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Abstract Background: Working memory-based spatial cognition has attracted the attention of the scientific community in navigation and reorientation projects. The dominant approach considers that spontaneous spatial navigation behavior is based merely on environmental geometry (built and natural environmental objects). In this domain, DCD (Developmental Coordination Disorder) motor skill orientation problems have been frequently associated with poor visuospatial cognition, while immersive VR environments encourage more repetition, allowing for faster motor skill development and recovery. Objective: This pilot study tested the functionality of an immersive VR environment with environmental geometry (rectangular arena rich in symmetry) and featural landmark cues (striped wall, flora) as a route-learning tool for children with motor skill disorders. Methods: Forty DCD children aged 5 to 8 years (20 boys and 20 girls); five (5) 3D reality modeling setups with orthogonality, symmetry, and striped walls as design parameters; and trial walk-through coordination exercises using a predefined visual pathway with different motor control conditions (daylight, darkness). Participants' path completion rate, path completion time, and walk-through satisfaction were recorded as route-learning performance variables and analyzed statistically. Results/findings: DCD children's spatial orientation was statistically shown to be more stable and robust (in path completion rates, termination time, and walk-through level of satisfaction) in a virtual 3D environment rich in orthogonality, symmetry, and featural cues as landmarks. In this compound environmental geometry setup, training functionality and immersive learning performance enjoyed an 8.16% better path completion rate, a 12.37% reduction in path completion time, and 32.10% more walk-through satisfaction than reality modeling setups poor in geometry and landmarks. The effectiveness and robustness were validated statistically. Conclusion: Children with motor skill difficulties train and learn better in virtual 3D environments that are rich in orthogonality, symmetry, and featural landmark cues.

Resumen Antecedentes: La cognición espacial basada en la memoria de trabajo ha atraído la atención de la comunidad científica en proyectos de navegación y reorientación. El enfoque dominante considera que el comportamiento espontáneo de navegación espacial se basa meramente en la geometría ambiental (objetos ambientales construidos y naturales). En este ámbito, los problemas de orientación de las habilidades motoras del TDC (Trastorno del Desarrollo de la Coordinación) se han asociado con frecuencia a una cognición visoespacial deficiente, mientras que los entornos de RV (Realidad Virtual) inmersivos fomentan una mayor repetición, lo que permite un desarrollo y una recuperación más rápidos de las habilidades motoras. Objetivo: Este estudio piloto probó la funcionalidad de un entorno de RV inmersiva con geometría ambiental (arena rectangular rica en simetría) y señales de puntos de referencia característicos (pared rayada, flora) como herramienta de aprendizaje de rutas para niños con trastornos de la habilidad motora. Métodos: Cuarenta niños con TDC de entre 5 y 8 años (20 niños y 20 niñas); cinco (5) configuraciones de modelado de realidad 3D con ortogonalidad, simetría y paredes rayadas como parámetros de diseño; y ejercicios de coordinación de recorrido de prueba utilizando una ruta visual predefinida con diferentes condiciones de control motor (luz diurna, oscuridad). Se registraron la tasa de finalización del recorrido, el tiempo de finalización del recorrido y el grado de satisfacción de los participantes como variables de rendimiento del aprendizaje de recorridos y se analizaron estadísticamente. Resultados: Se demostró estadísticamente que la orientación espacial de los niños con TDC era más estable y robusta (en tasas de finalización del camino, tiempo de finalización y nivel de satisfacción del recorrido) en un entorno 3D virtual rico en ortogonalidad, simetría y señales de características como puntos de referencia. En esta configuración de geometría ambiental compuesta, la funcionalidad del entrenamiento y el rendimiento del aprendizaje inmersivo disfrutaron de un 8,16% más de tasa de finalización de ruta, una reducción del 12,37% en el tiempo de finalización de ruta y un 32,10% más de satisfacción de recorrido que las configuraciones de modelado de realidad pobres en geometría y puntos de referencia. La eficacia y la solidez se validaron estadísticamente. Conclusiones: Los niños con dificultades motrices entrenan y aprenden mejor en entornos virtuales 3D ricos en ortogonalidad, simetría y puntos de referencia característicos.

