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Most of the literature on the neural bases of human reward and punishment processing has used monetary gains and losses, but less is known about the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the anticipation and consumption of other types of rewarding stimuli. In the present study, EEG was recorded from 19 participants who completed a modified version of the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task. During the task, cues providing information about potential future outcomes were presented to the participants. Then, they had to respond rapidly to a target stimulus to win money or listening to pleasant music, or to avoid losing money or listening to unpleasant music. Results revealed similar responses for monetary and music cues, with increased activity for cues indicating potential gains compared to losses. However, differences emerged in the outcome phase between money and music. Monetary outcomes showed an interaction between the type of the cue and the outcome in the Feedback Related Negativity and Fb-P3 ERPs and increased theta activity increased for negative feedbacks. In contrast, music outcomes showed significant interactions in the Fb-P3 and theta activities. These findings suggest similar neurophysiological mechanisms in processing cues for potential positive or negative outcomes in these two types of stimuli.

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The scientific article analyses modern terrorist threats in the territory of Ukraine, associated with the active use of financial assets, the latest technologies and innovative financial instruments, in particular cryptocurrencies. The positive experience of legislative initiatives and advanced practices of several foreign countries in combatting the legalisation of funds by illegal means and the financing of terrorism is highlighted. The problems of implementation of state policy in this sphere are revealed. Based on this, ways of improving the system of fighting terrorism in Ukraine on the international and national levels have been determined. It was concluded that the basis of the state policy in the field of combatting terrorism during the period of martial law and in the post-war period in Ukraine should be the development of the Strategy for Combatting Terrorism in Ukraine, which should take into account both the best world practices and the modern realities of waging war in the conditions of supporting terrorism with financial infusions.

El artículo científico analiza las amenazas terroristas modernas en el territorio de Ucrania, asociadas al uso activo de activos financieros, las últimas tecnologías e instrumentos financieros innovadores, en particular las criptodivisas. Se destaca la experiencia positiva de las iniciativas legislativas y las prácticas avanzadas de varios países extranjeros en la lucha contra la legalización de fondos por medios ilegales y la financiación del terrorismo. Se ponen de manifiesto los problemas de aplicación de la política estatal en este ámbito. Se concluye que la base de la política estatal en el ámbito de la lucha contra el terrorismo durante el período de la ley marcial y en el período de posguerra en Ucrania debe ser el desarrollo de la Estrategia de Lucha contra el Terrorismo en Ucrania, que debe tener en cuenta tanto las mejores prácticas mundiales y las realidades modernas de hacer la guerra en las condiciones de apoyo al terrorismo con infusiones financieras.

O artigo científico analisa as ameaças terroristas modernas no território da Ucrânia, associadas ao uso ativo de ativos financeiros, às tecnologias mais recentes e aos instrumentos financeiros inovadores, em especial as criptomoedas. A experiência positiva de iniciativas legislativas e práticas avançadas de vários países estrangeiros no combate à legalização de fundos por meios ilegais e ao financiamento do terrorismo é destacada. Os problemas de implementação da política estatal nessa esfera são revelados. Com base nisso, foram determinadas formas de aprimorar o sistema de combate ao terrorismo na Ucrânia em nível internacional e nacional. Concluiu-se que a base da política do Estado no campo do combate ao terrorismo durante o período da lei marcial e no período pós-guerra na Ucrânia deve ser o desenvolvimento da Estratégia de Combate ao Terrorismo na Ucrânia, que deve levar em conta tanto as melhores práticas mundiais quanto as realidades modernas de guerra nas condições de apoio ao terrorismo com infusões financeiras.

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ABSTRACT: Financial literacy has been recognised worldwide as a way to confront social inequalities in work access, own financial control and education, particularly among vulnerable groups. People with disabilities, especially those with intellectual and developmental disabilities, experience additional challenges accessing opportunities to learn financial-related competencies. There is an extensive bibliography on this subject that stretches for decades, but this does not translate into an extensive availability of science-based programmes. To our knowledge, no comprehensive search to find the gaps in this evidence has been conducted. We conducted a scoping review that sought to identify the core goals, contents, approaches, gaps and limitations of full financial education programmes for youths and adults with disabilities. Seven publications met the inclusion criteria, which included implementation of programmes that embrace a multidimensional set of skills. Selection and categorisation of the programmes' contents were conducted independently by three researchers. Findings suggest that money and transactions is the content most consistently addressed in the programmes designed for persons with disabilities. A stronger focus on self-determination skills is needed to support financial-related decision-making and self-advocacy. The results indicate that the use of approaches based on Universal Design for Learning, problem-based learning and the combined use of simulated and community-based instruction are critical strategies to support access to financial competencies. Gaps and future orientations include the need to broaden the number of studies that implement and evaluate programmes considering the multidimensional nature of the financial competencies and its critical role for social inclusion of people with disabilities.

