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The present study aims to evaluate the nutritional value of different tree and shrub leaves in Brazilian ruminant production systems. Eight potentially edible trees and shrubs were identified from interviews with 30 ruminant producers: Aroeira (ARO; Lithraea molleoides), Black Mulberry (BMU; Morus nigra), Candeia (CAN; Eremanthus erythropappus), Jatobá (JAT; Hymenaea courbaril), Gliricídia (GLI; Gliricidia sepium), Santa Bárbara tree (SBT; Mélia azedarach), Tithonia (TIT; Tithonia diversifolia), and White Mulberry (WMU; Morus alba). Four leaf samples of each edible tree were sampled, and chemical analyses and in vitro assays were performed. Edible trees (except CAN and JAT) had lower neutral detergent fiber content than Mombasa grass. In addition, SBT, BMU, WMU, and TIT had lower fiber content than the other evaluated edible trees. Consequently, SBT, TIT, BMU, and WMU had improved dry matter degradation. Among the edible trees and shrubs, SMW and WMU increased the potential for gas production (a parameter). On the other hand, CAN decreased the estimated gas production 48 h after incubation. Furthermore, TIT decreased methane production up to 24 h after in vitro fermentation. Thus, except ARO, CAN, and JAT, the edible trees evaluated in the present study are potential feeds in moderate- to high-producing animals. Additionally, TIT fermentation reduces in vitro methane production.

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Mulberry has a good tolerance to cadmium (Cd) and is considered a candidate plant for phytoremediation. The rhizosphere microbial community plays an important role in phytoremediation. Nevertheless, little information on the rhizosphere microbial community mechanisms in mulberry during the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil is available. In this study, the remediation efficiency of mulberry in pots subjected to three simulated Cd pollution levels and their rhizosphere bacterial communities during the remediation process were analyzed. "Yuesang 11" was used as the test mulberry variety, and three simulated Cd pollution levels were set by adding three concentrations of Cd (Cd5, 5 mg kg-1; Cd3, 3 mg kg-1; Cd2, 2 mg kg-1). The results showed that the elimination rates of Cd in the rhizosphere soil were 81.7%, 85.3%, and 57.9% under the stress of the Cd2, Cd3, and Cd5 conditions, respectively. Meanwhile, 3,082,583 high-quality sequence reads and 976 operational taxonomic units were successfully obtained from the mulberry rhizosphere soil by high-throughput absolute quantification sequencing and further assigned to 11 bacterial phyla and 26 families. Of these, decreased abundances of 19 bacteria at the family level and increased abundances of seven bacteria under Cd stress were revealed by comparative analysis. Based on the alpha diversity indices (Chaol, Shannon and Simpson) and principal component analysis, the rhizosphere bacterial diversity of the Cd5 condition was significantly decreased, but that of the Cd2 and Cd3 conditions was not different from that of soil without Cd (CK). Likewise, redundancy analysis showed that the abundances of Acidobacteria Gp2, Acidobacteria Gp13, and Sphingobacteria were significantly positively associated with the elimination rates of Cd. This study suggested that the mulberry rhizosphere contains a relatively stable bacterial community consisting of diverse Cd-resistant bacteria, providing a scientific basis for remediating heavy-metal polluted soils using mulberry.

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The goal of this study is to determine if the annual pollen integral (APIn) for the top tree allergens in the City of Albuquerque is correlated with meteorological variables. This analysis would be the first of its kind for this area. We used 17 consecutive years from 2004 to 2020 and data collected by the city of Albuquerque using a Spore Trap (Burkard) volumetric air sampler in a location designed to represent a typical desert environment. The pollen studied include Juniper, Elm, Ash, Cottonwood, and Mulberry. We found a negative linear correlation with early summer temperatures of the previous year and APIn for Elm, Cottonwood, and Mulberry, and early fall temperatures for Juniper. Linear regression models developed for Elm, Cottonwood, and Mulberry used the monthly mean maximum temperature for the month of June of the prior year as the independent variable to yield a R squared statistic (R 2) of 0.88, 0.91 and 0.78, respectively. For Juniper, the average monthly mean minimum temperature for the previous September and October served as the independent variable and yielded the R 2 value of 0.80. We also observed a positive trend for the annual maximum temperature over time and a negative trend for the total APIn. Summers in New Mexico are hot and dry, and they may be getting hotter and drier because of climate change. Our analysis predicts that climate change in this area may lead to reduced allergies if temperatures continue to increase and if precipitation patterns remain the same.

