADP/metabolismoRESUMO
Abstract Kiwifruit are a popular fruit worldwide; however, plant growth is threatened by abiotic stresses such as drought and high temperatures. Niacin treatment in plants has been shown to increase NADPH levels, thus enhancing abiotic stresses tolerance. Here, we evaluate the effect of niacin solution spray treatment on NADPH levels in the kiwifruit cultivars Hayward and Xuxiang. We found that spray treatment with niacin solution promoted NADPH and NADP+ levels and decreased both O2·- production and H2O2 contents in leaves during a short period. In fruit, NADPH contents increased during early development, but decreased later. However, no effect on NADP+ levels has been observed throughout fruit development. In summary, this report suggests that niacin may be used to increase NADPH oxidases, thus increasing stress-tolerance in kiwifruit during encounter of short-term stressful conditions.
Resumo Kiwis são uma fruta popular em todo o mundo; No entanto, o crescimento das plantas é ameaçado por estresses abióticos como a seca e as altas temperaturas. O tratamento com niacina em plantas mostrou aumentar os níveis de NADPH, aumentando assim a tolerância a stress abiótico. Aqui, avaliamos o efeito do tratamento com spray de solução de niacina sobre os níveis de NADPH nos cultivares de kiwis Hayward e Xuxiang. Descobrimos que o tratamento por spray com solução de niacina promoveu níveis de NADPH e NADP + e diminuiu a produção de O2·- e os teores de H2O2 nas folhas durante um curto período. Nos frutos, os teores de NADPH aumentaram durante o desenvolvimento precoce, mas diminuíram mais tarde. No entanto, não se observou qualquer efeito nos níveis de NADP + ao longo do desenvolvimento do fruto. Em resumo, este relatório sugere que a niacina pode ser utilizada para aumentar NADPH oxidases, aumentando assim a tolerância ao estresse em kiwis durante o encontro de condições estressantes de curto prazo.
RESUMO
Abstract: Pellagra is a nutritional disease caused by a deficiency of niacin. It may lead to death if not identified and treated timely. We review the literature and report a female patient presented with clinical features of pellagra as a complication of Crohn's disease.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pelagra/etiologia , Doença de Crohn/complicações , Pelagra/patologia , Pelagra/tratamento farmacológico , Pele/patologia , Biópsia , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do Tratamento , Ceratose/etiologia , Ceratose/patologia , Ceratose/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Results of a study to test the hypothesis that taking niacin simultaneously with different forms of aspirin would reduce the occurrence of niacin-induced flushing are reported. METHODS: Traditionally, taking enteral absorbed aspirin 30 minutes before a niacin dose has been shown to reduce flushing by 30-50% relative to nonuse of aspirin. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of enteral absorbed and orally dissolved aspirin, taken at the same time as niacin, in reducing the frequency of moderate-to-severe flushing. In a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, healthy adult male and female volunteers were asked to take aspirin or a placebo (both agents were taken in both orally dissolved and swallowed formulations) immediately before niacin administration. Subjects then self-evaluated flushing symptoms on a validated scale. RESULTS: Simultaneous administration of swallowed aspirin and niacin reduced moderate-to-severe flushing events by a mean of 36.1%, from 2.35 to 1.5 events per subject (p = 0.003), relative to event rates with use of niacin alone. In a subset of subjects who had experienced moderate-to-severe flushing symptoms despite taking swallowed aspirin, flushing in response to subsequent niacin use was decreased by 20.5% (p = 0.05) with coadministration of orally dissolved aspirin and by 18.0% with a regimen containing both orally dissolved and swallowed aspirin (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Novel regimens of niacin and aspirin, including orally dissolved aspirin, were effective in reducing niacin-induced flushing in a small sample of healthy adult volunteers.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Aspirina/administração & dosagem , Rubor/induzido quimicamente , Rubor/prevenção & controle , Niacina/administração & dosagem , Vasodilatadores/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Estudos Cross-Over , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Rubor/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Niacina/efeitos adversos , Vasodilatadores/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Abstract Kiwifruit are a popular fruit worldwide; however, plant growth is threatened by abiotic stresses such as drought and high temperatures. Niacin treatment in plants has been shown to increase NADPH levels, thus enhancing abiotic stresses tolerance. Here, we evaluate the effect of niacin solution spray treatment on NADPH levels in the kiwifruit cultivars Hayward and Xuxiang. We found that spray treatment with niacin solution promoted NADPH and NADP+ levels and decreased both O2·- production and H2O2 contents in leaves during a short period. In fruit, NADPH contents increased during early development, but decreased later. However, no effect on NADP+ levels has been observed throughout fruit development. In summary, this report suggests that niacin may be used to increase NADPH oxidases, thus increasing stress-tolerance in kiwifruit during encounter of short-term stressful conditions.