RESUMO: A literacia financeira tem sido reconhecida mundialmente como uma forma de responder a desigualdades sociais no acesso ao trabalho, controlo financeiro e educação, principalmente em grupos vulneráveis. As pessoas com incapacidade, principalmente intelectual e desenvolvimental, enfrentam barreiras adicionais no acesso a oportunidades para a aprendizagem de competências financeiras. A bibliografia é extensa e estende-se por décadas, mas não resulta na mesma proporção em programas completos, baseados na evidência, e que estejam disponíveis. No nosso conhecimento, não existe uma revisão detalhada direcionada para as lacunas desta evidência. Realizamos uma revisão do tipo Scoping Review para identificar os objectivos, conteúdos, abordagens, lacunas e limitações de programas integrais para a Educação Financeira dirigidos a jovens e adultos com Incapacidade. Foram selecionadas sete publicações que cumpriam os critérios de inclusão, designadamente a implementação de programas que englobassem um espectro multidimensional de competências. A selecção e a categorização dos conteúdos dos programas foram conduzidos independentemente por três investigadores. Os resultados sugerem que o uso de dinheiro e as transacções constituem os conteúdos mais abordados nos programas. Parece ser necessário um maior enfoque nas competências de autodeterminação para apoiar tomadas de decisão e autoadvocacia na vida financeira. As abordagens baseadas no Desenho Universal para a Aprendizagem, a Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas e o uso combinado de aprendizagem em contexto simulado e real foram identificadas como estratégias fundamentais. As lacunas e as orientações para o futuro incluem a necessidade de ampliar o número de estudos que implementem e avaliem programas assentes na natureza multidimensional das competências financeiras e no seu papel crítico na inclusão social de pessoas com incapacidade.

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A maneira como o dinheiro é gerenciado relaciona-se com diferentes variáveis da conjugalidade. Este estudo investigou o papel discriminante da comunicação conjugal, estratégias de resolução de conflitos e ajustamento conjugal no sistema de manejo de dinheiro na conjugalidade (independente ou compartilhado). Em estudo quantitativo, transversal, comparativo e explicativo, participaram 108 indivíduos em relacionamentos estáveis de coabitação, que responderam de forma online a: questionário sociodemográfico, Escala de Manejo de Dinheiro na Conjugalidade, Dutch Marital Communication Questionnaire, Conflict Resolution Behavioral Questionnaire e Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale. O grupo que adota manejo compartilhado distinguiu-se por sua coesão, comunicação aberta, satisfação conjugal, estratégias de acordo e consenso. Os que adotam manejo independente foram distinguidos por estratégias de evitação, de ataque e pela comunicação negativa. O modelo discriminante evidenciou que variáveis positivas da conjugalidade distinguiram o manejo compartilhado, e as negativas, o independente. Manejar o dinheiro envolve postura, comportamentos e percepções além do compartilhamento dos bens, e fazê-lo em conjunto está associado a indicadores de funcionalidade no relacionamento.

The way a dyad manages money is related to different marital variables. This study aimed to investigate the discerning role of marital communication, conflict resolution strategies and marital adjustment in the marital money management system (independent or shared). In a quantitative, cross-sectional, comparative and explanatory study, 108 individuals in stable cohabiting relationships took part, who responded online to: sociodemographic questionnaire, Marital Money Management Scale, Dutch Marital Communication Questionnaire, Conflict Resolution Behavioral Questionnaire, and Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale. The results show that the group of individuals who adopt shared management was characterized by cohesion, open communication, marital satisfaction, agreement and consensus strategies. Those adopting independent management were singularized by avoidance, attack and negative communication strategies. The discriminant model showed positive marital variables pointed to shared management, and negative ones, to independent management. Handling money involves stance, behaviors and perceptions beyond the sharing of assets, and doing it together is associated to indicators of functionality in the relationship.

La forma cómo se maneja el dinero se relaciona con diferentes variables de la conyugalidad. Este estudio investigó el papel discernidor de la comunicación conyugal, las estrategias de resolución de conflictos y el ajuste conyugal en el sistema de gestión del dinero en la conyugalidad (independiente o compartida). En un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, comparativo y explicativo, participaron 108 individuos en relaciones de convivencia estables, que respondieron en línea a: cuestionario sociodemográfico, Escala de administración del dinero conyugal, Dutch Marital Communication Questionnaire, Conflict Resolution Behavioral Questionnaire y Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale. El grupo que adopta la gestión compartida fue discernido por la cohesión, la comunicación abierta, la satisfacción conyugal, las estrategias de acuerdo y el consenso. Los que adoptaron una gestión independiente fueron discernidos por las estrategias de evitación, ataque y comunicación negativa. El modelo discriminante mostró que las variables positivas de conyugalidad señalaban el manejo compartido, y las negativas, el manejo independiente. Administrar dinero implica postura, comportamientos y percepciones además de compartir activos, y hacerlo juntos está asociado con indicadores de funcionalidad en la relación.