RESUMO

The objective is to analyze techniques to form mulberry seedlings with different cutting sizes and forms of fertilization with N-P-K aiming a low production cost and an easy application in field. The experiment was carried out in a screened nursery, with a shading of 34%. The treatments were distributed in randomized blocks (RB) and compared in a 2x4x3 factorial design with five replications and 12 plants per plot. The factorial design consisted of two cutting lengths (10 and 20 cm) distributed in plastic tubes of 70 and 120 mL, four mulberry cultivars (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin, and IZ3/2), and two types of fertilization: addition of 84 g of Osmocote® for each kilo of substrate, fertigation with aqueous solution containing 84 g of 14-14-14 N-P-K for each kilo of substrate, plus a control treatment (without fertilization). The commercial substrate Basaplant citrus® was used. 90 and 140 days after planting, assessments of percentage of rooting were carried out. At 140 days, shoot length (cm), number of shoots, number of leaves, root length (cm), and shoot and root green and dry matter were evaluated. The data obtained were evaluated using the Sanest software and Tukey test (P<0.05). Cuttings of 20 cm in length in tubes of 120 mL are recommended for the best formation of mulberry seedlings with the application of N-P-K fertilizer through fertigation. The cultivars showed different rooting potentials and shoot development. The best results are for Korin and IZ 10/1.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar técnicas de formação de mudas de amoreira com diferentes tamanhos de estacas e formas de adubação com NPK visando baixo custo de produção e fácil aplicação no campo. O experimento foi realizado em viveiro do tipo telado, com sombreamento de 34%. Os tratamentos, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso (DBC) foram comparados, em esquema fatorial do tipo 2x4x3 com 5 repetições e 12 plantas por parcela, a saber: dois comprimentos de estacas, 10 e 20 cm, distribuídas em tubetes plásticos de 70 e 120 mL, quatro cultivares de amoreira (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin e IZ3/2) e dois tipos de adubação: adição de 84g de Osmocote® para cada quilo de substrato; fertirrigação com solução aquosa contendo 84g de NPK na formulação 14-14-14 para cada quilo de substrato e acrescido de um tratamento testemunha (sem adubação). Utilizou-se o substrato comercial Basaplant citrus®. Aos 90 e 140 dias após o plantio foram realizadas as avaliações da porcentagem de pegamento das estacas. Aos 140 dias, também, foram feitas avaliações do comprimento da parte aérea (cm), número de brotações, número de folhas, comprimento da raiz (cm), massas verde e seca da parte aérea e da raiz. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por meio do programa Sanest e Teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que para a melhor formação das mudas de amoreira são recomendadas estacas de 20 cm de comprimento em tubetes de 120 mL com a aplicação do adubo NPK através da fertirrigação. As cultivares apresentaram diferentes potenciais de enraizamento e desenvolvimento da parte aérea sendo os melhores resultados encontrados para a Korin e IZ 10/1.(AU)

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RESUMO

The objective is to analyze techniques to form mulberry seedlings with different cutting sizes and forms of fertilization with N-P-K aiming a low production cost and an easy application in field. The experiment was carried out in a screened nursery, with a shading of 34%. The treatments were distributed in randomized blocks (RB) and compared in a 2x4x3 factorial design with five replications and 12 plants per plot. The factorial design consisted of two cutting lengths (10 and 20 cm) distributed in plastic tubes of 70 and 120 mL, four mulberry cultivars (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin, and IZ3/2), and two types of fertilization: addition of 84 g of Osmocote® for each kilo of substrate, fertigation with aqueous solution containing 84 g of 14-14-14 N-P-K for each kilo of substrate, plus a control treatment (without fertilization). The commercial substrate Basaplant citrus® was used. 90 and 140 days after planting, assessments of percentage of rooting were carried out. At 140 days, shoot length (cm), number of shoots, number of leaves, root length (cm), and shoot and root green and dry matter were evaluated. The data obtained were evaluated using the Sanest software and Tukey test (P<0.05). Cuttings of 20 cm in length in tubes of 120 mL are recommended for the best formation of mulberry seedlings with the application of N-P-K fertilizer through fertigation. The cultivars showed different rooting potentials and shoot development. The best results are for Korin and IZ 10/1.

