RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Nonspecific acute tropical febrile illnesses (NEATFI) are common in the Latin American tropics. Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, Mayaro, and Usutu, among others, can coexist in the American tropics. This study aimed to surveil the arboviruses that cause| acute febrile syndrome in patients in the Meta department, Colombia. METHODS: Between June 2021 and February 2023, an epidemiological surveillance study was conducted in the Llanos of the Meta department in Eastern Colombia. RESULTS: One hundred patients in the acute phase with typical prodromal symptoms of NEATFI infection who attended the emergency department of the Villavicencio Departmental Hospital were included. ELISA tests were performed for Dengue, Usutu, Chikungunya, and Mayaro. RT-qPCR was performed to detect the arboviruses Usutu, Dengue, Zika, Mayaro, and Oropouche. The seroprevalence for the Chikungunya, Mayaro, and Usutu viruses was 41 % (28/68), 40 % (27/67), and 62 % (47/75), respectively. Seroconversion for Chikungunya was observed in one patient; two seroconverted to Mayaro and one to Usutu. The NS5 gene fragment of the Usutu virus was detected in nine febrile patients. RT-qPCR of the remaining arboviruses was negative. The clinical symptoms of the nine Usutu-positive patients were very similar to those of Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and Mayaro infections. CONCLUSIONS: The pervasive detection of unexpected viruses such as Usutu and Mayaro demonstrated the importance of searching for other viruses different from Dengue. Because Usutu infection and Mayaro fever have clinical features like Dengue, a new algorithm should be proposed to improve the accuracy of acute tropical fevers.

Assuntos

Infecções por Arbovirus , Arbovírus , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Humanos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Arbovírus/isolamento & purificação , Arbovírus/genética , Infecções por Arbovirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Arbovirus/virologia , Infecções por Arbovirus/diagnóstico , Adulto , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Febre/epidemiologia , Febre/virologia , Criança , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Pré-Escolar , Febre de Chikungunya/epidemiologia , Febre de Chikungunya/diagnóstico , Idoso , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática

RESUMO

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a heterogeneous disease with a rising incidence worldwide. The understanding of its molecular pathways has evolved substantially since The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) stratified endometrial cancer into four subgroups regarding molecular features: POLE ultra-mutated, microsatellite instability (MSI) hypermutated, copy-number high with TP53 mutations, and copy-number low with microsatellite stability, also known as nonspecific molecular subtype (NSMP). More recently, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) updated their staging classification to include information about POLE mutation and p53 status, as the prognosis differs according to these characteristics. Other biomarkers are being identified and their prognostic and predictive role in response to therapies are being evaluated. However, the incorporation of molecular aspects into treatment decision-making is challenging. This review explores the available data and future directions on tailoring treatment based on molecular subtypes, alongside the challenges associated with their testing.

Assuntos

Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias do Endométrio , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , Humanos , Neoplasias do Endométrio/genética , Neoplasias do Endométrio/patologia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/terapia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/metabolismo , Feminino , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Mutação , Patologia Molecular , Prognóstico , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo

RESUMO

Colorectal cancer represents the third most common cancer and about 20% are diagnosed with synchronous metastatic disease. From a historical point of view, surgery remains the mainstream treatment for resectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Furthermore, disease outcomes are improving due significant advances in systemic treatments and diagnostic methods. However, the optimal timing for neoadjuvant chemotherapy or upfront surgery for CRLM has not yet been established and remains an open question. Thus, patient selection combining image workouts, time of recurrence, positive lymph nodes, and molecular biomarkers can improve the decision-making process. Nevertheless, molecular profiling is rising as a promising field to be incorporated in the multimodal approach and guide patient selection and sequencing of treatment. Tumor biomakers, genetic profiling, and circulating tumor DNA have been used to offer as much personalized treatment as possible, based on the precision oncology concept of tailored care rather than a guideline-based therapy. This review article discusses the role of molecular pathology and biomarkers as prognostic and predictor factors in the diagnosis and treatment of resectable CRLM.