Resumo Kiwis são uma fruta popular em todo o mundo; No entanto, o crescimento das plantas é ameaçado por estresses abióticos como a seca e as altas temperaturas. O tratamento com niacina em plantas mostrou aumentar os níveis de NADPH, aumentando assim a tolerância a stress abiótico. Aqui, avaliamos o efeito do tratamento com spray de solução de niacina sobre os níveis de NADPH nos cultivares de kiwis Hayward e Xuxiang. Descobrimos que o tratamento por spray com solução de niacina promoveu níveis de NADPH e NADP + e diminuiu a produção de O2·- e os teores de H2O2 nas folhas durante um curto período. Nos frutos, os teores de NADPH aumentaram durante o desenvolvimento precoce, mas diminuíram mais tarde. No entanto, não se observou qualquer efeito nos níveis de NADP + ao longo do desenvolvimento do fruto. Em resumo, este relatório sugere que a niacina pode ser utilizada para aumentar NADPH oxidases, aumentando assim a tolerância ao estresse em kiwis durante o encontro de condições estressantes de curto prazo.
RESUMO
En los últimos años han surgido algunas investigaciones y guías de práctica clínica relacionadas con el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dislipidemias, que aportaron nuevos conocimientos (y controversias) sobre dicha problemática. En este resumen se describen, en primer lugar, las características de las "nuevas guías" norteamericanas para el manejo del colesterol publicadas a fines de 2013 y se comparan con las recomendaciones tradicionales. En segundo lugar, se analizan los últimos estudios que evaluaron el impacto cardiovascular de otros fármacos hipolipemiantes (ezetimibe y ácido nicotínico) en pacientes en prevención secundaria tratados con estatinas. Finalmente, se mencionan las nuevas drogas hipolipemiantes desarrolladas en los últimos años, como el lomitapide, el mipomersen y los inhibidores de la PCSK9, y se comentan el mecanismo de acción, su eficacia, sus efectos colaterales y los escenarios clínicos en donde podrían utilizarse. (AU)
In recent years, some research and clinical practice guidelines related to the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia, which provided new knowledge (and controversy) about this problem have emerged. In this review, the characteristics of the American "new guidelines" for cholesterol management published by the end of 2013 are described, and they are compared with the traditional recommendations. In addition, recent studies assessing the cardiovascular impact of other lipid-lowering drugs (ezetimibe and nicotinic acid) in patients in secondary prevention treated with statins are analyzed. Finally, new hypolipidemic drugs developed in recent years are mentioned (lomitapide, mipomersen and PCSK9 inhibitors), discussing the mechanism of action, efficacy, side effects and clinical settings where they could be used. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Benzimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Dislipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Ezetimiba/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de PCSK9/uso terapêutico , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Niacina/uso terapêutico , Benzimidazóis/efeitos adversos , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Colesterol/sangue , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/uso terapêutico , Interações Medicamentosas , Dislipidemias/diagnóstico , Ezetimiba/efeitos adversos , Ezetimiba/farmacologia , Inibidores de PCSK9/efeitos adversos , Inibidores de PCSK9/farmacologia , Hipercolesterolemia/diagnóstico , Hipolipemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hipolipemiantes/farmacologia , Niacina/efeitos adversos , Niacina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Background: Plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) are involved in reverse cholesterol transport mediated by the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Nicotinic acid increases HDL cholesterol levels, even though its specific impact on SR-BI dependent-cellular cholesterol transport remains unknown. Aim: To determine the effect of nicotinic acid on HDL particle functionality in cholesterol efflux and uptake mediated by SR-BI in cultured cells in hypoalphalipoproteinemic patients. Material and Methods: In a pilot study, eight patients with low HDL (≤ 40 mg/dL) were treated with extended release nicotinic acid. HDL cholesterol and phospholipid levels, HDL2 and HDL3 fractions and HDL particle sizes were measured at baseline and post-therapy. Before and after nicotinic acid treatment, HDL particles were used for cholesterol transport studies in cells transfected with SR-BI. Results: Nicotinic acid treatment raised total HDL cholesterol and phospholipids, HDL2 levels as well as HDL particle size. Nicotinic acid significantly increased HDL cholesterol efflux and uptake capacity mediated by SR-BI in cultured cells. Conclusions: Nicotinic acid therapy increases SR-BI-dependent HDL cholesterol transport in cultured cells, establishing a new cellular mechanism by which this lipid-lowering drug appears to modulate HDL metabolism in patients with hypoalphalipoproteinemia.