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Resumen El panorama del mercado laboral para los Contadores Públicos recién egresados en Villavicencio-Meta evidencia una escasez de oferta laboral y una desfavorable tasa en los ingresos que obtienen al incursionar al mundo laboral. Panorama no muy alentador que se acrecienta por la informalidad empresarial y la existencia de Pymes que aún no han realizado convergencia a estándares internacionales de contabilidad, limitando la brecha de posibilidades de ingresar al campo laboral. Siendo la Contaduría Publica una profesión liberal, se infiere que este deberá generar empoderamiento profesional, que le permita ejercer de forma independiente en un futuro pudiendo escalar o ubicarse de conformidad con la teoría del cuadrante de flujo de dinero de Kiyosaki en Empleado (E), Auto Empleado (A), Dueño de empresa (D) e Inversionista (I).

Abstract The labor market panorama for recently graduated Public Accountants in Villavicencio, Meta evidences a shortage of labor supply and an unfavorable rate in the income they obtain when entering the labor market. This is not a very encouraging panorama that is increased by the business informality and the existence of SMEs that have not yet made convergence to international accounting standards, limiting the gap of possibilities to enter the labor field. Since Public Accountancy is a liberal profession, it is inferred that it should generate professional empowerment, which will allow them to practice it independently in the future, by being able to climb or be located according to Kiyosakiıs cash flow quadrant theory in Employee (E), Self-Employed (SE), Business Owner (BO) and Investor (I).

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Abstract Materialism has been recognized as an important variable in postmodern societies; however, most of the studies on this concept have focused on the adult population. The aim of the present study is to determine the possible association between materialism and life satisfaction, and the possible mediating role of attitudes towards money and peer influence in this association, in a sample of Chilean adolescents. A sample of 1325 Chilean secondary school students completed a questionnaire measuring materialism, attitudes in regards with money, susceptibility to peer influence, and satisfaction with life. First, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the scalers. Secondly, a theoretical model was tested using Hayes (2013) SPSS macro, PROCESS. The theoretical model included materialism as the predictor variable, satisfaction with life as the predicted variable, and attitudes towards money and susceptibility to peer influence as mediator variables. Results indicate that materialistic attitudes regarding money strengthens a negative relation between materialism and satisfaction with life. This tendency is not observed in susceptibility to peer influence despite being positively associated with materialism and attitudes regarding money. These findings suggest that the variables materialism and attitudes regarding money play a relevant role in the life satisfaction of Chilean adolescents.

Resumen El materialismo se ha reconocido como una variable importante en sociedades posmodernas, sin embargo, la mayor parte de los estudios respecto a este concepto se han centrado en población adulta. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la posible asociación entre materialismo y satisfacción con la vida, y el posible rol mediador de las actitudes hacia el dinero y la influencia de pares en dicha asociación, en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos 1325 estudiantes de secundaria completaron un cuestionario que media materialismo, actitudes hacia el dinero, susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares, y satisfacción con la vida. En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para validar las escalas utilizadas. En segundo lugar, se probó un modelo teórico utilizando la macro PROCESS de SPSS de Hayes (2013). El modelo teórico consideró materialismo como variable predictora, satisfacción con la vida como variable predicha, y actitudes hacia el dinero, y susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares como variables mediadoras. Los resultados indican que actitudes materialistas hacia el dinero fortalecen una asociación negativa entre materialismo y satisfacción con la vida. Esta tendencia no se observa en susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares a pesar de estar asociada positivamente con materialismo y actitudes hacia el dinero. Estos Hallazgos sugieren que las variables materialismo y actitudes hacia el dinero juegan un rol relevante en la satisfacción con la vida de adolescentes chilenos.

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Introdução: Diariamente, estamos rodeados por microrganismos, e diversas situações favorecem essa aproximação. Nesse contexto, as cédulas de dinheiro se destacam como possível fonte de transmissão de patógenos, como enteroparasitas e bactérias, uma vez que são manuseadas por inúmeras pessoas. Objetivo e Método: Em vista disso, este estudo teve como objetivo elaborar um levantamento dos estudos realizados nos últimos 20 anos referentes à contaminação das cédulas de dinheiro por enteroparasitas e bactérias patogênicas. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que os enteroparasitas identificados com maior frequência nos estudos foram Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoebacoli (não patogênico) e ancilostomídeos. Com relação à pesquisa de bactérias, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellasp, Escherichia coli e Enterobactersp foram as mais detectadas. Esses dados evidenciam que existe a contaminação das cédulas de dinheiro por bactérias e enteroparasitas, confirmando seu papel como possível fonte de contaminação. Conclusão: Dessa forma, ressalta-se a importância da melhora nos hábitos de higiene básica como estratégia para limitar o ciclo desses patógenos.

Introduction: Every day, we are surrounded by microorganisms, and several situations favor this approximation. In this context, money bills are a possible source for pathogens transmission, such as enteroparasites and bacteria, as they are handled by countless people. Objective and Method: Thus, we carried out a survey study considering the last 20 years of research related to money bills contamination by enteroparasites and pathogenic bacteria. Results: The results showed that the most frequently identified entheroparasites in the studies were Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba coli (not pathogen), and hookworms. Regarding the bacteria research, the most frequently detected were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp. Conclusion: Data shows that money bills contamination by bacteria and enteroparasites exists, confirming its role as a contam-ination source. Thereby, the importance of better basic hygiene habits as a strategy to limit the pathogen's cycle is reinforced.