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Introduction: Early intervention and parental education for preemies are limited in some low-income countries. Thus, this study aimed to assess whether daily tummy time (TT) associated with usual care (UC) enhances motor and cognitive development in preemies from low-income countries. The main and secondary aim was to assess prone head elevation (PHE) and motor and cognitive functions, respectively. Methods: Thirty-one preemies with a mean gestational age at birth of 33.3 ± 1.6 weeks and weighing <2,500 g were included and 18 completed all assessments. Parents from the TT group were asked to perform TT with their preemies for at least 20 min during daily activities and playtime. Motor and cognitive functions were assessed by a blinded examiner using the motor and cognitive composite scores of Bayley-III after two and four months of corrected age. PHE was given by the angle from the tragus of the ear to the supporting surface of the infant; measurements were obtained using the Kinovea® software at baseline, after two, three, and four months of corrected age. Results: The Bayley-III motor composite score of the TT group was higher than the UC group after two and four months of corrected age. The PHE angle increased over time but did not differ between groups. Discussion: Nevertheless, TT expanded the perspective of preemies to explore their bodies and environment, favoring the stimuli for motor and cognitive patterns. The loss of participants (31%) was one of the limitations of the study, illustrating the challenge of providing continued early interventions to preemies from low-income countries. In this sense, TT practice is a home intervention that may improve motor and cognitive function of preemies immediately after hospital discharge.

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Effects of sleep on procedural (implicit) memory consolidation in children remain controversial. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesise the evidence on the influence of sleep on motor skills acquisition in children. Four electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Original studies, published until October 17, 2023, on motor skill acquisition in children aged ≤12 years, in which the intervention group slept after motor skill training, while the control group remained awake, were considered for inclusion. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane's Risk of Bias 2 tool. The review protocol was pre-registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO protocol number: CRD42022363868) and all reported items followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Of the 7241 articles initially retrieved, nine met the primary criteria and were included in this review. Of these, six studies reported that daytime or night-time sleep intervention improved motor skill acquisition, as compared to wakefulness. All studies presented a high risk of bias. In conclusion, the evidence summarised suggests that sleep may enhance motor skills acquisition and could be important for motor development in childhood. However, due to the high risk of bias in the included studies, future randomised controlled trials with high methodological quality are necessary to better clarify this topic.

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In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated post-stroke ipsilesional (less affected) upper limb aiming movement in individuals whose strokes were either 2-5 months (n = 16) or >6 months (n = 17) prior to our testing; we also compared both stroke groups to a control group of healthy individuals (n = 14). We evaluated the participants' level of movement impairment in the contralateral upper limb from the site of the cerebrovascular lesion as an indicator of the severity of the participants' impairment. Participants were asked to move a stylus on a tablet with their ipsilesional upper limb according to a visual stimulus seen on a monitor. Those who had experienced more recent strokes showed poorer movement planning and execution, regardless of their impairment level. Since the stroke occurred, the amount of time was significantly associated with the ipsilesional aiming movement, and improvement over time brought performance levels closer to that of healthy controls.

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Background: Preschool is a crucial period for developing motor skills. Objective: This study evaluated factors associated with motor competence in preschoolers from a Brazilian urban area. Methods: A total of 211 preschoolers (51.2% girls and 48.8% boys) were evaluated. Body mass index was calculated; the Brazilian Economic Research Criterion, the Mini-Mental Scale (MMC) and the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale®, Revised (ECERS-R™) were applied; the Habitual Physical Activity time was recorded; the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) was performed. Univariate analysis was performed using simple linear regression for the independent variables, considering the motor test subscales as dependent variables. Variables with p < 0.20 in the univariate analysis were considered for the multiple linear regression model and were entered into the stepwise method. Results: The independent variables remaining in the Standard Score Locomotor model were BMI, presence of park at school, and MMC (R2 = 0.16). The independent variables remaining in the Standard Object Control score were MMC and gender (R2 = 0.03). The variables associated with the highest scores of Gross Motor Quotient were MMC, body mass index, and presence of a park at school, respectively (R2 = 0.11). Conclusion: Male eutrophic preschoolers who are physically active and attend schools with parks or courtyards in a Brazilian urban area have the highest scores for global cognitive function and motor competence.