Objetivou-se estudar técnicas de formação de mudas de amoreira com diferentes tamanhos de estacas e formas de adubação com NPK visando baixo custo de produção e fácil aplicação no campo. O experimento foi realizado em viveiro do tipo telado, com sombreamento de 34%. Os tratamentos, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso (DBC) foram comparados, em esquema fatorial do tipo 2x4x3 com 5 repetições e 12 plantas por parcela, a saber: dois comprimentos de estacas, 10 e 20 cm, distribuídas em tubetes plásticos de 70 e 120 mL, quatro cultivares de amoreira (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin e IZ3/2) e dois tipos de adubação: adição de 84g de Osmocote® para cada quilo de substrato; fertirrigação com solução aquosa contendo 84g de NPK na formulação 14-14-14 para cada quilo de substrato e acrescido de um tratamento testemunha (sem adubação). Utilizou-se o substrato comercial Basaplant citrus®. Aos 90 e 140 dias após o plantio foram realizadas as avaliações da porcentagem de pegamento das estacas. Aos 140 dias, também, foram feitas avaliações do comprimento da parte aérea (cm), número de brotações, número de folhas, comprimento da raiz (cm), massas verde e seca da parte aérea e da raiz. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por meio do programa Sanest e Teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que para a melhor formação das mudas de amoreira são recomendadas estacas de 20 cm de comprimento em tubetes de 120 mL com a aplicação do adubo NPK através da fertirrigação. As cultivares apresentaram diferentes potenciais de enraizamento e desenvolvimento da parte aérea sendo os melhores resultados encontrados para a Korin e IZ 10/1.

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The white mulberry, Morus alba, is distributed worldwide and known for its antioxidant properties. Ethanol extract of six varieties of M. alba roots were studied (IZ 13/6, IZ 40, IZ 56/4, IZ 64, Indonesia and Tigreada). From variety IZ 40, two secondary metabolites were isolated and unambiguously identified by 2 D NMR experiments as morusin and mulberrofuran B. These were quantified in the varieties by liquid chromatography, recording 5.27-16.74% for the first, and 0.54-3.55% for the latter. Mulberrofuran B presented higher activity than morusin by phosphomolybdenum (1531.33 ± 20.28 mmol ascorbic acid/g) and ferrocyanide (14.39%) methods, ABTS (95.74 ± 4.21 µM) and DPPH (843.87 ± 10.65 µM) radical sequestration capacity, while morusin showed significant statistical correlation with antioxidant activity for some M. alba varieties. These results suggested that morusin influences antioxidant activity of M. alba in synergism with other compounds and can be a good chemical marker in this species.

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Objectives: Fabry disease is a hereditary disease caused by a mutation in the α-galactosidase A (GLA) gene resulting in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids in different organs. Timely diagnosis is crucial for the early initiation of treatment to avoid organic dysfunction secondary to lipid accumulation. In view of the above, a number of studies have been performed to assess the role of mulberry bodies as a new diagnostic tool. In this study, we report a case demonstrating the utility of this test. Case presentation: We report the case of a woman of advanced age without a history of chronic disease with symptoms consistent with urinary tract infection (dysuria, pelvic pain, and frequent urination). Based on laboratory test results, a diagnosis of anemia with concomitant chronic kidney disease was established. Urine test revealed microhematuria, proteinuria, urine sediment, and the presence of lipid particles consistent with mulberry bodies. Conclusions: The identification of mulberry bodies and cells in urine sediment is an easy-to-use tool potentially useful in diagnosing Fabry disease, which may contribute to initiate enzyme replacement therapy in a timely manner and reduce systemic deterioration.

