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The use of mRNA-based immunotherapies that leverage the genomes of oncolytic viruses holds significant promise in addressing glioblastoma (GBM), an exceptionally aggressive neurological tumor. We explore the significance of mRNA-based platforms in the area of immunotherapy, introducing an innovative approach to mitigate the risks associated with the use of live viruses in cancer treatment. The ability to customize oncolytic virus genome sequences enables researchers to precisely target specific cancer cells, either through viral genome segments containing structural proteins or through a combination of regions with oncolytic potential. This strategy may enhance treatment effectiveness while minimizing unintended impacts on non-cancerous cells. A notable case highlighted here pertains to advanced findings regarding the application of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in GBM treatment. ZIKV, a member of the family Flaviviridae, shows oncolytic properties against GBM, opening novel therapeutic avenues. We explore intensive investigations of glioblastoma stem cells, recognized as key drivers in GBM initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. However, a comprehensive elucidation of ZIKV's underlying mechanisms is imperative to pave the way for ZIKV-based clinical trials targeting GBM patients. This investigation into harnessing the potential of oncolytic-virus genomes for mRNA-based immunotherapies underscores its noteworthy implications, potentially paving the way for a paradigm shift in cancer treatment strategies.
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PURPOSE: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is an endorsed molecular target in ALK-rearranged carcinomas, including lung adenocarcinoma. However, the clinical advantage of targeting ALK using druggable inhibitors is almost universally restricted by the development of drug resistance. Therefore, a strategy for combating ALK overexpression remains paramount for ALK-driven cancer. METHODS: We systemically analyzed the overexpression pattern of ALK and its clinical consequences, genetic alterations, and their significance in cancer hallmark genes, and correlation using integrated multidimensional approaches. The LwCas13a RNA molecular scissors was used to downregulate ALK-rearrangement by leveraging two target guide RNAs in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells. Immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and MTT assays were conducted to validate the downregulation. RESULTS: We found elevated levels of ALK in several malignancies, including LUAD, than in normal tissues. Higher expression of ALK was significantly associated with worse or shorter survival than patients with lower expression. We identified numerous genetic alterations in ALK, which potentially alter the cancer hallmark genes, including STAT1 and CTSL, in patients with LUAD. Next, we observed that the LwCas13a molecular scissors robustly downregulated both phosphorylated and total ALK chimera protein expression in LUAD cells compared to the control. Furthermore, we found that downregulation of ALK chimera protein substantially inhibited cell viability and induced cell death, including apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a basis for ALK as a prognostic biomarker and the LwCas13a molecular scissors successfully downregulated the onco-driver ALK-rearrangement protein, which will potentially pave the way toward the development of novel therapeutic strategies for ALK-driven cancer.
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Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/genética , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/genética , Regulação para Baixo , Rearranjo Gênico , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Mutação , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , RNARESUMO
BACKGROUND: Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD/BMD) are the most common human dystrophinopathies with recessive X-linked inheritance. Dystrophin gene deletions and duplications are the most common mutations, followed by point mutations. The aim of this study is to characterize the mutational profile of the dystrophin gene in Colombian patients with DMD/BMD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mutational profiling was determined in 69 affected patients using Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and/or multiplex ligation dependent-probes amplification (MLPA). Genetic variants were classified according to molecular consequence and new variants were determined through database and literature analysis. RESULTS: Mutational profile in affected patients revealed that large deletions/duplications analyzed by MLPA accounted for 72.5% of all genetic variations. By using Sanger sequencing or NGS, we identified point mutations in 15.9% and small deletions in 11.6% of the patients. New mutations were found, most of them were point mutations or small deletions (10.1%). CONCLUSION: Our results described the genetic profile of the dystrophin gene in Colombian patients with DMD and contribute to efforts to identify molecular variants in Latin American populations. For our population, 18.8% of cases could be treated with FDA or MDA approved molecular therapies based on specific mutations. These data contribute to the establishment of appropriate genetic counseling and potential treatment.