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Motor imagery is a complex mental task that represents muscular movement without the execution of muscular action, involving cognitive processes of motor planning and sensorimotor proprioception of the body. Since the mental task has similar behavior to that of the motor execution process, it can be used to create rehabilitation routines for patients with some motor skill impairment. However, due to the nature of this mental task, its execution is complicated. Hence, the classification of these signals in scenarios such as brain-computer interface systems tends to have a poor performance. In this work, we study in depth different forms of data representation of motor imagery EEG signals for distinct CNN-based models as well as novel EEG data representations including spectrograms and multidimensional raw data. With the aid of transfer learning, we achieve results up to 93% accuracy, exceeding the current state of the art. However, although these results are strong, they entail the use of high computational resources to generate the samples, since they are based on spectrograms. Thus, we searched further for alternative forms of EEG representations, based on 1D, 2D, and 3D variations of the raw data, leading to promising results for motor imagery classification that still exceed the state of the art. Hence, in this work, we focus on exploring alternative methods to process and improve the classification of motor imagery features with few preprocessing techniques.

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O presente trabalho trata-se de um estudo realizado com 17 crianças com faixa etária entre 4 e 5 anos, todas matriculadas no Centro de Educação Infantil ­ campus da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (CEI-UEL), tendo como objetivo avaliar o desempenho motor dessas crianças através do TGMD-3, antes e após uma intervenção motora, realizada no CEI-UEL. A intervenção foi composta de 29 sessões de 60 minutos em que eram trabalhadas diferentes habilidades motoras, após a qual foi aplicado novamente o TGMD-3 para avaliar se a intervenção havia influenciado positivamente o desempenho das crianças da amostra. Nossos resultados mostraram que para a variável somatória das habilidades de locomoção e habilidades com bola foi apresentado um aumento na comparação do pré-teste para o pós-teste, porém somente nas habilidades de locomoção foi encontrada significância na melhora. Quanto ao percentil, nas habilidades com bola foi encontrado um desempenho inferior no pós-teste, mas sem que houvesse diferença significativa entre os resultados; já para as habilidades de locomoção foi encontrada uma melhora no pós-teste do percentil, mas sem diferença significativa em comparação ao pré-teste. Com relação ao escore não foi encontrada diferença significativa para as habilidades, porém nas habilidades de locomoção houve desempenho superior no pós-teste e nas habilidades com bola houve desempenho inferior. Como conclusão, podemos inferir que a intervenção motora foi positiva para a melhora do desempenho das crianças, mas não para todas as variáveis analisadas, demonstrando que a intervenção motora pode ser uma ferramenta benéfica para o desempenho motor de crianças.

The present work is a study carried out with 17 children aged between 4 and 5 years old, all enrolled at the Child Education Center - campus of Universidade Estadual de Londrina (CEI-UEL), with objective of evaluating children motor performance through the TGMD-3, before and after a motor intervention, performed at CEI-UEL. The intervention consisted of 29 60-minute sessions with different motor skills, and after the 29 sessions, TGMD-3 was applied again to assess whether the intervention had positively influenced the performance of the children in the sample. Our results showed that for the sum of the walking and ball skills showed an increase in the comparison of the pre-test to the post-test, but only in the walking skills the difference was significant. As for the percentile, in the skills with the ball a lower performance was found in the post-test, but without any significant difference between the results; for the locomotion skills, an improvement was found in the post-test according to the percentile, not showing a significant difference compared to pretest. Regarding the score, no significant difference was found for the skills, but in the locomotion skills there was a superior performance in the post-test and in the skills with ball there was a lower performance. As a conclusion, we can deduce that motor intervention was positive for improving children motor performance, but not for all variables, showing that the motor intervention could be a beneficial tool to children motor performance.