RESUMO

The aim of the present study was to assess genetics variations within and among strains with different geographical origin, belonging to Bulgarian germplasm bank of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx moriL.)and to establish their relationships using isoenzyme markers. Polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to study the isoenzymes of nonspecific esterases (EST), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and acid phosphatase (ACP) from haemolymph, phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and hexokinase (HK) from silk glands and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from midgut of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx moriL.). Variability was evident in all of these enzyme systems among twelve strains from Bulgarian germplasm resources of B. mori.Total of nine lociwere detected. All of them (100%) were polymorphic. “Null” alleles in four lociwere determined. Intra-and inter-strain polymorphism was obtained. The degree of polymorphism ranged from 0% to 77.80%. Low levels of observed heterozygosity in comparison with the expected one have been calculated in almost all of strainsas well as deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in almost all analyzed loci, resultingof excess of homozygotes. The value of FSTwas 0.4903. The dendrogram constructed with the values of genetic distance manifests that Romanian strain Cislau Tokay is formed one main clade while the rest strains studied (from Bulgaria, Japan, China, Vietnam, Spain, Syria and Egypt) are formed the other clade withsubclades. The genetic data of the tested strains from different geographical regions, would be used for identifying suitable parents for breeding programs with a view to yield improvement in this species with economic significance.

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Empowerment of wheat genotypes by application of growth regulators, compatible solutes and plant extracts under water restriction is an important strategy for getting sustainable yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of drought stress on the growth and yield of wheat genotypes and also monitor and compare the role of ABA, SA as well as moringa and mulbery leaf water extracts in improving drought tolerance of wheat genotypes. The work was performed at the research area of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. Three wheat cultivars Aas-2011, Faisalabad- 2008 and Triple dwarf-1 were subjected to drought stress (skipping the irrigation at grain filling stage). The wheat genotypes were subjected to treatments viz., T1 i.e. All normal irrigation without application of abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), moringa (MLE) and mulberry leaf water extract (MBLE), T2 i.e. skipping the irrigation at grain filling stage and application of 2µM ABA, T3 i.e. skipping the irrigation at grain filling stage and application of 10 m mol SA, T4 i.e. skipping the irrigation at grain filling stage and application of 15% MLE and T5 i.e. skipping the irrigation at grain filling stage and application of 10% MBLE. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial arrangement and repeated three times. From this study it is concluded that Aas-2011 shown best result under drought condition by applying growth regulators and plant water extracts.

O fortalecimento de genótipos de trigo pela aplicação de reguladores de crescimento, solutos compatíveis e extratos vegetais sob restrição hídrica é uma importante estratégia para obtenção de produção sustentável. Trilha de campo foi realizada na área de pesquisa da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade de Ghazi, Dera Ghazi Khan, Paquistão. Três cultivares de trigo Aas-2011, Faisalabad-2008 e Triple anão-1 foram submetidas a estresse hídrico (pulando a irrigação no estágio de enchimento de grãos). Os genótipos de trigo foram submetidos a tratamentos, T1, ou seja, irrigação normal sem aplicação de ácido abscísico (ABA), ácido salicílico (SA), moringa (MLE) e extrato de água de amoreira (MBLE), T2¬, pular a irrigação em estágio de enchimento de grãos e aplicação de ABA 2µM, T3 ou seja, ignorando a irrigação no estágio de enchimento de grãos e aplicação de 10 m mol SA, T4 ou seja, ignorando a irrigação no estágio de enchimento de grãos e aplicação de 15% MLE e T5 ou seja, ignorando a irrigação no enchimento de grãos estágio e aplicação de 10% MBLE. O experimento foi exposto no delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com arranjo fatorial e repetido três vezes. A partir deste estudo conclui-se que Aas-2011 apresentou melhor resultado sob condição de seca, aplicando reguladores de crescimento e extratos de água de plantas.

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This study presents unpublished data on the chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid content in fruits. Sixty-four fruits consumed in Brazil, most of which were produced domestically, were evaluated based on their levels of 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid. The study investigated 15 fruits that have not been reported in the literature in relation to these compounds, including several native species. The highest concentration of mono-caffeoylquinic acid was observed in strawberry, cherry, bilberry, quince and mulberry, while the dicaffeoylquinic acid was present with highest concentration in kumquat, passion fruit and sweet granadilla. Regarding caffeic acid, the highest content was found in bilberry and yellow pitaya. Considering the sum of the concentrations of these compounds, quince, cherry, bilberry, mulberry and sweet granadilla were exceptional, with concentrations between 200.0 and 569.7 mg kg-1.