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Cancer is still a major barrier to life expectancy increase worldwide, and hematologic neoplasms represent a relevant percentage of cancer incidence rates. Tumor dependence of continuous proliferative signals mediated through protein kinases overexpression instigated increased strategies of kinase inhibition in the oncologic practice over the last couple decades, and in this review, we focused our discussion on relevant clinical trials of the past five years that investigated kinase inhibitor (KI) usage in patients afflicted with relapsed/refractory (R/R) hematologic malignancies as well as in the pharmacological characteristics of available KIs and the dissertation about traditional chemotherapy treatment approaches and its hindrances. A trend towards investigations on KI usage for the treatment of chronic lymphoid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia in R/R settings was observed, and it likely reflects the existence of already established treatment protocols for chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia patient cohorts. Overall, regimens of KI treatment are clinically manageable, and results are especially effective when allied with tumor genetic profiles, giving rise to encouraging future prospects of an era where chemotherapy-free treatment regimens are a reality for many oncologic patients.
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Aurora kinases are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play a central role in eukaryotic cell division. Overexpression of aurora kinases in cancer and their role as major regulators of the cell cycle quickly inspired the idea that their inhibition might be a potential pathway when treating oncologic patients. Over the past couple of decades, the search for designing and testing of molecules capable of inhibiting aurora activities fueled many pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this study, data from the past 10 years of in vitro and in vivo investigations, as well as clinical trials, utilizing aurora kinase inhibitors as therapeutics for hematological malignancies were compiled and discussed, aiming to highlight potential uses of these inhibitors as a novel monotherapy model or alongside conventional chemotherapies. While there is still much to be elucidated, it is clear that these kinases play a key role in oncogenesis, and their manageable toxicity and potentially synergistic effects still render them a focus of interest for future investigations in combinatorial clinical trials.
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Surgical sutures represent the gold standard for wound closure, however, their main purpose is still limited to a mechanical function rather than playing a bioactive role. Since oxygen and pro-regenerative growth factors have been broadly described as key players for the healing process, in this study we evaluated the feasibility of generating photosynthetic sutures that, in addition to mechanical fixation, could locally and stably release oxygen and recombinant human growth factors (VEGF, PDGF-BB, or SDF-1α) at the wound site. Here, photosynthetic genetically modified microalgae were seeded in commercially available sutures and their distribution and proliferation capacity was evaluated. Additionally, the mechanical properties of seeded sutures were compared to unseeded controls that showed no significant differences. Oxygen production, as well as recombinant growth factor release was quantified in vitro over time, and confirmed that photosynthetic sutures are indeed a feasible approach for the local delivery of bioactive molecules. Finally, photosynthetic sutures were tested in order to evaluate their resistance to mechanical stress and freezing. Significant stability was observed in both conditions, and the feasibility of their use in the clinical practice was therefore confirmed. Our results suggest that photosynthetic gene therapy could be used to produce a new generation of bioactive sutures with improved healing capacities. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Disruption of the vascular network is intrinsic to trauma and surgery, and consequently, wound healing is characterized by diminished levels of blood perfusion. Among all the blood components, oxygen and pro-regenerative growth factors have been broadly described as key players for the healing process. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the feasibility of generating photosynthetic sutures that, in addition to mechanical fixation, could locally and stably release oxygen and recombinant human growth factors at the wound site. This novel concept has never been explored before for this type of material and represents the first attempt to create a new generation of bioactive sutures with improved regenerative capabilities.