RESUMO

Background: Gliomas represent almost 30% of all primary brain tumors and account for 80% of malignant primary ones. In the last two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding gliomas' molecular origin and development. These advancements have demonstrated a remarkable improvement in classification systems based on mutational markers, which contribute paramount information in addition to traditional histology-based classification. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the literature including each molecular marker described for adult diffuse gliomas used in the World Health Organization (WHO) central nervous system 5. Results: The 2021 WHO classification of diffuse gliomas encompasses many molecular aspects considered in the latest proposed hallmarks of cancer. The outcome of patients with diffuse gliomas relies on their molecular behavior and consequently, to determine clinical outcomes for these patients, molecular profiling should be mandatory. At least, the following molecular markers are necessary for the current most accurate classification of these tumors: (1) isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) IDH-1 mutation, (2) 1p/19q codeletion, (3) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B deletion, (4) telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutation, (5) α-thalassemia/ mental retardation syndrome X-linked loss, (6) epidermal growth factor receptor amplification, and (7) tumor protein P53 mutation. These molecular markers have allowed the differentiation of multiple variations of the same disease, including the differentiation of distinct molecular Grade 4 gliomas. This could imply different clinical outcomes and possibly impact targeted therapies in the years to come. Conclusion: Physicians face different challenging scenarios according to the clinical features of patients with gliomas. In addition to the current advances in clinical decision-making, including radiological and surgical techniques, understanding the disease's molecular pathogenesis is paramount to improving the benefits of its clinical treatments. This review aims to describe straightforwardly the most remarkable aspects of the molecular pathogenesis of diffuse gliomas.

RESUMO

Background: Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a new disease among tumours affecting the salivary glands. It was first reported in 2010, and few cases have been reported worldwide. MASC is often incorrectly diagnosed as salivary gland acinic cell carcinoma. We present here the case of a patient with an asymptomatic parotid tumour who underwent a parotidectomy of the superficial lobe. Case report: A 78-year-old female patient came to the clinic for a tumour of approximately 2.5 × 2.5 cm and a hard, elastic consistency that had grown insidiously in the right preauricular region. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and neck showed a heterogeneous ovoid lesion located in the lower part of the superficial lobe of the right parotid gland, measuring 29 × 27 × 27 mm. A superficial parotidectomy was performed with the facial nerve identified and preserved. Immunohistochemistry was positive for S100, mammaglobin, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and GATA-3. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis was subsequently performed and Translocation-ETS-Leukemia Virus (ETV6) gene rearrangement observed. These findings were consistent with diagnosis of a MASC. The patient then required no new interventions or adjuvant therapy. At publication, she was free of disease and continues in clinical follow-up. Conclusion: MASC is a tumour of the saliva glands that is recently described and rare. There are no studies that describe its biological behaviour or prognosis precisely.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The incidence of cerebellar Glioblastoma Multiforme (cGBM) is rare. Database like TCGA have not distinguish cGBM from GBM, our knowledge on cGBM gene expression characteristics is limited. The expression status of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) and its clinical significance in cGBM is still unclear. METHODS: The clinical data and tissue specimens of 73 cGBM patients were retrospectively studied. The association between OLIG2 expression level and the demographic characteristics of cGBM patients was identified by the Chi-Square test. The survival curves were drawn by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The independent prognostic factors was calculated according to Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: The OLIG2 high expression was observed in about 57.5% (42/73) of the cGBM patients. Patients with high OLIG2 expression levels had a higher alive ratio at the end of follow-up (alive ratio: 70.6% vs. 29.4%, p = 0.04). The median survival time was 21 months and 13 months for high and low expression of OLIG2 (p < 0 .05). Univariate analysis and Multivariate analysis indicated that EOR (HR = 3.89, 95% CI 1.23‒12.26, p = 0.02), low OLIG2 expression (HR = 5.26, 95% CI 1.13‒24.59, p = 0.04), and without adjuvant therapy (HR = 4.95, 95% CI 1.22‒20.00, p = 0.03) were independent risk factors for the OS of cGBM patients. CONCLUSION: High expression level of OLIG2 could be used as an independent favorable prognosis indicator in cGBM patients and be recognized as a characteristic biomarker of cGBM.