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Resumen Introducción: El consumo se ha instaurado como medio de interacción social generando altos niveles de endeudamiento en la población chilena. Los adolescentes han sido especialmente sensibles a esto, producto que a través del consumo acceden a elementos simbólicos asociados a la construcción de la identidad. El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar la existencia de relaciones entre valores materiales, susceptibilidad al efecto de pares y actitudes hacia el dinero con respecto a las actitudes hacia el endeudamiento hedónico en estudiantes secundarios chilenos. Método: La muestra es de 1297 estudiantes secundarios chilenos, el 46% es hombre y el 54% es mujer, correspondientes a las ciudades de La Serena, Coquimbo, Santiago y Temuco. Se aplicaron las escalas de Actitudes hacia el Endeudamiento, Materialismo para Adolescentes, Escala de Susceptibilidad a la Influencia de los Pares y la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Dinero. Los datos fueron analizados a través de una regresión lineal múltiple jerárquica. Resultados: Se evidencian relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre sexo, valores materiales, susceptibilidad al efecto de pares y las actitudes hacia el dinero con respecto al endeudamiento hedónico. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio entregan pistas al momento de abordar la educación financiera, donde debe considerarse que la cultura materialista del modelo económico neoliberal impacta en las actitudes, valores y propensión al endeudamiento de los adolescentes y posteriormente adultos.

Abstract Introduction: Consumer spending has established itself as a means of social interaction, generating high levels of indebtedness among the Chilean population. Adolescents have been especially sensitive to this situation, since through consumption they have access to symbolic elements associated with the construction of identity. The objective of this research is to determine the existence of relationships between material values, influence of peers, and attitudes towards money with regard to attitudes towards hedonic indebtedness in Chilean high school students. Method: Of a sample of 1297 Chilean high school students, 46% are men and 54% are women, corresponding to the cities of La Serena, Coquimbo, Santiago and Temuco. The scales of Attitudes towards Indebtedness, Materialism for Adolescents, Scale of Susceptibility to the Influence of Peers and the Scale of Attitudes towards Money were applied. The data were analyzed through a hierarchical multiple linear regression. Results: The results indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between sex, material values, peer effect and attitudes towards money with respect to hedonic indebtedness. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study provide clues when approaching financial education in adolescents, where it must be considered that the materialistic culture of the neoliberal economic model impacts on the attitudes, values ​​and propensity to indebtedness of adolescents and later adults.

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trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória que teve o objetivo de verificar quais foram os assuntos que estão relacionados com o dinheiro nos últimos 30 anos (1987 a 2017), pelas bases de dados Psychoinfo, Webscience, Lilacs e Scielo. Para a coleta de dados nas bases de dados foram utilizadas as palavras chaves: Family, Money e financial education. Na análise, foi realizada uma leitura exploratória, na qual entrou-se em contato com a totalidade do artigo, lendo passagens esparsas do resumo e do texto. Após, foi realizada a leitura seletiva para aprofundar mais nas partes que interessavam, e pôr fim a leitura analítica, que consistiu em ordenar e sumarizar as informações contidas no artigo. Foram coletados um total de 706 artigos nas quatro bases de dados citadas. Nos resultados foram identificadas 86 publicações de artigos nas 4 bases de dados na última década, em contrapartida entre os anos de 1987 a 1997 foram identificados um total de 76 artigos e entre 1998 a 2007, 180 artigos. Conclui-se que, a temática sobre dinheiro tem sido importante nas investigações cientificas principalmente na última década.

This is an exploratory bibliographic research that aimed to verify which subjects were related to money in the last 30 years (1987 to 2017), using the Psychoinfo, Webscience, Lilacs and Scielo databases. For the collection of data in the databases the keywords were used: Family, Money and financial education. In the analysis, an exploratory reading was carried out, in which the entire article was contacted, reading sparse passages from the abstract and the text. Afterwards, the selective reading was carried out to go deeper into the parts that were of interest, and put an end to the analytical reading, which consisted of ordering and summarizing the information contained in the article. A total of 706 articles were collected in the four databases cited. In the results, 86 publications of articles were identified in the 4 databases in the last decade, in contrast between the years 1987 to 1997, a total of 76 articles were identified and between 1998 and 2007, 180 articles. It is concluded that, the theme about money has been important in scientific investigations mainly in the last decade.