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Portadores de Fármacos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular , Oxigênio , Suturas , Ferimentos e Lesões , Células 3T3 , Animais , Parede Celular/química , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacocinética , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/química , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/farmacocinética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/farmacologia , Camundongos , Microalgas/química , Oxigênio/química , Oxigênio/farmacocinética , Oxigênio/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacocinética , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/metabolismo , Ferimentos e Lesões/patologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/terapiaRESUMO
AIM: Nanoparticle-cell interactions can promote cell toxicity and stimulate particular behavioral patterns, but cell responses to protein nanomaterials have been poorly studied. RESULTS: By repositioning oligomerization domains in a simple, modular self-assembling protein platform, we have generated closely related but distinguishable homomeric nanoparticles. Composed by building blocks with modular domains arranged in different order, they share amino acid composition. These materials, once exposed to cultured cells, are differentially internalized in absence of toxicity and trigger distinctive cell adaptive responses, monitored by the emission of tubular filopodia and enhanced drug sensitivity. CONCLUSION: The capability to rapidly modulate such cell responses by conventional protein engineering reveals protein nanoparticles as tuneable, versatile and potent cell stressors for cell-targeted conditioning.
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Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Nanopartículas/uso terapêutico , Proteínas/administração & dosagem , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HeLa , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Nanopartículas/administração & dosagem , Nanopartículas/ultraestrutura , Engenharia de Proteínas , Proteínas/químicaRESUMO
A anemia falciforme é a doença monogênica de maior ocorrência mundial e é causada pela presença de hemoglobina S (HbS), uma variante estrutural decorrente da substituição de um aminoácido na cadeia ß globina. Essa mutação altera as propriedades bioquímicas e fisiológicas da hemoglobina, que tem a tendência de formar agregados fibrilares, no estado desoxigenado, o que produz alterações morfológicas (falcização) e funcionais da hemácia. Assim, todas as manifestações clínicas observadas na doença decorrem da presença da HbS e têm início com a hemólise e a vaso-oclusão, desencadeando os demais eventos da doença, que podem afetar os órgãos e sistemas orgânicos. O tratamento baseia-se no controle dos sintomas. O único medicamento aprovado que altera o curso da doença é o antineoplásico hidroxiureia e, apesar de seu sucesso clínico, não é curativo e pode desencadear muitos efeitos adversos. O único tratamento curativo é o transplante de células tronco hematopoéticas. A terapia gênica vem sendo estudada há mais de 30 anos e alguns estudos clínicos estão sendo realizados. Novas abordagens moleculares como a edição do genoma, uso de RNA terapêutico e manipulação genética para indução da síntese de hemoglobina fetal emergem como possibilidades para a cura da doença. (AU)
Sickle cell anemia is the most common monogenic disease worldwide and it is caused by the presence of sickle hemoglobin (HbS), structural variant hemoglobin with one amino acid substitution in the ß globin chain. This mutation changes the biochemical and physiological properties of hemoglobin, which has the tendency, in the de-oxygenated state, to form fibrous aggregates, which produces morphological (sickling) and functional changes in red blood cells. Thus, all the observed disease clinical manifestations arise from the presence of HbS and begin with hemolysis of the red blood cell and vaso-occlusion, triggering other disease events, which can affect the body organs and systems as a whole. Nowadays, treatment is based mainly in symptoms control. The only drug approved that changes the course of the disease is the antineoplastic Hydroxyurea and, despite its clinical success, it is not curative and can trigger many adverse effects. The only curative treatment is the hematopoietic stem cells transplantation. Gene therapy has been studied for more than 30 years and some clinical studies are being in course. New molecular approaches as the genome editing, therapeutic RNA and genetic manipulation to stimulate fetal hemoglobin synthesis emerge as possible curative options for the disease. (AU)
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Terapêutica , Anemia Falciforme , Hemoglobina Falciforme , Terapia Genética , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Terapêutica com RNAi , HidroxiureiaRESUMO
Abstract: cranial sutures are specialized structures composed of the sutural mesenchyme, the overlying scalp, the dura and osteogenic fronts. Each one of these structures express important proteins for osteogenic maturation, membranous ossification of skull bones, and homeostasis of cranial sutures in a differential, spatial and temporal manner. These proteins include fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its receptors (FGFR), the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), as well as transcription factors TWIST and MSX2, among others. The alteration in the expression of one or more of these proteins causes multiple pathological conditions; one of them is the premature closure of one or more cranial sutures, known as craniosynostosis. This malformation is commonly treated with surgery. However, advances in the fields of molecular and cellular biology have allowed to conduct research on some proteins involved in the development of craniosynostosis. The results of these studies can lead to future preventive therapeutic strategies that may be used as a complement to the surgical treatment of craniosynostosis. Possible strategies include the use of specific drugs that can regulate the expression and activation of FGF signaling pathways, TGF-beta or BMPs, to prevent or avoid craniosynostosis or re-synostosis after a surgery.