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RESUMO O objetivo do estudo é investigar como o desempenho do saque do voleibol de sujeitos com diferentes níveis de experiência é influenciado pela interação de diferentes restrições. Participaram do estudo 36 voluntários do sexo masculino (16,44 ± 0,50 anos) alocados em dois grupos em função do nível de experiência. Os participantes executaram 10 tentativas do saque do voleibol em cada uma das quatro condições experimentais. Foram manipuladas uma restrição relacionada à dificuldade da meta e outra relacionada ao ambiente físico para execução da tarefa. O desempenho do saque por cima do voleibol foi avaliado por meio de uma lista de checagem do padrão de movimento e da precisão ao alvo. Os resultados demonstraram que o grupo experiente manteve o desempenho em todas as condições, enquanto o grupo inexperiente apresentou menor consistência da precisão nas condições com restrição física e pior escore do padrão de movimento na condição de maior dificuldade da meta em interação com a restrição física. O nível de experiência exerceu maior influência no desempenho do que as demais restrições. Uma possível explicação é que ela é uma restrição capaz de maximizar a forma como o sujeito explora as informações disponibilizadas pelas demais restrições.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to investigate how the volleyball service performance of subjects with different levels of experience is influenced by the interaction of different constraints. The study included 36 male volunteers (16.44 ± 0.50 years) allocated into two groups according to the level of experience. Participants performed 10 attempts of the serve volleyball in each of the four experimental conditions. One constraint related to the difficulty of the goal and another related to the physical environment for the execution of the task were manipulated. The performance of the overhand volleyball serve was assessed by means of a movement pattern checklist and of the accuracy to target. The experienced group maintained performance in all conditions, while the inexperienced group showed less consistency of accuracy in conditions with physical constraint and worse score of the movement pattern in the condition of greater difficulty of the goal in interaction with physical constraint. The level of experience had a greater influence on performance than the other constraints. One possible explanation is that it is a constraint capable of maximizing the way that the subject explores the information available by the other constraints

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Abstract Aim: The influence of sleep on the adaptability and relearning rate during learning of complex motor skills is still unknown, limiting the comprehension of the sleep role in motor memory consolidation. Thus, we aimed to investigate the nocturnal sleep influence on retention, adaptability, and relearning rate of the dart-throwing task. Methods: Sixty healthy adults were divided into two groups: SLEEP and WAKE. Both groups practiced an under-arm dart-throwing task. However, WAKE practiced in the morning and performed a retention phase in the evening, and SLEEP practiced in the evening and performed a retention phase in the morning of the next day. The practice and retention phases were separated by 12 h in both groups. There were analyses regarding retention (retention test), adaptability (delayed transfer test), and relearning rate (savings). Results: Both groups improved their performance across the acquisition phase and maintained it in the retention test. The groups did not demonstrate adaptability and did not demonstrate a significant difference in relearning rate. Conclusion: We conclude that nocturnal sleep did not modulate the consolidation of motor memories related to ballistic discrete motor skills.

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Abstract Aim: To identify and describe the manipulative actions of typical children ages between 4 and 6 years, and the games performed while exploring cubes with different sensorial stimuli. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study. Sixteen typical children aged 4 to 6 years (mean age: 5.78 ± 1.04 years) were filmed, from different angles, during the exploration of six cubes with different sensorial stimuli (transparent, black, tactile, auditory, luminous, and high-contrast). The cubes were delivered in random order and the children explored the cubes for 40 s each. At the end of the explorations, they were asked about what kind of game they could play with that object. The images were observed by the BS Player Profile. Results: Seventeen different types of interactions with the cubes were registered, such as: pushing, shaking, reaching for (bimanual and unimanual), bringing closer to the eyes, knocking, touching with the fingers/hand, throwing upwards, and others. The tactile cube was the favorite among the children (9 children), followed by the luminous cube (6 children). They proposed games with all of the cubes, standing out playing dice (all cubes), building towers, and castles. Conclusion: In the observed group of children, 17 manipulative skills were identified. The games performed during the exploration of the cubes were based on association with other similar objects previously known, related to the visual stimuli provided by the cubes, verbal description of actions that could be performed with that cube, imagination related games using figurative images, and sports-related activities/games.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-III) is a tool for measuring the developmental status of children, including cognitive and motor functioning, in the first three years of life. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between grating visual acuity and visual functionality in healthy children using the Bayley-III. Methods: Binocular grating visual acuity was measured using Teller Acuity Cards followed by the Bayley-III in healthy children aged 1-42 months. Visual acuity (logMAR) and Bayley-III scores for both cognitive and motor (gross and fine) skills were compared. Results: Forty children (20 boys) aged 1.2-42.1 months were tested. Their mean visual acuity was 0.39 ± 0.27 logMAR, which was within the normal age limits for all children. There was a strong and significant negative correlation between visual acuity and age (r=-0.83, p<0.001). The mean cognitive raw data score was 49.92 ± 18.93 points, with a strong and significant positive correlation between cognitive score and age (r=0.81, p<0.001). The mean gross motor score was 41.72 ± 16.23 points, with a strong and significant positive correlation between gross motor score and age (r=0.75, p<0.001). The mean fine motor score was 39.75 ± 14.63 points, with a strong and significant positive correlation between fine motor score and age (r=0.77, p<0.001). Multiple linear regression demonstrated that older age and better visual acuity were significantly associated with higher Bayley-III scores. Conclusions: This study found a high correlation between grating visual acuity measured using Teller Acuity Cards and cognitive and motor scores measured using the Bayley-III in healthy children, demonstrating that the Bayley-III might be a useful tool for assessing the repercussions of visual impairment on the cognitive and motor development of young children.