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ABSTRACT: The white mulberry leaves are typically available on the market in dried or encapsulated form. It was assumed in the study that appropriate drying of leaves of the white mulberry is significant for obtaining intermediate products with high content of compounds having anti-oxidative activity. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the temperature of mulberry leaves air drying on the content of phenolic acids and flavonols. It has been determined that the content of these compounds in the leaves depended on the drying temperature. Drying at 60 °C favored release of phenolic acids and flavonols from complexes and/or formation of new compounds. Their total content was 22% higher than in leaves dried at 30 °C. Drying at 90 °C reduced the phenolic acid and flavonol content by 24%. The most favorable drying temperature was 60 °C.

RESUMO: As folhas da amoreira branca estão normalmente disponíveis no mercado em forma seca ou encapsulada. Assumiu-se no estudo que a secagem adequada das folhas da amora branca é importante para a obtenção de produtos intermediários com alto teor de compostos com atividade antioxidante. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a influência da temperatura de secagem de ar de folhas de amoreira sobre o teor de ácidos fenólicos e flavonóis. Foi determinado que o conteúdo destes compostos nas folhas dependia da temperatura de secagem. Secagem a 60 °C favoreceu a liberação de ácidos fenólicos e flavonóis a partir de complexos e / ou formação de novos compostos. Seu teor total foi 22% superior ao das folhas secas a 30 °C. A secagem a 90 °C reduziu o teor de ácido fenólico e flavonol em 24%. A temperatura de secagem mais favorável foi de 60 °C.

RESUMO

In this article, a discussion of the production process of brazilian Sericulture is presented, tracing the history of sericulture module evolution since the beginning of the activity and until the present day, considering the various political, social and economic contexts of each period and their technological improvements.(AU)

Neste trabalho é apresentado e discutido o processo produtivo na Sericicultura brasileira, traçando-se um histórico da evolução do módulo sericícola, desde os primórdios da atividade até os dias atuais, levando-se em consideração os diferentes contextos políticos, sociais e econômicos para cada época, bem como os respectivos avanços tecnológicos.(AU)

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RESUMO

The white mulberry leaves are typically available on the market in dried or encapsulated form. It was assumed in the study that appropriate drying of leaves of the white mulberry is significant for obtaining intermediate products with high content of compounds having anti-oxidative activity. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the temperature of mulberry leaves air drying on the content of phenolic acids and flavonols. It has been determined that the content of these compounds in the leaves depended on the drying temperature. Drying at 60 °C favored release of phenolic acids and flavonols from complexes and/or formation of new compounds. Their total content was 22% higher than in leaves dried at 30 °C. Drying at 90 °C reduced the phenolic acid and flavonol content by 24%. The most favorable drying temperature was 60 °C(AU)

As folhas da amoreira branca estão normalmente disponíveis no mercado em forma seca ou encapsulada. Assumiu-se no estudo que a secagem adequada das folhas da amora branca é importante para a obtenção de produtos intermediários com alto teor de compostos com atividade antioxidante. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a influência da temperatura de secagem de ar de folhas de amoreira sobre o teor de ácidos fenólicos e flavonóis. Foi determinado que o conteúdo destes compostos nas folhas dependia da temperatura de secagem. Secagem a 60 °C favoreceu a liberação de ácidos fenólicos e flavonóis a partir de complexos e / ou formação de novos compostos. Seu teor total foi 22% superior ao das folhas secas a 30 °C. A secagem a 90 °C reduziu o teor de ácido fenólico e flavonol em 24%. A temperatura de secagem mais favorável foi de 60 °C(AU)

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In this article, a discussion of the production process of brazilian Sericulture is presented, tracing the history of sericulture module evolution since the beginning of the activity and until the present day, considering the various political, social and economic contexts of each period and their technological improvements.

Neste trabalho é apresentado e discutido o processo produtivo na Sericicultura brasileira, traçando-se um histórico da evolução do módulo sericícola, desde os primórdios da atividade até os dias atuais, levando-se em consideração os diferentes contextos políticos, sociais e econômicos para cada época, bem como os respectivos avanços tecnológicos.

