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Abstract Mirror-image pain is a kind of pain that occurs on the contralateral side, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Objective To develop an osteoarthritis mouse model for investigating mirror-image pain through observing nocifensive behaviors, histological changes, and nociceptive activity at days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after the chemical induction of unilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis. Methodology We randomly divided 6-week-old mice into sham and complete Freund adjuvant groups. To induce nocifensive behaviors, we applied 0.04 g of von Frey filament, 10 psi of air puff, and cold acetone on both sides of whisker pads at different days. The histology of TMJ on both sides was observed by hematoxylin/eosin staining and microcomputed tomography scanning. Furthermore, the nociceptive activity was evaluated using the phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein (pCREB) and a microglia marker at different days in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Results Nocifensive behaviors against mechanical and temperature stimuli on the contralateral side became stronger than the baseline on day 28, in agreement with the elevation of the pCREB and the microglia marker in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Thus, hypernociception on the contralateral side occurred at day 28. Conclusions Clearly, the TMJ model with unilateral osteoarthritis exhibited mirror-image pain. Therefore, this model is useful in investigating the pathogenesis of pain and in developing treatments.

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O artigo apresenta uma análise conceitual e estrutural de textos selecionados de Lacan e de Wallon, a fim de identificar evidências da influência exercida por Wallon sobre a teoria do imaginário elaborada por Lacan nos anos 1930 e 1940. No entanto, discutem-se também os pontos de discordância entre os dois. Para isso, o artigo aborda especificamente os temas da imagem especular e da prematuração na experiência vivida pela criança no estágio do espelho. Foi realizada análise comparativa dos trabalhos dos dois autores, destacando a influência da Psicologia do Desenvolvimento de Wallon sobre as formulações iniciais de Lacan acerca das funções da imagem especular e da prematuração. Trata-se, enfim, de identificar as implicações dessas conexões teóricas entre a teoria do imaginário desenvolvida por Lacan em sua obra inicial e a psicologia do desenvolvimento de Wallon e de defender a relevância dessas contribuições para a compreensão desse momento específico da construção do corpus lacaniano. A importância e os desdobramentos dessa influência não parecem ter sido ainda detalhadamente examinados pela literatura da área....(AU)

This article presents a conceptual and structural analysis of selected texts by Lacan and Wallon in order to find evidence of the influence exerted by Wallon on the theory of the imaginary developed by Lacan in the 1930s and 1940s. However, the points of disagreement between them are addressed as well. For this, the article specifically addresses the issues of the mirror image and prematurity in the child's experience with the mirror stage. A comparative analysis of the works of the two authors was made, highlighting the influence of Wallon's developmental psychology on Lacan's early formulations on the functions of the mirror image and prematurity. Finally, it is a question of identifying the implications of these theoretical connections between the theory of the imaginary developed by Lacan in his early work and Wallon's developmental psychology and to argue for the relevance of these contributions to the understanding of this specific moment of the construction of the Lacanian corpus. The importance and the ramifications of this influence do not seem to have yet been examined in detail by the literature of the field....(AU)

El artículo presenta un análisis conceptual y estructural de textos seleccionados de Lacan y de Wallon, a fin de identificar evidencias de la influencia ejercida por Wallon sobre la teoría del imaginario elaborada por Lacan en los años 1930 y 1940. Sin embargo, se discuten también los puntos de desacuerdo entre los dos. Para ello, el artículo aborda específicamente los temas de la imagen especular y de la prematuración en la experiencia vivida por el niño en el estadio del espejo. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de los trabajos de los dos autores, destacando la influencia de la psicología del desarrollo de Wallon sobre las formulaciones iniciales de Lacan acerca de las funciones de la imagen especular y de la prematuración. Se trata, en fin, de identificar las implicaciones de esas conexiones teóricas entre la teoría del imaginario desarrollada por Lacan en su obra inicial y la psicología del desarrollo de Wallon y de defender la relevancia de esas contribuciones para la comprensión de ese momento específico de la construcción del corpus lacaniano. La importancia y los desdoblamientos de esa influencia no parecen haber sido todavía detalladamente examinados por la literatura del área....(AU)

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Enantiostyly is a floral polymorphism in which two floral forms in the same species differ in deflection of the stigma to right or left position. In monomorphic enantiostylous plants, flowers of the two morphs occur within the same individual, usually in the same proportion. In self-compatible species the function of monomorphic enantiostyly is proposed to increase outcrossing rates and offer a reproductive advantage under pollination limitation. Enantiostylous species are usually self-compatible and show heteranthery, with poricide anthers and pollen as pollinator reward; however, there are families, such as Vochysiaceae, that have different characteristics. We analysed the reproductive system and pollination biology of Qualea parviflora and Q. multiflora, two enantiostylous species from the Brazilian Cerrado that have specific morphological and physiological traits. For this, we characterized flower traits, performed hand pollinations and studied floral visitors. We found no differences between morphs in the proportion of flowers, nectar produced or its concentration, pollen quantity and fruit set. Both species were self-incompatible and quite generalist regarding floral visitors. Enantiostyly in self-incompatible plants seems to confer a reproductive advantage by reducing self-interference resulting from stigma clogging. This novel result helps to expand our knowledge on this complex floral polymorphism and opens new avenues for future research on this topic.

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A similarity hypothesis recently presented to describe horizontal infiltration into homogeneous soils, developed for coarse-textured soils like sieved marine sand, implies that the soil water retention function (h) is the mirror image of an extended Boltzmann transform function (2). A second hypothesis applicable to vertical infiltration suggests that the soil water retention function (h) is also the mirror image of the soil water profile (z). Using previously published infiltration data, we investigated whether these two similarity solutions successfully describe infiltration into two normal soils. Although the theory using the first similarity assumption adequately describes horizontal cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate into both soils, it fails to estimate soil water distributions measured between soil profiles. The second similarity solution for vertical infiltration into either soil completely fails to coincide with measured soil water distributions, cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate.(AU)

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A similarity hypothesis recently presented to describe horizontal infiltration into homogeneous soils, developed for coarse-textured soils like sieved marine sand, implies that the soil water retention function (h) is the mirror image of an extended Boltzmann transform function (2). A second hypothesis applicable to vertical infiltration suggests that the soil water retention function (h) is also the mirror image of the soil water profile (z). Using previously published infiltration data, we investigated whether these two similarity solutions successfully describe infiltration into two normal soils. Although the theory using the first similarity assumption adequately describes horizontal cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate into both soils, it fails to estimate soil water distributions measured between soil profiles. The second similarity solution for vertical infiltration into either soil completely fails to coincide with measured soil water distributions, cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate.

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