RESUMO Objetivo: A Escala Bayley de Desenvolvimento Infantil (Bayley-III) é uma ferramenta que avalia o desenvolvimento de crianças nos 3 primeiros anos de vida, incluindo os domínios cognitivo e motor. Este estudo tem como objetivo correlacionar a acuidade visual de grades e a funcionalidade visual em crianças saudáveis usando a Bayley-III. Métodos: A acuidade visual binocular de grades foi medida usando o teste dos Cartões de Acuidade de Teller seguido pela Bayley-III em crianças saudáveis com idade entre 1-42 meses. Os escores da acuidade visual (logMAR) e da Bayley-III para habilidades cognitivas e motoras (grossa e fina) foram comparados. Resultados: Um grupo de 40 crianças (20 meninos) com idades entre 1,2-42,1 meses foi testado e a média da acuidade visual foi de 0,39 ± 0,27 logMAR, sendo que todas estavam dentro dos limites normais para a idade. Houve uma forte correlação negativa e significante entre acuidade visual e idade (r=-0,83; p<0,001). A média do escore cognitivo foi de 49,92 ± 18,93 pontos, com forte correlação positiva e significante entre o escore cognitivo e a idade (r=0,81; p<0,001). A média do escore motor grosso foi de 41,72 ± 16,23 pontos, com forte correlação positiva e significante entre o escore motor grosso e a idade (r=0,75; p<0,001). A média do escore motor fino foi de 39,75 ± 14,63 pontos, com uma forte correlação positiva e significante entre o escore motor fino e a idade (r=0,77; p<0,001). A regressão linear múltipla mostrou que maior idade e melhor acuidade visual foram significantemente associadas à escores cognitivo e motor mais altos. Conclusões: Neste estudo foi encontrada alta correlação entre a acuidade visual de grades medida pelos cartões de acuidade de Teller e os escores cogninitivo e motor medidos pela Bayley-III em crianças saudáveis. A Bayley-III pode ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar a repercussão da deficiência visual no desenvolvimento cognitivo e motor de crianças.

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Active play can contribute to the reduction of sedentary time and generate potential benefits for the performance of fundamental motor skills in children. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to provide a synthesis of evidence on the contributions of active play to fundamental motor skills in children aged 2 to 5 years typically developed, as well as to verify the differences between the intervention protocols used in the studies. The studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Web of Science and Lilacs databases. Clinical trials available in English, conducted in typically developing children, were included, and studies with the theme of electronic games were excluded. Two independent researchers examined the studies and conducted data extraction. Eight articles were included in the systematic review; three identified that children who experienced interventions with free active play had better performance in handling and balance skills. Four studies identified that children who practiced guided active play had better performance in locomotion, manipulation and balance skills, one study found no significant difference. We concluded that the practice of active play, especially guided active play, positively contributes to the fundamental motor skills of children aged 3 to 5 years typically developed. (AU)

Brincadeiras ativas podem contribuir para redução do tempo sedentário e gerar potenciais benefícios para o desempenho das habilidades motoras fundamentais em crianças. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi fornecer uma síntese das evidências sobre as contribuições do brincar ativo para a habilidades motoras fundamentais em crianças de 2 a 5 anos tipicamente desenvolvidas, bem como verificar as diferenças entre os protocolos de intervenção utilizados nos estudos. Os estudos foram identificados por meio de busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science e Lilacs. Foram incluídos os ensaios clínicos disponíveis em inglês, realizados em crianças com desenvolvimento típico, e excluídos os estudos com a temática de jogos eletrônicos. Dois pesquisadores independentes examinaram os estudos e conduziram a extração de dados. Oito artigos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática; três identificaram que as crianças que vivenciaram intervenções com brincadeira ativa livre tiveram melhor desempenho nas habilidades de manuseio e equilíbrio. Quatro estudos identificaram que crianças que praticavam brincadeiras ativas orientadas tinham melhor desempenho nas habilidades de locomoção, manipulação e equilíbrio, um estudo não encontrou diferença significativa. Concluímos que a prática da brincadeira ativa, especialmente a orientada, contribui positivamente para o desempenho das habilidades motoras fundamentais de crianças de 3 a 5 anos tipicamente desenvolvidas. (AU)