Assuntos

Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Humanos , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Terapia Combinada , Fator de Transcrição 2 de Oligodendrócitos/genética

RESUMO

The advances in molecular technologies have allowed a better understanding of the molecular basis of odontogenic cysts and tumours. PTCH1 mutations have been reported in a high proportion of odontogenic keratocyst. BRAF p.V600E are recurrent in ameloblastoma and KRAS p.G12V/R in adenomatoid odontogenic tumour, dysregulating the MAPK/ERK pathway. Notably, BRAF p.V600E is also detected in ameloblastic carcinoma, but at a lower frequency than in its benign counterpart ameloblastoma. Recently, adenoid ameloblastoma has been shown to be BRAF wild-type and to harbour CTNNB1 (ß-catenin gene) mutations, further suggesting that it is not an ameloblastoma subtype. CTNNB1 mutations also occur in other ghost-cell-containing tumours, including calcifying odontogenic cysts, dentinogenic ghost cell tumours and odontogenic carcinoma with dentinoid, but the link between CTNNB1 mutations and ghost cell formation in these lesions remains unclear. Regarding mixed tumours, BRAF p.V600E has been reported in a subset of ameloblastic fibromas, ameloblastic-fibrodentinomas and fibro-odontomas, in addition to ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. Such mutation-positivity in a subset of samples can be helpful in differentiating some of these lesions from odontoma, which is BRAF-wild-type. Recently, FOS rearrangements have been reported in cementoblastoma, supporting its relationship with osteoblastoma. Collectively, the identification of recurrent mutations in these aforementioned lesions has helped to clarify their molecular basis and to better understand the interrelationships between some tumours, but none of these genetic abnormalities is diagnostic. Since the functional effect of pathogenic mutations is context and tissue-dependent, a clear role for the reported mutations in odontogenic cysts and tumours in their pathogenesis remains to be elucidated.

Assuntos

Ameloblastoma , Carcinoma , Neoplasias Bucais , Cistos Odontogênicos , Tumores Odontogênicos , Odontoma , Humanos , Ameloblastoma/genética , Ameloblastoma/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/genética , Tumores Odontogênicos/patologia , Cistos Odontogênicos/patologia , Odontoma/patologia

RESUMO

Throughout the centuries, the world's outstanding scientists and research groups have gathered their efforts to characterise the initiation and progression of malignant neoplasms. The temporal dissection of tumourigenesis provided by phylogenetic studies is one of the milestones in understanding cancer; however, some black boxes are still unsolved. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the leading cancer of the head and neck region. Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) may precede oral cancer and, occasionally, be clinically evident as white, red or mixed mucosal lesions, called oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). In a stepwise view of oral carcinogenesis, OED and OPMD have been considered harbingers of oral cancer. Nevertheless, the malignant transformation of OPMD is a rare event. Most of these disorders remain benign and can even regress, making it challenging to formulate evolutionary hypotheses for OSCC initiation. Deciphering OED evolution is vital to highlight the potential drivers of oral carcinogenesis and molecular targets for OSCC preventative and therapeutic strategies. This narrative review synthesises the main concepts of evolutionary theories and discusses which of them better explains OED development and malignant transformation.

Assuntos

Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Doenças da Boca , Neoplasias Bucais , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas , Humanos , Neoplasias Bucais/etiologia , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/etiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Filogenia , Carcinogênese , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/patologia , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Hiperplasia

RESUMO

Abstract Objectives: The incidence of cerebellar Glioblastoma Multiforme (cGBM) is rare. Database like TCGA have not distinguish cGBM from GBM, our knowledge on cGBM gene expression characteristics is limited. The expression status of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) and its clinical significance in cGBM is still unclear. Methods: The clinical data and tissue specimens of 73 cGBM patients were retrospectively studied. The association between OLIG2 expression level and the demographic characteristics of cGBM patients was identified by the Chi-Square test. The survival curves were drawn by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The independent prognostic factors was calculated according to Cox regression analysis. Results: The OLIG2 high expression was observed in about 57.5% (42/73) of the cGBM patients. Patients with high OLIG2 expression levels had a higher alive ratio at the end of follow-up (alive ratio: 70.6% vs. 29.4%, p = 0.04). The median survival time was 21 months and 13 months for high and low expression of OLIG2 (p < 0 .05). Univariate analysis and Multivariate analysis indicated that EOR (HR = 3.89, 95% CI 1.23−12.26, p = 0.02), low OLIG2 expression (HR = 5.26, 95% CI 1.13−24.59, p = 0.04), and without adjuvant therapy (HR = 4.95, 95% CI 1.22−20.00, p = 0.03) were independent risk factors for the OS of cGBM patients. Conclusion: High expression level of OLIG2 could be used as an independent favorable prognosis indicator in cGBM patients and be recognized as a characteristic biomarker of cGBM.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This living systematic review aims to integrate the morphological and tissue-based molecular characterization of oral lesions occurring in individuals infected by COVID-19 (OLICs). MATERIALS AND DESIGN: This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid, Embase, and LILACS were searched to identify reports on OLICs with morphological and/or tissue-based molecular data. RESULTS: Four studies reporting five cases were included. Three patients were male, and the mean age of the individuals was 47.6 years. The most reported anatomical location was the palate (n = 4), whereas ulcers were the most frequent clinical presentation (n = 3). Histopathologically, all cases revealed cell vacuolization and exocytosis in the epithelial layer. In the mesenchymal layer, inflammatory cell infiltrate and thrombi/microvascular thrombosis were observed in three cases. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed in two cases. Both cases were negative for HHV-1, HHV-2, and CMV. One case revealed positivity for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. No other molecular tests were found for the characterization of OLIC. CONCLUSIONS: The pathological characteristics of OLICs are still unspecific. However, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and well-documented new cases, whether OLICs are due to coinfections or has a primary origin can be determined.