Se trata de una investigación bibliográfica exploratoria que tuvo como objetivo verificar qué temas estaban relacionados con el dinero en los últimos 30 años (1987 a 2017), utilizando las bases de datos Psychoinfo, Webscience, Lilacs y Scielo. Para la recogida de datos en las bases de datos se utilizaron las palabras clave: Familia, Dinero y educación financiera. En el análisis se realizó una lectura exploratoria, en la que se contactó con todo el artículo, leyendo escasos pasajes del resumen y del texto. Posteriormente, se realizó la lectura selectiva para profundizar en las partes que eran de interés, y poner fin a la lectura analítica, que consistió en ordenar y resumir la información contenida en el artículo. Se recogieron un total de 706 artículos en las cuatro bases de datos citadas. En los resultados se identificaron 86 publicaciones de artículos en las 4 bases de datos en la última década, en contraste entre los años 1987 a 1997 se identificaron un total de 76 artículos y entre 1998 y 2007, 180 artículos. Se concluye que el tema del dinero ha sido importante en las investigaciones científicas principalmente en la última década.

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Cooperation among unrelated individuals can evolve through reciprocity. Reciprocal cooperation is the process in which lasting social interactions provide the opportunity to learn about others' behavior, and to further predict the outcome of future encounters. Lasting social interactions may also decrease aversion to unequal distribution of gains - when individuals accept inequity payoffs knowing about the possibility of future encounters. Thus, reciprocal cooperation and aversion to inequity can be complementary phenomena. The present study investigated the effects of cooperative and uncooperative interactions on participants' aversion to disadvantageous inequity. Participants played an experimental task in the presence of a confederate who acted as a second participant. In reality, the participant interacted with a computer programed to make cooperative and uncooperative choices. After interacting with a cooperative or uncooperative computer, participants chose between blue cards to produce larger gains to the computer and smaller for him/her or green cards to produce equal and smaller gains for both. Results confirmed our first hypothesis that uncooperative interactions would produce aversion to disadvantageous inequity. Lastly, half of the participants were informed that points received during the experiment could be later exchanged for money, and half were not. Results indicated that information about monetary outcomes did not affect aversion to inequity, contradicting our second hypothesis. We discuss these results in the light of theories of reciprocal cooperation, inequity aversion, and conformity.

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O dinheiro pode ser um fator positivo e/ou negativo na conjugalidade, e a maneira como o casal gerencia os recursos influencia em diferentes aspectos da relação. Este estudo visa apresentar a construção e as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Manejo do Dinheiro na Conjugalidade (EMDC), elaborada para avaliar os estilos de manejo de dinheiro adotado por indivíduos em relacionamentos estáveis de coabitação: Manejo Independente ou Compartilhado. Participaram 280 homens e mulheres, brasileiros, em relacionamentos estáveis coabitando há, no mínimo, seis meses, sendo 76,4% (N = 214) residentes no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A partir das análises fatoriais confirmatórias, a escala resultou em 18 itens agrupados em quatro dimensões: Coesão financeira, Intimidade financeira, Infidelidade financeira e Partilha de bens. As análises permitiram identificar estrutura fatorial adequada e evidências de validade. A escala possui potencial para ser utilizada em pesquisa e na prática clínica no âmbito da conjugalidade. (AU)

The approach couples take to managing financial resources influences different aspects of the marital relationship, and this may correspond to a positive and/or negative factor in conjugality. This study aims to present the construction process and psychometric properties of the Conjugality Money Management Scale (CMMS), designed to evaluate the two possible approaches to money management that can be adopted by individuals in marital cohabitation relationships: Independent or Shared Management approaches. The sample size was 280 participants, including Brazilian men and women, 76.4% (N = 214) living in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The confirmatory factorial analyzes resulted in a scale of 18 items, classified into four dimensions: Financial Cohesion, Financial Intimacy, Financial Infidelity, and Asset Sharing. The analyses indicated adequate factorial structure and validity evidence. The scale presents the potential of applicability in research and clinical practice in the context of marital relationships. (AU)

El dinero puede ser un factor positivo y / o negativo en la conyugalidad, y la manera en que una pareja administra sus recursos influye en distintos aspectos de la relación. En este estudio se buscó presentar la construcción y las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Gestión del Dinero en la Conyugalidad (EMDC), diseñadas para evaluar los posibles estilos de administración del dinero adoptados por individuos en relaciones estables de convivencia: Gestión Independiente o Compartida. Participaron de la muestra 280 hombres y mujeres de Brasil, en relaciones estables con un mínimo de seis meses de convivencia, con 76.4% (N = 214) con residencia en la provincia de Rio Grande do Sul. Los 18 ítems resultantes de los análisis factoriales confirmatorios fueron agrupados en cuatro dimensiones: cohesión financiera, intimidad financiera, infidelidad financiera y distribución de activos. Los análisis permitieron identificar una estructura factorial adecuada y evidencias de validez. La escala presenta potencial de aplicabilidad para ser utilizada en investigaciones y prácticas clínicas en el ámbito de las relaciones matrimoniales. (AU)