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O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o efeito de aulas de sapateado na aprendizagem de uma sequência de passos e na coordenação motora de crianças. Participaram 27 crianças (14 meninos e 13 meninas), com média de idade de 9,07 (± 0,26) anos, estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino fundamental. As crianças foram avaliadas em relação à estrutura espacial e temporal de uma sequência de passos do sapateado em três momentos (pré-teste, pós-teste e retenção) e em relação a coordenação motora por meio do teste KTK em dois momentos (pré-teste e pós-teste). O desempenho dos passos foi filmado e analisado pela pesquisadora e dois profissionais da área de dança, por meio de fichas de observação com itens referentes à estruturação espacial e temporal das habilidades propostas. Realizou-se uma intervenção de seis aulas de sapateado, 2 vezes por semana, em dias alternados, com duração de 50 minutos cada, que ocorreram durante as aulas regulares de Educação Física escolar. Os resultados demonstraram que, após o período de intervenção, as crianças aprenderam a sequência de passos do sapateado, melhorando significativamente a organização espacial e temporal. Ainda, observou-se que, após as aulas de sapateado, as crianças apresentaram ganhos significativos na coordenação motora. Conclui-se que as aulas de sapateado, inseridas no contexto da educação física escolar, foram benéficas para a aprendizagem motora dos passos, além de contribuir no desenvolvimento da coordenação motora. (AU)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tap dancing classes on the learning of a sequence of steps and on the motor coordination of children. 27 childrens (14 boys and 13 girls) participated, with an average age of 9.07 (± 0.26) years, students of the third year of elementary school. The children were evaluated in relation to the spatial and temporal structure of a sequence of tap dance steps in three moments (pre-test, post-test and retention) and in relation to motor coordination through the KTK test in two moments (pre-test and post-test). The performance of the steps was filmed and analyzed by the researcher and two dance professionals, through observation sheets with items related to the spatial and temporal structuring of the proposed skills. There was an intervention of six tap dance classes, twice a week, on alternate days, lasting 50 minutes each, which occurred during regular school Physical Education classes. The results showed that after the intervention period, the children learned the sequence of tap dance steps, significantly improving spatial and temporal organization. Still, it was observed that, after tap dancing classes, children showed significant gains in motor coordination. It is concluded that tap dancing classes were beneficial for the motor learning of the steps, in addition to contributing to the development of motor coordination. (AU)

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BACKGROUND: People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) may be at increased risk of developing periodontal diseases and dental caries due to poor oral hygiene. Our aim was to investigate motor proficiency factors associated with presence of visible plaque and gingival bleeding in people with IDs. We were particularly interested in the level of dependence, manual coordination and fine manual control of people with ID, as well as the level of exhaustion of the primary caregiver. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 299 people with ID were evaluated for oral hygiene using the simplified Visible Plaque Index and for gum inflammation using the Gingival Bleeding Index. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test assessed motor proficiency through fine manual control (fine motor integration and fine motor precision) and manual coordination (manual dexterity and upper limb coordination). The level of dependence was assessed by the Katz dependency index, and the caregiver was tested for exhaustion using the fatigue severity scale. Prevalence ratios [and 95% confidence intervals (CI)] were calculated using crude and adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The exhaustion of the caregiver was associated positively to visible plaque [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.36; 95% CI 1.06-1.65]. For gingival bleeding, people with IDs that had better fine motor integration (PR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.33-0.75) and precision (PR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.26-0.94), as well as manual dexterity (PR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.49-0.77), presented better results. CONCLUSION: Poor oral hygiene and gum inflammation were associated with motor proficiency of people with IDs and caregivers' exhaustion. Interventions to improve the oral health of people with IDs should take into account such conditions.