Assuntos

COVID-19 , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus

RESUMO

We present a 29-month-old male patient in follow-up due to pyelocaliceal dilation with a prostatic nodule incidentally found during ultrasound evaluation. Cysto video endoscopy was performed and a prostate biopsy, obtained. Microscopic evaluation showed a haphazardly distributed population of muscular cells with cross striations without evidence of mitosis or necrosis. Immunohistochemistry was positive for myogenin and desmin and negative for smooth muscle actin. Next generation sequencing was performed without finding any pathogenic variant or fusion in the tumor RNA. The patient received no further treatment, remained asymptomatic and continues in follow up, 3 years after initial diagnosis. We report a case of prostate rhabdomyoma in a toddler, an exceptional location that raises concern about differential diagnosis with its malignant counterpart, rhabdomyosarcoma, especially at this age.

Assuntos

Rabdomioma , Rabdomiossarcoma , Biópsia , Pré-Escolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Próstata/patologia , Rabdomioma/diagnóstico , Rabdomioma/genética , Rabdomioma/patologia , Rabdomiossarcoma/diagnóstico , Rabdomiossarcoma/genética

RESUMO

Resumen Los tumores odontogénicos (TOs) son un grupo heterogéneo de lesiones que incluyen hamartomas hasta neoplasias benignas o malignas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar la literatura sobre los aspectos moleculares y genéticos de algunos TOs benignos. A partir de los estudios revisados, se apoya la idea de que las causas genéticas pueden tener un papel importante en la etiología y en la patogénesis de algunos TOs. Sin embargo, las investigaciones sobre el tema aún no permiten concluir de manera sólida los mecanismos definitivos involucrados en el desarrollo y en la progresión de los TOs. Se sugiere el desarrollo de más estudios moleculares y genéticos que evalúen muestras significativas de TOs para establecer su etiopatogenia, facilitar su proceso diagnóstico y enriquecer su abordaje terapéutico.

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Resumo Os tumores odontogênicos (TOs) são um grupo heterogêneo de lesões que variam desde hamartomas até neoplasias benignas ou malignas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo revisar a literatura sobre os aspectos moleculares e genéticos de alguns TOs benignos. A partir dos estudos revisados, apoia-se que as causas genéticas podem desempenhar um papel importante na etiologia e patogênese de alguns TOs. No entanto, as pesquisas sobre o assunto ainda não permitem uma conclusão sólida sobre os mecanismos definitivos envolvidos no desenvolvimento e progressão dos TOs. Sugere-se o desenvolvimento de mais estudos moleculares e genéticos para avaliar amostras significativas de TOs para estabelecer sua etiopatogenia, facilitar seu processo diagnóstico e enriquecer sua abordagem terapêutica.

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Abstract Odontogenic tumors (OTs) are a heterogeneous group of lesions that range from hamartomas to benign or malignant neoplasms. The present study aimed to review the literature regarding the molecular and genetic aspects from some benign OTs. Based on the review of the included studies, it is supported that genetic background may play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of OTs. However, the body of evidence on the subject still does not allow to conclude the definitive mechanisms involved in the development and progression of OTs. It is suggested the development of further molecular and genetic studies evaluating significant samples of OTs to establish its etiopathogenesis, facilitate its diagnostic process and enrich the therapeutic approaches.