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Este artigo registra alguns resultados da pesquisa realizada durante o atendimento de dois pacientes no Projeto de Atendimento Temporário de Psicoterapia de Urgência, oferecido por uma universidade privada. Trata inicialmente do aumento das manifestações psíquicas patológicas resultantes da "urgência subjetiva" produzida pela pandemia da Covid-19 como ameaça à manutenção da vida. Destaca os principais pontos da obra freudiana concernentes à importância da organização anal da libido e das fezes como objeto de satisfação pulsional. O complexo de castração é responsável por permitir que os objetos adquiram a significação fálica capaz de equivaler as fezes ao dinheiro. O dinheiro é um dos objetos para veicular as fixações decorrentes da fase anal de organização da libido. Acrescenta que a relação de cada sujeito com o dinheiro pode se apresentar na transferência como exigência de satisfação pulsional autoerótica. A repetição indica o lugar do sujeito e do Outro na fantasia inconsciente. Assim, a gratuidade pode se tornar um veículo de gozo caso não seja simbolizada a existência de um outro tipo de ganho: para o paciente, conhecimento sobre seu modo de gozo; para o analista em formação, uma oportunidade de aprender algo que desconhecia; para o supervisor, uma investigação pertinente à sua pesquisa

Cet ouvrage reproduit certains résultats de la recherche menée au cours des soins de deux patients dans le cadre du Projet temporaire de soins de psychothérapie d'urgence, offert par une université privée. Il traite d'abord de l'augmentation des manifestations psychiques pathologiques résultant de l'«urgence subjective¼ produite par la pandémie covid-19 comme une menace au maintien de la vie. Il met en évidence les principaux points du travail freudien concernant l'importance de l'organisation anale de la libido et des excréments comme objet partiel de satisfaction motrice. Le complexe de castration est responsable de permettre aux objets d'acquérir une signification phallique capable d'assimiler les excréments à l'argent. L'argent est l'un des objets pour transmettre les fixations découlant de la phase anale de l'organisation de la libido. Il stipule que la relation de chaque sujet avec l'argent peut se présenter en transfert comme une exigence de satisfaction de pulsion autoérotique. La répétition de cette exigence indique la place du sujet et de l'Autre dans la fantaisie inconsciente. Ainsi, la gratuité peut devenir un vecteur de jouissance si l'existence d'un autre type de gain n'est pas symbolisée : pour le patient, la connaissance de son mode de jouissance ; pour l'analyste en formation, l'occasion d'apprendre quelque chose qu'il ne savait pas; pour le superviseur, une investigation capable d'avancer ses recherches

This article reports some results of the research conducted during the care of two patients in the Temporary Emergency Psychotherapy Care Project, offered by a private university. It initially deals with the increase in pathological psychic manifestationsresulting from the "subjective urgency" produced by the Covid-19 pandemic as a threat to the maintenance of life. It highlights the main points of freudian work concerning the importance of anal organization of libido and feces as a partial object of drive satisfaction. The castration complex is responsible for allowing objects to acquire phallic significance capable of equating feces to money. Money is one of the objects to convey the fixations arising from the anal phase of organization of libido. It states that the relationship of each subject with money can present itself in transfer as a requirement of autoerotic drive satisfaction. The repetition of this requirement indicates the place of the subject and the Other in unconscious fantasy. Thus, gratuity can become a vehicle of jouissance if the existence of another type of gain is not symbolized: for the patient, knowledge about his mode of enjoyment; for the analyst in training, an opportunity to learn something he did not know; for the supervisor, an investigation to contribute to his research

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The present study analyzes the offshoring network constructed from the information contained in the Panama Papers, characterizing worldwide regions and countries as well as their intra- and inter-relationships. The Panama Papers 2016 divulgence is the largest leak of offshoring and tax avoidance documentation. The document leak, with a volume content of approximately 2.6 terabytes, involves more than two hundred thousand enterprises in more than two hundred countries. From this information, the offshore connections of individuals and companies are constructed and aggregated using their countries of origin. The top offshore financial regions and countries of the network are identified, and their intra- and inter-relationship are mapped and described. We are able to identify the top countries in the offshoring network and characterize their connectivity structure, discovering the more prominent actors in the worldwide offshoring scenario and their range of influence.

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The present paper addresses one of the most important assumptions in consumer preference patterns: transitivity. This assumption states that, logically, selections between goods are rational because of the transitivity statement, which posits that people always prefer goods in the following order: A is preferred to B, and B is preferred to C, so A is preferred to C. With the aim of proving this principle's validity, we conducted an experiment with 70 subjects and probed their preferences in relation to edible and nonedible goods. We used a survey methodology, which allowed us to analyze three distinct situations: 1) individuals faced with goods choices without restrictions; 2) individuals facing budget restrictions and price changes; and 3) individuals faced with decreased disposable income. The results mostly showed that there was no evidence of transitivity in consumer preferences. On average, transitivity appeared in only 8% of the sample, and in cases where transitivity was proved, it was revealed to be strong. The preferences were transitive primarily in relation to edible rather than nonedible goods.