Resumen: las suturas craneales son estructuras especializadas compuestas por el mesénquima sutural, el pericráneo suprayacente, la duramadre y los frentes osteogénicos. Cada una de estas estructuras expresan de forma diferencial, espacial y temporalmente, proteínas importantes para la maduración osteogénica, la osificación membranosa de los huesos calvarios y la homeostasis de las suturas craneales. Estas proteínas incluyen el factor de crecimiento fibroblástico (FGF) y sus receptores (FGFR), el factor de crecimiento transformante beta (TGF-beta), las proteínas morfogenéticas óseas (BMPs), así como factores de transcripción TWIST y MSX2, entre otros. La alteración en la expresión de una o varias de estas proteínas provoca múltiples condiciones patológicas, una de ellas es el cierre prematuro de una o varias suturas craneales, conocido como craneosinostosis. Esta malformación es comúnmente tratada con cirugía. Sin embargo, los avances en los campos de la biología molecular y celular han permitido investigar algunas proteínas que participan en el desarrollo de la craneosinostosis. Los resultados de estos estudios pueden generar futuras estrategias terapéuticas preventivas o que complementen los tratamientos quirúrgicos de la craneosinostosis. Algunas estrategias posibles son el uso de fármacos específicos que puedan regular la expresión y activación de las vías de señalización del FGF, el TGFbeta o de las BMPs, para prevenir la craneosinostosis o evitar la resinostosis tras una cirugía.
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Humanos , Suturas Cranianas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Craniossinostoses/metabolismo , Craniossinostoses/terapia , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Fator de Crescimento Transformador betaRESUMO
The use of artificial tissues in regenerative medicine is limited due to hypoxia. As a strategy to overcome this drawback, we have shown that photosynthetic biomaterials can produce and provide oxygen independently of blood perfusion by generating chimeric animal-plant tissues during dermal regeneration. In this work, we demonstrate the safety and efficacy of photosynthetic biomaterials in vivo after engraftment in a fully immunocompetent mouse skin defect model. Further, we show that it is also possible to genetically engineer such photosynthetic scaffolds to deliver other key molecules in addition to oxygen. As a proof-of-concept, biomaterials were loaded with gene modified microalgae expressing the angiogenic recombinant protein VEGF. Survival of the algae, growth factor delivery and regenerative potential were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. This work proposes the use of photosynthetic gene therapy in regenerative medicine and provides scientific evidence for the use of engineered microalgae as an alternative to deliver recombinant molecules for gene therapy.
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Processos Autotróficos , Terapia Genética , Fotossíntese , Regeneração , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Animais , Processos Autotróficos/efeitos dos fármacos , Materiais Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Chlamydomonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Chlamydomonas/fisiologia , Derme/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Implantes Experimentais , Inflamação/patologia , Camundongos , Microalgas/efeitos dos fármacos , Microalgas/fisiologia , Neovascularização Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxigênio/farmacologia , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Alicerces Teciduais/química , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/farmacologia , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
Las acuaporinas son un grupo de proteínas integrales de membrana cuya estructura y función parten de la simple concepción del transporte de fluidos transmembrana, sin embargo la complejidad de su utilidad recién comienza a comprenderse. Se han implicado en múltiples modelos patogénicos de varias índoles. Desde su papel en el muy estudiado transporte y generación de orina de concentración normal, su rol en la patogenia de la diabetes insípida y la respuesta hormonal a la vasopresina, como su papel en la tumorigenesis de múltiples neoplasias y en la patogenia y posible utilidad en la terapéutica de lesiones del sistema nervioso central (SNC) así como el entendimiento de las mismas para el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas terapéuticas.