RESUMO

Helicobacter pylori is the etiological agent of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. The duodenal ulcer-promoting gene dupA, which is located in the plasticity region of the H. pylori genome, is homologous to the virB gene which encodes a type IV secretion protein in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Studies have shown associations between H. pylori dupA-positive strains and gastroduodenal diseases. However, whether dupA acts as a risk factor or protective factor in these diseases remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to verify the presence of the dupA gene in infectious H. pylori strains in the Brazilian mid-west and to investigate its association with the clinical outcomes of patients with dyspepsia. Additionally, the phylogenetic origin of the strains was determined. Gastric biopsies from 117 patients with dyspepsia were analyzed using histological and molecular techniques. The hpx gene (16S rRNA) was used to screen for H. pylori infection, and positive samples were then subjected to dupA gene detection and sequencing. The estimated prevalence of H. pylori infection was 64.1%, with the dupA gene being detected in a high proportion of infectious strains (70.7%). Furthermore, a risk analysis revealed that for women, a dupA-positive H. pylori infection increased the chance of developing gastritis by twofold. The partial dupA sequences from isolated infectious strains in this work are similar to those of strains isolated in westerns countries. This study provides useful insights for understanding the role of the H. pylori dupA gene in disease development.

Assuntos

Proteínas de Bactérias , Infecções por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori , Fatores de Virulência , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Brasil/epidemiologia , Dispepsia/complicações , Dispepsia/epidemiologia , Dispepsia/microbiologia , Feminino , Infecções por Helicobacter/complicações , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/microbiologia , Helicobacter pylori/classificação , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Helicobacter pylori/patogenicidade , Humanos , Masculino , Filogenia , Fatores de Proteção , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Virulência/genética

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Cytology appears to be a viable option to histological samples for proper storage and maintenance of autopsy material for DNA extraction and analysis. In the present study, we tested the feasibility of using archived air-dried smears produced at the time of the autopsy for simple molecular analysis, comparing quantity and quality of the DNA extracted from the smears to that of correspondent histological specimens. METHODS: Air-dried cytological smears were obtained from scrapings of exactly the same areas collected for histological study. DNA was extracted using a commercially available protocol from all samples, with calculation of purity ratio and overall concentration. The integrity of the extracted DNA was also verified through conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Five cases of lung tumours (2 small cell carcinomas and 3 adenocarcinomas) were collected. Percentage of tumour cells and necrosis ranged from 30% to 90% and from 10% to 40%, respectively, in the cytological preparations, and from 50% to 90% and from 10% to 80%, respectively, in the histological preparations. Purity ratio (260/280) had a median of 1.87 in cytology vs 1.94 in histology. Mean DNA concentration among the cytological preparations was 2653 ng/mL (range 1684-3980 ng/mL) vs 757.2 ng/mL among the histological preparations (range 456-1829 ng/mL. DNA from all five cases of cytology was successfully amplified by conventional PCR, in contrast to none from the histology specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Archived air-dried smears scraped from tumoural lesions in autopsies have proven to yield a good concentration of quality DNA for conventional PCR, with better results than formalin-fixed paraffin embedded material.

Assuntos

Autopsia/métodos , Citodiagnóstico/métodos , Patologia Molecular/métodos , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Idoso , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/genética , DNA/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Masculino

RESUMO

COVID-19 has quickly reached pandemic levels since it was first reported in December 2019. The virus responsible for the disease, named SARS-CoV-2, is enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses. During its replication in the cytoplasm of host cells, the viral genome is transcribed into proteins, such as the structural protein spike domain S1, which is responsible for binding to the cell receptor of the host cells. Infected patients have initially flu-like symptoms, rapidly evolving to severe acute lung injury, known as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is characterized by an acute and diffuse inflammatory damage into the alveolar-capillary barrier associated with a vascular permeability increase and reduced compliance, compromising gas exchange and causing hypoxemia. Histopathologically, this condition is known as diffuse alveolar damage which consists of permanent damage to the alveoli epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells, with consequent hyaline membrane formation and eventually intracapillary thrombosis. All of these mechanisms associated with COVID-19 involve the phenotypic expression from different proteins transcription modulated by viral infection in specific pulmonary microenvironments. Therefore, this knowledge is fundamentally important for a better pathophysiological understanding and identification of the main molecular pathways associated with the disease evolution. Evidently, clinical findings, signs and symptoms of a patient are the phenotypic expression of these pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, no findings alone, whether molecular, clinical, radiological or pathological axis are sufficient for an accurate diagnosis. However, their intersection and/or correlation are extremely critical for clinicians establish the diagnosis and new treatment perspectives.