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Resumen Desde diversos escenarios han aparecido algunas críticas al psicoanálisis, en tanto dispositivo clínico, desde hace muchos años. Estas diatribas, que se plantean desde lugares comunes, como, por ejemplo, la salud mental, las diferentes formas de concepción del psiquismo, los círculos académicos, los ámbitos universitarios, las instancias de investigación o la ciencia, diversos medios de comunicación e, inclusive, la opinión popular (doxa), podrían resumirse concretamente en tres: ¿para qué es necesario un psicoanálisis si es "largo", "costoso" y "no es efectivo"? Sin embargo, ¿son verosímiles estas críticas? O, por el contrario, ¿aparecen como mitos no comprobados sobre el psicoanálisis y su forma de operar? A fin de proporcionar una respuesta plausible en primera instancia, los aportes de Sigmund Freud y Jacques Lacan, así como de algunos autores contemporáneos, permitirán dilucidar las problemáticas que se erigen en torno a la duración que puede llegar a tener un psicoanálisis, qué estatuto tiene el dinero en el dispositivo analítico y cómo puede entenderse el término de efectos terapéuticos; en segundo lugar, las cuestiones aquí planteadas se someten a reflexión en el marco de algunos momentos históricos específicos, como lo son la primacía actual del discurso capitalista y el advenimiento de las sociedades democráticas.

Abstract From various scenarios have appeared some criticisms of psychoanalysis, as a clinical device, for many years. These diatribes, which pose from common places such as mental health, different forms of conception of the psychism, academic circles, university areas, research or science, various media and even popular opinion (doxa), they could be summarized concretely in three: why is a psychoanalysis necessary if it is long, expensive and not effective? But are these criticisms credible? Or, on the contrary, do they appear as un-proven myths about psychoanalysis and its way of operating? To give a plausible answer, in the first instance, the contributions of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, as well as of some contemporary authors, will make it possible to elucidate the problems that arise around the duration that a psychoanalysis can have, what status have the money in the analytical device and how the term of therapeutic effects can be understood; Secondly, the issues raised here are reflected in the context of some specific historical moments, such as the current primacy of capitalist discourse and the advent of democratic societies.

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Este é um ensaio teórico que analisa o dinheiro como artefato condensador de opostos no psiquismo humano, apresentando-o como elemento conflitivo de satisfação. Parte-se da economia política e de sua atribuição do dinheiro como capital, capaz de satisfazer necessidades humanas. Contrapõe-se a isso a economia psíquica, de uma perspectiva psicanalítica, enfocando o dinheiro como atributo fálico em suas relações com a demanda e com o desejo do sujeito pulsional. Denuncia-se o engodo representado pela tentativa de contrabalançar a falta estrutural do sujeito com o dinheiro. Conclui-se que o modo de produção capitalista, ao pretender colocar a economia psíquica a serviço da economia política, enfrenta a resistência do sujeito pulsional.

This work is a theoretical essay consisting in an analysis of money as a condenser of opposites in the human psyche, which is a conflicting component of satisfaction. It starts from political economy and its ascription of money as capital, capable of satisfying human needs. Contrast that with psychic economy, from a psychoanalytic perspective, which views money as a phallic attribute in its relations with the demand and desire of the subject affected by the "Trieb". The deceit represented by attempting to make up for the structural lack of the subject through money is denounced. We conclude that the capitalist mode of production, by trying to place the psychic economy at the service of the political economy, faces the resistance by the subject affected by the "Trieb".

Esto es un ensayo teórico que analiza el dinero como un condensador de opuestos en el psiquismo humano, presentándolo como un elemento conflictivo de satisfacción. Se parte de la economía política y de su adscripción del dinero como capital, capaz de satisfacer las necesidades humanas. Se contrapone a eso la economía psíquica, desde una perspectiva psicoanalítica, enfocando el dinero como atributo fálico en sus relaciones con la demanda y con el deseo del sujeto pulsional. Se denuncia el engaño representado por el intento de contrabalancear la falta de estructura del sujeto por intermedio del dinero. Se concluye que el modo de producción capitalista, al intentar poner la economía psíquica al servicio de la economía política, enfrenta la resistencia del sujeto pulsional.

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RESUMO: O artigo investiga o lugar ocupado pelo dinheiro na economia psíquica de um ponto de vista pulsional, com base na psicanálise. Trata-se de pesquisa com metodologia bibliográfica e leitura interpretativa na perspectiva psicanalítica. Conclui-se que o dinheiro se constitui como objeto pulsional com injunção estruturante sobre o psiquismo, instituindo-se como cifra da própria constituição do sujeito.

Abstract: This work proposes to investigate the place occupied by money in the psychic economy from a Freud's drive theory. It is a research with bibliographic methodology and interpretive reading in the psychoanalytic perspective. It is concluded that money is constituted as an object of the Freud's drive theory with a structuring injunction on the psyche, establishing itself as a cipher of the subject's own constitution.