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Background: Flavonoids are a kind of important secondary metabolite and are commonly considered to provide protection to plants against stress and UV-B for a long time. Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), which encodes a dioxygenase in the flavonoid pathway, catalyzes the conversion of leucoanthocyanidins to anthocyanidins, but there is no direct evidence indicating that it provides tolerance to stress in plants. Results: To investigate whether ANS can increase tolerance to abiotic stress, MaANS was isolated from mulberry fruits and transformed into tobacco. Our results suggested that the bacterially expressed MaANS protein can convert dihydroquercetin to quercetin. Overexpression of MaANS remarkably increased the accumulation of total flavonoids in transgenic lines and anthocyanins in corollas of flowers. Transgenic lines showed higher tolerance to NaCl and mannitol stress. Conclusions: These results indicated that MaANS participates in various dioxygenase activities, and it can protect plants against abiotic stress by improving the ROS-scavenging ability. Thus, this alternative approach in crop breeding can be considered in the improvement of stress tolerance by enriching flavonoid production in plants

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Genetic diversity of thirty mulberry accessions was determined by using the eleven different phenotypic characters. The study was conducted in field areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The main objective of this study was to find out the diversity in morphological characters of Mulberry accessions found in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistan. The results showed that there is a significant difference in quantitative parameters among the thirty accessions (p≤0.001). The cluster analysis showed that the data is divided into two main groups at near 80 dissimilarity level. This study suggests that the Morus germplasm is quite diverse.

Se determinó la diversidad genética de treinta accesiones de mora utilizando once caracteres fenotípicos diferentes. El estudio se realizó en áreas de campo de Azad Jammu y Cachemira. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue conocer la diversidad en los caracteres morfológicos de lss accesiones de mora encontrados en Azad Jammu, Cachemira y Pakistán. Los resultados mostraron que hay una diferencia significativa en los parámetros cuantitativos entre las treinta accesiones de mora (p≤0.001). El análisis de conglomerados mostró que los datos se dividen en dos grupos principales a un nivel de disimilitud cercano a 80. Este estudio sugiere que el germoplasma de Morus es muy diverso.

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Background and Aims: Paper mulberry or Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae) is a dioecious species native to continental South-east Asia and East Asia, including Taiwan, that was introduced to the Pacific by pre-historic voyagers and transported intentionally and propagated asexually across the full range of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to East Polynesia. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the dispersal of paper mulberry into Oceania through the genetic analysis of herbaria samples which represent a more complete coverage of the historical geographical range of the species in the Pacific before later introductions and local extinctions occurred. Methods: DNA from 47 herbarium specimens of B. papyrifera collected from 1882 to 2006 from different islands of the Pacific was obtained under ancient DNA protocols. Genetic characterization was based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS-1 sequence, a sex marker, the chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 intergenic spacer and a set of ten microsatellites developed for B. papyrifera. Key Results: Microsatellites allowed detection of 15 genotypes in Near and Remote Oceanian samples, in spite of the vegetative propagation of B. papyrifera in the Pacific. These genotypes are structured in two groups separating West and East Polynesia, and place Pitcairn in a pivotal position. We also detected the presence of male plants that carry the Polynesian chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotype, in contrast to findings in contemporary B. papyrifera populations where only female plants bear the Polynesian cpDNA haplotype. Conclusions: For the first time, genetic diversity was detected among paper mulberry accessions from Remote Oceania. A clear separation between West and East Polynesia was found that may be indicative of pulses during its dispersal history. The pattern linking the genotypes within Remote Oceania reflects the importance of central Polynesia as a dispersal hub, in agreement with archaeological evidence.

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The acaricidal activity of crude ethanolic extract and fractions from the leaves of Morus nigra (Moraceae) was carried out on female cattle ticks Rhipicephalus microplus, using the adult immersion test. The mortality and fertility of females exposed to different concentrations of hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions, as well as ethanolic extract of M. nigra with concentrations of 5, 10 and 25mg/ml were evaluated using three treatment groups, two control groups and triplicate tests. The study also identified the main phenolic compounds of the extract and fractions of this species by HPLC. The chloroform fraction of leaves of M. nigra (25mg/mL) showed the best results for this species, obtaining 62.6% of inhibition of oviposition, 39.3% of eggs eclosion average and 65.4% of effectiveness. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, which may be related to biological activity shown by the extracts, which can be used as an alternative control against R. microplus adult tick.(AU)