Assuntos

COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/patologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/patologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Humanos

RESUMO

Pilocytic astrocytomas are the primary tumors most frequently found in children and adolescents, accounting for approximately 15.6% of all brain tumors and 5.4% of all gliomas. They are mostly found in infratentorial structures such as the cerebellum and in midline cerebral structures such as the optic nerve, hypothalamus, and brain stem. The present study aimed to list the main characteristics about this tumor, to better understand the diagnosis and treatment of these patients, and was conducted on search of the published studies available in NCBI, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scielo, and Google Scholar. It was possible to define the main histologic findings observed in these cases, such as mitoses, necrosis, and Rosenthal fibers. We described the locations usually most affected by tumor development, and this was associated with the most frequent clinical features. The comparison between the molecular diagnostic methods showed great use of fluorescent in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse transcriptase-PCR, important techniques for the detection of BRAF V600E mutation and BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion, characteristic molecular alterations in pilocytic astrocytomas.

Assuntos

Astrocitoma/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Astrocitoma/fisiopatologia , Astrocitoma/terapia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/fisiopatologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/terapia , Humanos

RESUMO

Ovarian carcinoma is highly aggressive and difficult to treat neoplasm, which is usually detected in advanced stages where most patients recur. Extensive investigation about several treatment modalities has been performed but this neoplasm has poor benefits from such treatments including targeted therapy. Recent data have begun to highlight the histological and molecular heterogeneity of these tumors defining this neoplasm, not as a single disease but a group of heterogeneous histological subtypes with important differences in terms of genetics, morphology, oncogenesis, prognosis, chemosensitivity and especially molecular characteristics that are likely to be targets of new molecules. In general, high-grade serous carcinomas are characterized by great genomic instability and frequent amplifications and deletions; lowgrade ovarian neoplasms are genomically stable. On this phytopathogenic basis, recent findings suggest a dual model of carcinogenesis consisting of two large groups named types I and II. Type I cancers (serous, mucinous, and low-grade endometrioid) commonly arise from well-described, genetically stable precursor lesions (usually borderline tumors); manifests as large adnexal masses with the early-stage disease, and they have a good overall prognosis. In contrast, type II carcinomas (serous, high-grade endometrioid, mixed, and undifferentiated carcinomas) originate de novo from the adnexal epithelium, often demonstrate chromosomal instability, and have aggressive biological behavior. Surprisingly, most of the genomic abnormalities detected encode known oncogenic proteins for which there is targeted therapy. Then, there is a real potential for personalized medicine adapted to the molecular portrait of tumors. In this review, I synthesize the histology and molecular pathology of ovarian carcinomas and possible strategies to reach targeted therapy.

Assuntos

Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: BRAF evaluation is currently limited to molecular techniques, which are expensive and not widely available to practicing pathologists. Our objective was to determine the diagnostic performance of immunohistochemistry (IHC) against BRAF V600E for BRAF mutation and the secondary objective was determining histopathological characteristics of colon carcinomas with BRAF mutated. METHODS: Cases of adenocarcinoma of the colon with a known BRAF mutation status were identified from the pathological files of our institution. RESULTS: We analyzed 135 cases, 13 cases had the BRAF mutation (9.6%) and 122 were non-mutated. The mutated cases expressed intense and diffusely the anti-antibody against BRAF V600E, and 119 (97.5%) of the 122 cases without mutation were negative and the remaining 3 were focal and weakly positive. The IHC demonstrated a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 97.5%, positive predictive value of 81.3% (95% CI = 56.9 to 93.4%), negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI = 89 to 100%), and an overall accuracy of 97.8%. The only significant clinicopathological differences between cancers with BRAF mutated compared with BRAF non-mutated were that mutated had less lymph node metastases (23% vs. 68.1%) and the tumor size was greater (median 90 mm vs. 60 mm). The survival between groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: IHC against BRAF V600E showed an excellent performance, making it feasible as an alternative for molecular examination. Tumors with BRAF mutated did not show distinctive clinico-pathological characteristics, except for a larger tumor size.