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This paper provides a contribution to the institutionalist approach to money through ethnographic research carried out in two local currency systems in Argentina (known as trueque). It argues that Argentinian local currencies must be considered as monies in their own right even if they differ from state and bank issued currencies, because they can be understood as systems of evaluation and settlement of debts denominated in a specific unit of account (the crédito). Money is said to be an ambivalent social relation because in the two cases studied it mediates very different dynamics, exacerbating inequality in one context and promoting collective emancipation in another. This difference is due to the kind of political communities that the crédito tends to forge. In both Rosario and Poriajhu, the political community is defined by a set of values that legitimizes ongoing monetary practices and institutions rather than the State's coercion.

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The sunk-cost fallacy (SCF) occurs when an individual makes an investment with a low probability of a payoff because an earlier investment was made. The investments may be time, effort, or money. Previous researchers showed that larger prior investments were more likely to lead to the SCF than lower investments were, though little research has been focused on comparing investment types. There are several theories of the SCF, but few have implicated loss aversion, the higher sensitivity to losses than to gains, as a potential factor. We studied the differential effects of investment amount and type on the occurrence of the SCF and explored loss aversion as a potential explanation of these differences. There were 168 participants, who completed a sunk-cost task as well as an endowment-effect task, which was a measure of loss aversion. A 3 3 mixed-design ANCOVA was used in which the SCF score was the dependent variable and loss-aversion scores were used as a covariate. The SCF occurred most often with money, less with time, and least with effort. Loss aversion displayed a weak negative relation to the SCF.

La falacia del costo irrecuperable (SCF, por sus siglas en inglés) se produce cuando una persona realiza una inversión con una baja probabilidad de pago porque se realizó una inversión anterior. Las inversiones pueden ser tiempo, esfuerzo o dinero. Diferentes investigadores demostraron que las inversiones previas más grandes tenían mayor probabilidad de conducir al SCF que las inversiones más bajas, aunque pocas investigaciones se han centrado en comparar los tipos de inversión. Existen varias teorías de la SCF, pero pocas han incluido la aversión a las pérdidas, mayor sensibilidad a las pérdidas que a las ganancias, como un factor potencial. Estudiamos los efectos diferenciales del monto y el tipo de inversión en la ocurrencia de la SCF y exploramos la aversión a la pérdida como una posible explicación de estas diferencias. Se contó con 168 participantes, quienes completaron una tarea de costo irrecuperable, así como una tarea de efecto de dotación, que fue una medida de la aversión a la pérdida. Se utilizó un ANCOVA de diseño mixto de 3 3 en el que la puntuación de SCF fue la variable dependiente y las puntuaciones de aversión a la pérdida se usaron como covariables. El SCF se produjo con mayor frecuencia en relación al dinero, seguido por el tiempo y, por último, al esfuerzo. La aversión a la pérdida mostró una relación negativa débil con el SCF.

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Resumen Existe controversia sobre el efecto preconsciente del priming con dinero sobre el comportamiento (Rohrer, Pasher & Harris, 2015). Supuestamente, los evocadores de riqueza mediante técnicas de priming provocan que la gente entre en un estado de autosuficiencia (Vos, Mead & Goode, 2006) en el que optan por comportamientos individualistas y se sienten más capaces. Dicho estado ha sido asociado con un aumento en la intención y conducta deshonesta (Kouchaki, Smith-Crowe, Brief & Sousa, 2013). Para confirmar la robustez de los efectos anteriores se desarrollaron dos experimentos de tres grupos experimentales y un experimento factorial de 3x2 en los que se puso a prueba si la manipulación de dinero afectaba la intención deshonesta, y la conducta deshonesta en una prueba concreta así como en una tarea abstracta. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los puntajes de intención deshonesta (F (2,57)= 0.163, p=.850; η2p=0.06), ni entre los puntajes de deshonestidad concreta (F (2,114)= 0.582, p=0.560; η2p=0.010) ni en los de deshonestidad abstracta (χ2(2)=2.360, p=0.307). Contrariamente a lo esperado, los grupos estimulados con dinero fueron los que reportaron menor intención y conducta deshonesta. Ello podría indicar que el dinero actuó más como un evocador de honestidad o responsabilidad, más que de deshonestidad.

Abstract Effects of money-related primes over behavior seem inconclusive amongst researchers (Rohrer, Pasher & Harris, 2015). According to Vohs, Mead and Goode (2006) money primes induce people into a state of self-sufficiency, in which they prefer actions selected by themselves and feel more capable. Such state has been positively associated to dishonest intention and behavior (Kouchaki, Smith-Crowe, Brief & Sousa, 2013). To confirm the robustness of these effects, we designed two three-group experiments, and a 3x2 factorial experiment, testing if handling money affected dishonest intention, and dishonest behavior on a concrete task as well as on an abstract task. There were no statistically significant differences between dishonest intention scores (F (2,57)= 0.163, p=0.850; η2p=0.06), concrete-task dishonesty scores (F (2,114)= 0.582, p=0.560; η2p=0.010) or abstract-task dishonesty scores (χ2(2)=2.360, p=0.307). Contrary to what was expected, money-primed groups reported a lower dishonest intention and behavior. This could mean that money acted more as a reminder of honesty or responsibility than a reminder of dishonesty.