Assuntos
Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , HDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Hipoalfalipoproteinemias/metabolismo , Hipolipemiantes/farmacologia , Lipoproteínas HDL/metabolismo , Niacina/farmacologia , Transporte Biológico , HDL-Colesterol/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfolipídeos/sangue , Projetos Piloto , Receptores Depuradores Classe B/metabolismoRESUMO
Dairy cows experiencing heat stress have reduced intake and increased reliance on glucose, making feeding strategies capable of improving diet digestibility plausible for improving postrumen nutrient flow and performance. The effect of yeast on digestion and performance of lactating cows during the warm summer months of southeastern Brazil was evaluated. Cows were individually fed in tie stalls and temperature-humidity index was above 68 during 75.6% of the experiment. Twenty-eight Holstein cows (207±87 d in milk) received a standard diet for 14 d and then a treatment for 70 d, in a covariate-adjusted, randomized block design with repeated measures over time. Treatments were yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or control. Yeast was top dressed to the diet in the morning, equivalent to 25×10(10) cfu of live cells and 5×10(10) cfu of dead cells. The diet contained corn silage (37.7%), Tifton silage (7.1%), raw soybeans (4.1%), soybean meal (16.5%), finely ground corn (20.7%), and citrus pulp (11.9%). Yeast increased milk (26.7 vs. 25.4 kg/d) and solids yield (3.06 vs. 2.92 kg/d), especially lactose. Response in milk yield was consistent over time and started at d 5. The daily intake of digestible OM, total-tract digestibility of nutrients, urinary allantoin excretion, chewing pattern throughout the day, and dry matter intake did not respond to yeast. A trend was observed for increased plasma glucose with yeast (62.9 vs. 57.3mg/dL), lowered respiratory frequency (48 vs. 56 breaths/min), and increased plasma niacin content (1.31 vs. 1.22 µg/mL), though cows had similar rectal temperature. Ruminal lactate and butyrate as proportions of ruminal organic acids were reduced by yeast, but no effects on other organic acids, ruminal pH, or protozoa content were detected. Plasma urea N over 24h was increased by yeast. On d 72 to 74, citrus pulp was abruptly replaced with finely ground corn to induce acidosis. The increased load of starch increased dry matter intake between 0700 and 1300 h, jugular blood partial pressure of CO2, HCO3-, and base excess, and decreased blood pH for both treatments. The yeast treatment had a higher blood pH compared with the control, 7.34, and 7.31, respectively. Yeast supplementation improved lactation performance of dairy cows under heat stress. Improvement in lactation performance apparently involved the regulation of body homeothermia, rather than improved digestibility.
Assuntos
Bovinos/fisiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Leite/metabolismo , Fermento Seco/farmacologia , Acidose/induzido quimicamente , Acidose/veterinária , Animais , Brasil , Dieta/veterinária , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Lactação/fisiologia , Lactose/metabolismo , Mastigação , Rúmen/metabolismo , Silagem/análise , Glycine max , Amido/metabolismo , Zea maysRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Reduced plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is associated with vulnerability to oxidative stress and propensity to endothelial dysfunction. Niacin directly activates both GPR-109A in leukocytes and the heme oxygenase-1 pathway, promoting strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, as well as induces immediate production of prostaglandin D2, leading to endothelial vasodilation. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the short-term effects of extended-release niacin (ERN) administered with or without the prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonist laropiprant on endothelial function in patients with low HDL-C. METHODS: Asymptomatic men and women aged between 20 and 60 years who had plasma HDL-C levels <40 mg/dL were treated with ERN monotherapy 1 g/d or ERN/laropiprant 1 g/20 mg (ERN/LRP) in a crossover study design. The sequence of treatments was decided by simple randomization. Plasma samples and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery were obtained at baseline, day 7 of treatment period 1, day 7 of washout, and day 7 of treatment period 2. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were enrolled (mean [SD] age, 42 [17] years; 11 men). Triglyceride levels decreased by 4% and 3%, and HDL size decreased by 5.8% and 6.2%, with ERN and ERN/LRP, respectively (both, P < 0.05). There were no changes in HDL-C levels or in cholesteryl esterase transfer protein activity with either treatment. The median increases in FMD were 4.5% and 4.1% with ERN and ERN/LRP, which receded after washout. On intergroup analysis, there were no differences with respect to variation in plasma HDL-C, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, direct bilirubin, or FMD. CONCLUSIONS: In these patients, the addition of laropiprant did not influence the effects of niacin on endothelial function. Based on these findings, short-term niacin treatment might improve endothelial function in patients with low HDL-C levels. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01942291.