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A tarefa de levantar-se do solo a partir do decúbito dorsal (STS) tem apresentado recursos avaliativos complementares, em termos de julgamento do desempenho motor, físico e funcional em idosos por meio de medidas quantitativas e qualitativas. Especificamente, em medidas de processo (qualitativas) há sete protocolos que categorizam o desempenho do STS em idosos. Objetivo: Determinar o nível de confiabilidade intra e entre avaliadores da análise de processo do STS em idosos, segundo protocolo adaptado de Manini et al. Métodos: 25 idosos (12 mulheres) realizaram a tarefa de levantar-se do solo a partir do decúbito dorsal sem auxílio. Dois codificadores de vídeo, estudantes de graduação no nível superior de educação - tempo de experiência > 2 anos em Educação Física e ± 6 meses de uso do protocolo classificaram o desempenho dos idosos de acordo com o protocolo. A confiabilidade intra-avaliador e entre avaliadores foi considerada moderada (K = 0,533; p = 0,001; K = 0,466; p = 0,001) e substancial para a medida intra-avaliador 2 (K = 0,736; p = 0,001). O nível de confiabilidade intra e entreavaliadores do STS segundo o protocolo adaptado de Manini foi considerado moderado para sujeitos idosos. (AU)

The Supine-To-Stand task (STS) has presented complementary assessment resources, in terms of motor, physical and functional assessment in the elderly through quantitative and qualitative measures. Specifically, in process measures (qualitative) seven protocols categorize the performance of STS in the elderly. Objective: To determine the level of reliability within and between evaluators of the STS process analysis in the elderly, according to a protocol adapted from Manini et al. Methods: 25 elderly (12 female) performed the task of rising from the ground from the supine position without assistance. Two video encoders, graduate students at the higher education level - time of experience >2 years in Physical Education and ± 6 months in use of the protocol classified the performance of the elderly according to this protocol. Intra-rater and between rater reliability was considered moderate (K = 0.533; p = 0.001; K = 0.466; p = 0.001) and substantial for intra-rater 2 (K = 0.736; p = 0.001). The level of intra- and inter-rater reliability of the STS according to the adapted protocol of Manini was considered moderate for elderly subjects. (AU)

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Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) can lead to cognitive impairments and motor dysfunction. Acrobatic exercises (AE) were proposing as therapeutic option to manage HI motor deficits, however, the cognitive effects after this treatment are still poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of AE protocol on memory impairments and brain plasticity markers after Rice-Vannucci HI rodent model. Wistar rats on the 7th postnatal day (PND) were submitted to HI model and after weaning (PND22) were trained for 5 weeks with AE protocol, then subsequently submitted to cognitive tests. Our results showed recovery in novel object recognition (NOR) memory, but not, spatial Morris Water Maze (WM) memory after AE treatment in HI rats. BDNF and synaptophysin neuroplasticity markers indicate plastic alterations in the hippocampus and striatum, with maintenance of synaptophysin despite the reduction of total volume tissue, besides, hippocampal HI-induced ipsilateral BDNF increased, and striatum contralateral BDNF decreased were noted. Nevertheless, the exercise promoted functional recovery and seems to be a promising strategy for HI treatment, however, future studies identifying neuroplastic pathway for this improvement are needed.