A atividade acaricida do extrato etanólico bruto e das frações das folhas de Morus nigra (Moraceae) foi avaliada no carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus, utilizando-se o teste de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade e a fertilidade das fêmeas ingurgitadas, expostas a diferentes concentrações (5, 10 e 25 mg/mL) das frações hexânica, clorofórmica e acetato de etila, bem como do extrato etanólico. Os testes foram realizados em triplicata. O estudo também identificou os principais compostos fenólicos do extrato e das frações dessa espécie por HPLC. A fração clorofórmica das folhas de M. nigra (25mg/mL) apresentou o melhor resultado para essa espécie, obtendo-se 62,6% de inibição da oviposição, 39,3% da eclosão dos ovos e 65,4% de eficácia. A análise por HPLC revelou a presença de compostos fenólicos, os quais podem estar relacionados com a atividade biológica demonstrada pelos extratos, que podem ser utilizados como auxiliar no controle contra carrapato adulto de R. microplus.(AU)

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RESUMO

The acaricidal activity of crude ethanolic extract and fractions from the leaves of Morus nigra (Moraceae) was carried out on female cattle ticks Rhipicephalus microplus, using the adult immersion test. The mortality and fertility of females exposed to different concentrations of hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions, as well as ethanolic extract of M. nigra with concentrations of 5, 10 and 25mg/ml were evaluated using three treatment groups, two control groups and triplicate tests. The study also identified the main phenolic compounds of the extract and fractions of this species by HPLC. The chloroform fraction of leaves of M. nigra (25mg/mL) showed the best results for this species, obtaining 62.6% of inhibition of oviposition, 39.3% of eggs eclosion average and 65.4% of effectiveness. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, which may be related to biological activity shown by the extracts, which can be used as an alternative control against R. microplus adult tick.(AU)

A atividade acaricida do extrato etanólico bruto e das frações das folhas de Morus nigra (Moraceae) foi avaliada no carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus, utilizando-se o teste de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade e a fertilidade das fêmeas ingurgitadas, expostas a diferentes concentrações (5, 10 e 25 mg/mL) das frações hexânica, clorofórmica e acetato de etila, bem como do extrato etanólico. Os testes foram realizados em triplicata. O estudo também identificou os principais compostos fenólicos do extrato e das frações dessa espécie por HPLC. A fração clorofórmica das folhas de M. nigra (25mg/mL) apresentou o melhor resultado para essa espécie, obtendo-se 62,6% de inibição da oviposição, 39,3% da eclosão dos ovos e 65,4% de eficácia. A análise por HPLC revelou a presença de compostos fenólicos, os quais podem estar relacionados com a atividade biológica demonstrada pelos extratos, que podem ser utilizados como auxiliar no controle contra carrapato adulto de R. microplus.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Replacing commercial concentrate with mulberry foliage was evaluated in a feeding trial lasting 126 days. Forty-eight weaned male Pelibuey lambs (20.6 ± 0.80 kg of BW) were randomly allocated to four groups: (1) supplementing the basal diet with mulberry at 1% (DM basis; M-1), (2) mulberry at 0.75% plus 0.1 kg concentrate fresh matter basis (M-0.75), (3) mulberry at 0.50% plus 0.2 kg concentrate (M-0.50) and (4) basal diet plus 0.3 kg concentrate (control; M-0). During the first 90 days, the basal diet was Pennisetum purpureum forage which was substituted by a mixture of guinea grass and sugarcane from 90 days. Average daily gain (ADG, g/day), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion rate (FCR; DMI/ADG) were determined. The ADG was affected (P < 0.01) by the diet, with the lowest obtained in M-1 lambs (71 ± 6.4 g/day), whereas no differences among the other groups were observed (94 ± 6.4 g DM/lamb). The DMI was higher (P < 0.01) in M-0 (937 g DM/lamb) which concomitantly affected differences in FCR (11.9, 9.9, 10.5 and 9.7 kg DMI/kg BW gain for M-1, M-0.75, M-0.50 and M-0 lambs, respectively). Final BW at slaughtering and hot or cold carcass yields were coherent with growth rate findings. Biological yield (cold carcass weight/empty BW) was higher (P < 0.01) in M-0.75. Without compromising animal productivity, replacing imported concentrate with mulberry reduced the feeding cost. Optimum results were obtained with M-75 diet. Further studies must be conducted for optimizing energy/protein ratios with different ingredients while increasing DMI and lamb growth rates in this tropical genotype.

Assuntos