Assuntos
Dislipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Niacina/farmacologia , Vasodilatadores/farmacologia , Idoso , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Estudos Cross-Over , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Niacina/administração & dosagem , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasodilatadores/administração & dosagemRESUMO
La niacina es una vitamina hidrosoluble, conocida también como ácido nicotínico o vitamina B3. La nicotinamida es un derivado de la niacina (amida del ácido nicotínico), y es utilizada por el cuerpo para producir las coenzimas nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido (NAD) y nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido fosfato (NADP). En esta revisión de los requerimientos de niacina para Venezuela, encontramos que los datos nacionales no son suficientes para establecer las recomendaciones de consumo de este nutriente, por lo tanto, al igual que en la revisión del año 2000, las recomendaciones actuales se basan en las definidas para la población de Estados Unidos. Las Ingestas Dietéticas Recomendadas (RDAs) para Venezuela son: menores de 1 año (2-4 mg/día), niños entre 1 y 8 años (6-8 mg/día), niños entre 9 y 13 años (12 mg/día), adolescentes y adultos del sexo femenino (14 mg/día), adolescentes y adultos del sexo masculino (16 mg/día), embarazadas (18 mg/día) y lactancia (17 mg/ día). En cuanto al Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR): 5-9 mg/día para niños, 11 mg/día para adolescentes y adultos del sexo femenino y 12 mg/día para adolescentes y adultos del sexo masculino, aumentado a 14 mg/día para embarazadas y a 13 mg/ día durante la lactancia. Los Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL) son: niños entre 1 y 3 años (10 mg/día), niños entre 4 y 8 años (15 mg/día), niños entre 9 y 13 años (20 mg/día), adolescentes (30 mg/día) y adultos (35 mg/día). Es necesario realizar estudios donde se evalúe el estado nutricional de esta vitamina en diferentes grupos de la población, que incluya no solo la estimación del consumo, sino la utilización de indicadores bioquímicos, como la medición de los niveles de las coenzimas NAD y NADP en eritrocitos o sangre completa y la determinación de los principales metabolitos urinarios de la vitamina.
Niacin is a water soluble vitamin, also known as nicotinic acid or Vitamin B3. Nicotinamide is a derivative of niacin (amide of nicotinic acid), and is used by the body to produce the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). In preparing this review about the niacin requirements for Venezuela, it was found that there is not enough national data to establish recommendations, therefore, as in the 2000 review of the Venezuelan Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), the actual recommendations for intake of niacin, are based on those reported for the United States population. The RDAs for Venezuela are: 2-4 mg/day for infants less than 1 year old, 6-8 mg/ day for children between 1 and 8 years, 12 mg/day for children between 9 and 13 years, 14 mg/day for adolescents and female adults, 16 mg/day for adolescents and adult males, 18 mg/day during pregnancy and 17 mg/day during lactation. The estimated average requirement (EAR) is: 6-9 mg/day for children, 11 mg/ day for adolescents and female adults and 12 mg/day for adolescents and adult males, increasing to 14 mg/day during pregnancy and to 13 mg/day during lactation. The niacin Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) are: 10 mg/day for children between 1 and 3 years, 15 mg/day for children between 4 and 8 years, 20 mg/day for children between 9 and 13 years, 30 mg/day for adolescents and 35 mg/day for adults. It is necessary to perform studies where the nutritional status of this vitamin is evaluated for different population groups, including not only the estimation of consumption, but the use of biochemical indicators, such as measuring the levels of the coenzymes NAD and NADP in erythrocytes or whole blood and determination of the major urinary metabolites of the vitamin.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Niacina/administração & dosagem , Recomendações Nutricionais , Complexo Vitamínico B/administração & dosagem , Valores de Referência , VenezuelaRESUMO
The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis includes the assignment of a critical role to cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Niacin is known to improve lipid metabolism and to produce beneficial modification of cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this work was to investigate if Niacin is able to modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages in a murine model of atherosclerosis. For this purpose C57Bl/6J mice fed with atherogenic diet (AGD) or with conventional chow diet were used. The AGD group showed an increase in body weight and in total plasma cholesterol, with no differences in triglyceride or HDL levels. Lesions in arterial walls were observed. The characterization of Niacin receptor showed an increase in the receptor number of macrophages from the AGD group. Macrophages from control and AGD animals treated in vitro with an inflammatory stimulus showed elevated levels of IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-α, that were even higher in macrophages from AGD mice. Niacin was able to decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in stimulated macrophages. Similar effect of Niacin was observed in an in vivo model of inflammation. These results show an attenuating inflammatory mechanism for this therapeutic agent and would point out its potential action in plaque stabilization and in the prevention of atherosclerosis progression. Furthermore, the present results provide the basis for future studies on the potential contribution of Niacin to anti-inflammatory therapies.