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Abstract Objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictors of low perceptual-motor skills in children at preschool age. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study nested in a birth cohort involving mother-child pairs. The children's perceptual-motor skills were assessed individually in their homes when they were 4-5 years old using the Pre-Literacy Skills and Knowledge Test (THCP®), a vali-dated Brazilian instrument. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between cognitive perceptual-motor skills and potential maternal and child risk factors. Results: of the 199 children included in the study, 53.8% were boys, 90.8% attended school, and 91.1% were enrolled in a public school. Among the children, 114 (57.3%), 41 (20.6%) and 44 (22.1%) had low, moderate and high perceptual-motor skills, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed greater odds of children at preschool age having low perceptual motor skills for boys (OR=2.10; CI95%= 1.14-3.88), children who did not attend school (OR=4.61; CI95%= 1.21-17.49), and those with a household income <5 minimum wages (MW) (OR=4.28; CI95%= 1.49-12.26). Conclusions: our study showed that male gender, not attending school and a monthly household income <5 MW were predictors of low perceptual-motor skills in children at 4-5 years of age.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar os preditores da baixa habilidade percepto-motora em crianças em idade pré-escolar. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte de nascimentos envol-vendo pares de mães-crianças. A habilidade percepto-motora das crianças foi avaliada indi-vidualmente em suas residências quando completaram 4-5 anos de idade, utilizando-se o Teste de Habilidades e Conhecimento Pré-Alfabetização (THCP®), um instrumento brasileiro validado. Análise de regressão logística foi utilizada para estimar a associação entre a baixa habilidade percepto-motora das crianças e potenciais fatores de risco materno-infantil. Resultados: das 199 crianças incluídas no estudo, 53,8% eram meninos, 90,8% frequen-tavam a escola, e 91,1% estudavam em escola pública. Entre as crianças, 114 (57,3%), 41 (20,6%) e 44 (22,1%) revelaram baixa, moderada e elevada habilidade percepto-motora, respectivamente. A análise de regressão logística ajustada revelou maior chance de crianças em idade pré-escolar apresentar baixa habilidade percepto-motora quando em meninos (OR=2,10; IC95%=1,14-3,88), crianças que não frequentavam a escola (OR=4,61; IC95%=1,21-17,49), e possuíam renda familiar <5 salários mínimos (SM) (OR=4,28; IC95%=1,49-12,26). Conclusões: nosso estudo revelou que sexo masculino, renda familiar <5 SM, e não frequentar a escola foram preditores significativos da baixa habilidade percepto-motora em crianças de 4-5 anos de idade.

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Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as habilidades de integração visomotora e destreza manual em crianças com Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (TDC). Estudo descritivo transversal com 22 crianças de 7 a 11 anos com TDC, avaliadas com o Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-Brasil), Movement Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition (MABC-2) e Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration Sixth Edition (VMI). A amostra contou com 4 meninas e 18 meninos. Considerando o percentil 25 no VMI como ponto de corte, 12 crianças apresentaram desempenho abaixo da média no domínio integração visomotora, 13 no domínio visual e 19 no domínio de coordenação motora. Foi observada correlação significativa entre o percentil de destreza motora e o percentil total do MABC-2, mas não entre os escores do MABC-2 e os diferentes domínios avaliados com o VMI. Os resultados sugerem que é necessário e importante o uso combinado de testes para melhor avaliação das crianças com TDC, a fim de detectar suas possíveis dificuldades na integração visomotora e destreza manual e suas implicações no desempenho de tarefas funcionais das crianças no dia a dia.

Abstract This study aimed to examine the visual-motor integration and manual dexterity skills in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). A cross-sectional descriptive study of 22 children aged 7 to 11 years old with DCD, assessed with the Brazilian version of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-Brazil), Movement Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition (MABC-2) and Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration Sixth Edition (VMI). Four girls and 18 boys participated. Considering the 25th percentile in VMI as the cutoff point, 12 children presented a below-average performance in the visual-motor integration domain, 13 in the visual domain, and 19 in the motor coordination domain. We observed a statistically significant correlation between the motor dexterity and the total MABC-2 percentiles, but not between the MABC-2 percentiles and the different domains evaluated with the VMI. The results suggest that the combined use of tests for better assessment of children with DCD is needed and important to detect their real difficulties in both visuomotor integration and manual dexterity and their implications on the performance of children's daily activities.

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BACKGROUND: Although the association between body mass index (BMI), physical activity (PA) and motor competence (MC) has been widely investigated, the influence of different environmental contexts is not well defined. AIM: To analyse the relationship between BMI, PA and MC and the moderating role of the environmental context. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 668 children (318 boys) aged 5-7 years (north-eastern district - Brazil). MC (Körper koordination test fur Kinder; KTK), BMI and PA (parent reporting) were assessed. To classify three contexts of the environment a variable was created based on the presence of a sports court in school and/or environment for play or sports practice out of school. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regressions, interaction test and estimation of coefficients in moderation analysis were used. RESULTS: BMI (ß = -2.93; p < .01) and age (ß = 19.02; p < .01) were associated, and PA was not associated (ß = 0.07; p = .05) with MC. The strength of the association between BMI and MC changed based on the environmental contexts. The better the environment context the weaker the association between BMI and MC (ß = -2.93, p < .01 to ß = -2.38, p = .33 to ß = 0.26, p = .94). CONCLUSIONS: The association between BMI and MC is moderated by environmental contexts.

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