Aquaporins are a group of membrane integral proteins which structure and function start's from the simple concept of the transmembrane fluid movement, however the complexion of its utility it's beginning to rise in comprehension. It has been implicated in multiple pathogenic models from al sorts. From it's role in the widely studied transport and urine of normal concentration generation, its role on insipid diabetes pathogenesis and the hormonal response to vasopressin. Roles in the tumorigenesis of many cancers, and its role as a prognostic factor expression in cutaneous neoplasms. Also it's role in the pathogenesis and potential utility in the therapy of the central nervous system CNS lesions, as well as it is for the understanding of the development of new therapeutic techniques.
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Aquaporinas , Patogenesia Homeopática , Ferramenta de BuscaRESUMO
Histone acetylation plays an important role in regulation of transcription in eukaryotic cells by promoting a more relaxed chromatin structure necessary for transcriptional activation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups and suppress gene expression. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) are a group of small molecules that promote gene transcription by chromatin remodeling and have been extensively studied as potential drugs for treating of spinal muscular atrophy. Various drugs in this class have been studied with regard to their efficacy in increasing the expression of survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. In this review, we discuss the current literature on this topic and summarize the findings of the main studies in this field.
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En una elevada proporción de casos de leucemias de nuevo diagnóstico se detectan genes de fusión, los cuales frecuentemente presentan secuencias codificadoras de factores de transcripción. Se ha demostrado que algunas proteínas de fusión como Pml-Rarα inhiben la diferenciación celular, al reclutar complejos correpresores nucleares que mantienen una actividad de histona desacetilasa (HDAC en inglés) sobre promotores de genes específicos importantes en diferenciación de una determinada estirpe celular. Esta represión transcripcional dependiente de HDAC representa una vía común en el desarrollo de leucemia y por lo tanto puede ser un blanco importante de nuevos compuestos terapéuticos. Por otro lado, la oncoproteína Bcr-Abl muestra una alta actividad de tirosina-cinasa, la cual desregula vías de transducción de señales involucradas normalmente en proliferación y apoptosis. Esta actividad aberrante puede ser afectada por inhibidores de transducción de señales (STIs, del inglés), los cuales bloquean la ruta oncogénica y representan un gran avance terapéutico. En esta revisión analizamos con cierto detalle lo que se conoce en la actualidad sobre la represión transcripcional reversible controlada por HDAC y sobre la transducción de señales aumentada por Bcr-Abl. Adicionalmente indicamos que la aplicación de fármacos de bajo peso molecular para el control de las leucemias humanas, basada en el conocimiento de los mecanismos moleculares de la enfermedad, lleva a una remisión clínica, con bajo riesgo de efectos tóxicos secundarios, lo cual está aumentando la mejoría de una alta proporción de los enfermos.
Leukemia-associated fusion genes are detected in a significant proportion of newly diagnosed cases, where genes encoding transcription factors are usually found at one of the breakpoints. Activated fusion proteins such as Pml-Raralpha have been shown to inhibit cellular differentiation by recruitment of nuclear corepressor complexes, which maintain local histone deacetylase (HDAC) in a variety of hematologic lineage-specific gene promoters. This HDAC-dependent transcriptional repression appears as a common pathway in the development of leukemia and could constitute an important target for new therapeutic agents. Alternatively, the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein shows high tyrosine kinase activity and deregulates signal transduction pathways normally involved in both apoptosis and proliferation. This aberrant activity is affected by signal transduction inhibitors (STIs), which block or prevent the oncogenic pathway. In this review, we shed some light on our understanding of both the reversible transcriptional repression controlled by HDAC and the deregulated Bcr-Abl signal transduction pathway. In addition, the administration of low molecular weight drugs for human leukemia treatment based on this knowledge brings about a significant long-term clinical remission and an acceptable risk of toxic effects that should increase the cure rate.