RESUMO
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Supplements containing the vitamins niacin (B3) and pyridoxine (B6) can promote the reduction of total cholesterol and an increase in HDL cholesterol. In this study, the effects of diets supplemented with niacin (B3) and pyridoxine (B6) on the hepatic and serum lipid profiles of Wistar rats were assessed. The diets were prepared with combinations of three concentrations of niacin (3, 4 and 5 g/kg) and pyridoxine (6, 12 and 18 mg/kg) and one with neither vitamin. The animals were divided into eleven experimental groups of six animals per group, and nine groups were fed on a standard diet with 7.5% fat and vitamin supplementation. Another group was fed with 7.5% fat without vitamin supplements. A control group received the standard diet (AIN-93M) without modifications (4% fat). The weight gain, food intake, serum and hepatic total cholesterol, serum cholesterol fractions (HDL, LDL, and VLDL), serum and hepatic triacylglycerols and hepatic and fecal lipid contents were measured after 30 days. The diet with the highest concentration of niacin and lowest concentration of pyridoxine had the lowest level of total hepatic cholesterol. Hepatic triacylglycerols were reduced by the highest concentration of niacin (5 g/kg), and this reduction was enhanced by increasing the pyridoxine concentration. The diets supplemented with niacin and pyridoxine reduced the levels of serum total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, triacylglycerols and hepatic lipids. These effects on the lipid profile varied with the concentrations of the two vitamins and the interactions between them.
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Colesterol , HDL-Colesterol , Niacina/uso terapêutico , Piridoxina/uso terapêutico , Ratos WistarRESUMO
A 42-year-old male patient, alcoholic, presented showing signs of tumors in the neck and around the shoulders, scaly, erythematous-violaceous lesions and some bullous lesions in sun-exposed areas of upper and lower limbs. Based on clinical features, laboratory tests and imaging studies we have established the diagnosis of pellagra associated with benign symmetrical lipomatosis, both justified by chronic alcoholism. Treated with intravenous B-complex and oriented about the importance of alcohol withdrawal, the patient showed complete remission of skin lesions, but with no change in the lipomatosis.
Paciente masculino, 42 anos, etilista crônico, apresentando quadro de tumorações em região cervical e ao redor dos ombros, lesões eritemato-violáceas, descamativas e algumas lesões bolhosas, nas áreas fotoexpostas dos membros superiores e inferiores. Baseado no quadro clínico e nos exames complementares, foi estabelecido o diagnóstico de pelagra associada à lipomatose simétrica benigna, sendo ambos os quadros justificados pelo etilismo crônico. Tratado com reposição de complexo B intravenoso e orientado quanto à importância da abstinência alcoólica, apresentou remissão completa do quadro cutâneo, porém sem alteração da lipomatose.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Alcoolismo/complicações , Lipomatose Simétrica Múltipla/complicações , Pelagra/complicações , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Cabeça/patologia , Lipomatose Simétrica Múltipla/diagnóstico , Pescoço/patologia , Pelagra/diagnóstico , Ombro/patologia , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
Las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) son una familia de partículas que difieren en tamaño, densidad y composición química. La heterogeneidad de las HDL resulta de la velocidad de síntesis y de catabolismo de las partículas, y de la acción de enzimas y proteínas de transporte que las remodelan continuamente. Los bajos niveles de colesterol HDL correlacionan con un riesgo elevado de desarrollar enfermedad aterosclerosa coronaria. La disminución de las HDL afecta el transporte reverso de colesterol, que es la vía metabólica responsable de la remoción del colesterol excedente de la células periféricas y su transporte hacia el hígado para reciclarlo o eliminarlo. Las HDL poseen además propiedades antiinflamatorias, antioxidativas, antiagregatorias, anticoagulantes y profibrinolíticas in vitro . Algunas de estas propiedades potencialmente antiaterosclerosas, también se han puesto de manifiesto in vivo con infusiones de HDL. Estas evidencias, además de la protección que se logra en modelos animales genéticamente modificados, permite plantear a las HDL como un objetivo primario en la prevención de la aterosclerosis coronaria. Algunos estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado una reducción importante en el riesgo cardiovascular asociado a elevaciones del colesterol HDL, principalmente en prevención secundaria. En consecuencia, elevar las concentraciones de las HDL a través de medidas higiénicas como el ejercicio aeróbico, la pérdida de peso y eliminar el tabaquismo, es ampliamente recomendado para reducir el riesgo coronario. Cuando las medidas higiénicas fallan, la intervención farmacológica con niacina o fibratos debe ser considerada en ciertos pacientes con niveles bajos de HDL. Por último, las diferentes subclases de HDL no poseen las mismas propiedades antiaterogénicas, lo que sugiere que las intervenciones tanto higiénicas como farmacológicas se deberán enfocar en el futuro hacia incrementos de la funcionalidad de las HDL, más que a incremento en la concentración del colesterol HDL.
High density lipoproteins (HDL) are a family of heterogeneous particles that vary in size, density and chemical composition, as a result of their synthesis and catabolism rates, and a continuous intravascular remodeling by the action of enzymes and transport proteins. Low plasma levels of HDL correlate with a high risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. Such a diminished concentration of HDL affect reverse cholesterol transport, which is the metabolic pathway responsible for the movement of cholesterol excess from peripheral tissues to the liver for recycling or excretion. In addition, HDL possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-aggregatory, anti-coagulant, and pro-fibrinolytic properties, as has been demonstrated by in vitro studies. Some of those potentially anti-atherosclerotic in vitro-properties has been corroborated by HDL infusion in vivo. Such evidences and the protection of susceptible animals from atherosclerosis by transgenic manipulation of HDL metabolism, raise the possibility to focus the HDL plasma levels as a main target in coronary hearth disease prevention. Intervention trials have shown an important reduction in coronary events by rising HDL-cholesterol, mainly in the secondary prevention. Increasing HDL plasma levels by hygienic intervention such as aerobic exercise, weight loss and stop smoking is strongly recommended to reduce coronary risk in primary prevention. Pharmacological intervention to rise the HDL plasma levels with niacin or fibrates, should be considered in some patients as an alternative when hygienic intervention fails. Finally, it most be taken into account that the different HDL subclasses does not possess the same anti-atherosclerotic properties, suggesting that hygienic and pharmacological interventions should focus to increase HDL functionality rather than HDL-cholesterol plasma levels. (Arch Cardiol Mex 2004; 74:53-67).
Assuntos
Humanos , Arteriosclerose/prevenção & controle , HDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Arteriosclerose/metabolismo , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
PIP: The article reviews the relationship between smoking habits of the mother and pregnancy, delivery, and the newborn. Nicotinic acid affects the central nervous system, and produces several cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and respiratory effects on people who inhale the smoke. 2095 pregnant patients were controlled in Caracas, Venezuela, 38.4% were smokers. Although the habit of smoking did not seem to modify fetal movements, it did modify fetal cardiac frequency. Length of gestation was similar for smoking or nonsmoking mothers; incidence of spontaneous abortion was 3 times higher for smoking mothers, who also had a higher incidence of premature rupture of membranes. The incidence of preeclampsia and hemorrhage was lower for smoking mothers, whose deliveries did not significantly differ from those of nonsmoking mothers. Mothers who were smokers had a higher risk of premature deliveries and, consequently, a higher risk of low birth weight babies. This last very important factor did not change in primiparous or multiparous mothers, or with age, or with the family's socioeconomic status, or with smoking habits of the father. It did change, however, with the number of cigarettes smoked every day by the mother. The relationship between sex of the newborn and smoking is not clear; what is clear is that there is a relationship between smoking and fetal or neonatal mortality, which is consistently higher for babies born to smoking mothers. Incidence of congenital malformations was found similar for babies of both groups of mothers, while, apparently, twins were born more often to mothers who smoked. Finally, nicotinic acid did definitely inhibit or reduce lactation.^ieng