Assuntos

Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/genética , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: NUT midline carcinoma is a rare and aggressive subset of squamous cell carcinoma, which is characterized by the translocation of nuclear protein in testis gene that is mostly fused with bromodomain and extraterminal family proteins. We describe here the first Brazilian case of NUT midline carcinoma with BRD4-NUT fusion detected in a next-generation sequencing panel and we present the clinical evolution of this patient. CASE PRESENTATION: A 42-year-old Caucasian man was diagnosed with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the left maxillary sinus, with negative in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr encoding region and human papillomavirus genotyping. He received induction therapy, chemoradiotherapy with weekly systemic chemotherapy, and, concurrently, weekly intra-arterial chemotherapy. New imaging evaluation, 1 month after the end of the last treatment, revealed a good partial response in the primary lesion. However, positron emission tomography-computed tomography showed multiple suspicious lesions in his bones and lungs, which were histologically confirmed. He died exactly 2 months after metastatic disease was diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS: NUT midline carcinoma is usually very aggressive. Currently, there is no standard of care for treatment of NUT midline carcinoma. The definitive diagnosis must be by demonstration of NUTM1 rearrangement. Immunohistochemical staining of greater than 50% of tumor nuclei on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue using the monoclonal rabbit antibody to NUT (clone C52B1), has a specificity of 100%, and sensitivity of 87% for the diagnosis of NUT midline carcinoma. Our case is the first Brazilian case of NUT midline carcinoma with BRD4-NUT fusion.

Assuntos

Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Adulto , Neoplasias Ósseas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Ósseas/genética , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Brasil , Evolução Fatal , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Masculino , Neoplasias do Seio Maxilar/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Seio Maxilar/genética , Neoplasias do Seio Maxilar/patologia , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada

RESUMO

El síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos es un conjunto de trastornos hereditarios del tejido conectivo, clínica y genéticamente heterogéneos, caracterizados por hiperextensibilidad cutánea, pobre cicatrización, hipermovilidad articular y friabilidad tisular. Desde 1997, se han reportado variantes poco frecuentes del síndrome, entre las cuales se incluye el de tipo cifoescoliótico, causado por mutaciones en el gen PLOD1, caracterizado por hipotonía muscular grave al nacer, cifoescoliosis grave progresiva, osteopenia, ojos frágiles y fragilidad vascular. También ha sido descrita una rara variante recesiva que compromete el gen FKBP14, con hallazgos clínicos adicionales, que incluyen retardo del desarrollo psicomotor, miopatía, hipoacusia y una proporción normal de lisil-piridinolina a hidroxilisil-piridinolina en la orina. Se presenta el primer caso de una paciente colombiana con una mutación FKBP14 c.362dupC, caracterizada por hipotonía generalizada, retardo en el desarrollo de los hitos motores gruesos, hipoacusia, cifoescoliosis progresiva temprana, hipermovilidad articular y deformidades en los pies.

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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous inherited connective tissue disorders, characterized by skin hyperextensibility, poor wound healing, joint hypermobility and tissue friability. Since 1997 a new spectrum of novel rare EDS-variants has been described, among which is included the EDS kyphoscoliotic type, characterized by severe muscular hypotonia at birth, severe progressive kyphoscoliosis, osteopenia, fragile eyeballs and vascular fragility. This EDS variant is caused by mutations in the PLOD1 gene; however, a rare recessive variant that compromises the FKBP14 gene has been reported, with additional clinical findings that includes gross motor developmental delay, myopathy, hearing impairment and a normal ratio of lysyl pyridinoline to hydroxylysyl pyridinoline in urine. We report the first Colombian patient with a FKBP14 c.362dupC mutation, with clinical features that include generalized hypotonia, delayed gross motor milestones, hearing loss, early-onset progressive kyphoscoliosis, joint hypermobility and foot deformities.

Assuntos

Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Curvaturas da Coluna Vertebral , Síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos , Patologia Molecular