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BACKGROUND: Extracted human teeth are used to simulate dental procedures and are essential for practical education and research studies. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different sterilization methods for extracted human roots and to assess the effects of these methods on dentin microhardness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The crowns of 40 mandibular incisors were removed. The roots were sectioned at 10 mm and divided into 4 groups (n = 10 per group): G1 - no sterilization (control); G2 - microwave radiation (650 W, 5 min); G3 - ethylene oxide (288°C, 3 h); and G4 - autoclave (121°C, 15 min). The roots were immersed in brain heart infusion (BHI) and incubated at 37°C in variable oxygen atmospheres. After 14 days, the samples were assessed for turbidity. Three slices were obtained from each root, and indentations were made at 30, 60 and 120 µm from the root canal lumen. The microbiological data was analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-hoc test. Microhardness was evaluated by means of the twoway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The roots submitted to autoclaving were 100% sterile, which differed from the other methods (p < 0.05); the control specimens had 0% sterility. For microhardness, significant differences were found between the methods, particularly for the apical third (68.06 ±12.50) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although all the evaluated techniques reduced dentin microhardness, autoclaving should be used as the most reliable method of sterilization of extracted dental roots.

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Drying protocols might alter the isotopic signatures of plant samples given that high temperatures can volatilize various organic compounds or delay the halting of physiological processes at lower drying temperatures. We thus evaluated the effect of four drying protocols on the carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures for 23 species of plants. In particular, leaves were either freeze-dried, placed in a herbarium drying stove (ca. 50°C), in a gravity convection oven (80°C), or microwaved (900 W) in 2-minute pulses, until constant weight. For each species, neither treatment led to significantly different δ13C values, which ranged from -31.7 to -12.4‰. The δ15N values of 21 of the species considered were not affected by the drying protocols, ranging from -11.6 to -8.8‰. For Tillandsia makoyana, significant differences were observed between the freeze dried and the microwaved samples and between the freeze dried samples and those dried at 50°C for Macroptilium gibbosifolium.

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This work evaluated the influence of the cooking methods (cooked in a water bath, in a stove, and in a microwave oven) on the mineral composition of mustard leaves (Sinapis alba). So, raw and cooked samples were digested and afterward the elements calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, phosphor, barium and sulfur were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The experimental work involved a set of five samples from different locations, processed in triplicates. The results were evaluated employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDA). All techniques showed that the mineral content of the raw and cooked samples in a water bath is different from the samples cooked in stove and microwave oven. Especially for potassium, whose content is strictly controlled for chronic renal patients, this study showed that cooking using microwave oven has the greatest efficiency for reduction.

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Semitendinosus (ST) muscle steaks were grouped according to three locations (proximal, middle, and distal end), grilled to endpoint temperature of 71C or cooked for 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 s in a microwave oven (Mw). The location did not affect (p > .05) the cooking loss (CL) or shear force (SF) values. The CL increased (p < .05) with longer microwave cooking times, but only the Mw40 samples did not differ (p > .05) from the grill samples. None of the microwaves' SF values were different (p > .05) from the grill values, with treatments Mw30 to Mw50 showing moderate repeatability (R = 0.51-0.60) and Mw30 and Mw60 showing higher correlations (r > .71) with grill values. Cooking beef strips with a microwave is a potential method for tenderness evaluation, but requires additional study to evaluate and optimize this application in different muscles and for comparison to sensorial data. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The work was intended to evaluate the possibility of using a microwave oven for cooking meat to be used in objective measurement protocols for meat tenderness and to optimize the conditions for this purpose. The use of a standardized microwave procedure allows a dramatic reduction in analysis time and may reduce error variance due to nonuniform cooking procedures.

RESUMO

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do método de secagem sobre a composição nutricional de diferentes volumosos. Foram utilizadas quatro gramíneas (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, Urochloa brizantha cv. MG4, Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross e Panicum maximum cv. Áries), uma leguminosa forrageira, o estilosante (Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande) e duas silagens (Zea mays e Triticum aestivum cv. BRS Umbu). Os métodos de secagem se basearam no uso da estufa de ventilação forçada e de forno de micro-ondas. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi um arranjo fatorial 2 x 8 (2 métodos de secagem e 8 volumosos) com 4 repetições. O método de secagem não influenciou o conteúdo de matéria seca das forragens. A secagem em forno micro-ondas elevou os teores de fibra em detergente neutro nos volumosos avaliados. Houve interação entre o método de secagem e tipo de forragem avaliada, com relação à proteína bruta (estilosante), extrato etéreo (MG4, estilosante e Áries) e nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (Coastcross, MG4, Marandu e estilosante). O forno de micro-ondas pode ser utilizado como instrumento para obtenção da matéria seca em alimentos volumosos, porém, a técnica pode afetar a composição da forragem avaliada.(AU)

It was aimed determinate the influence of drying methods on nutritional composition of different roughages. The experimental material were four grass species (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, Urochloa brizantha cv. MG4, Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross e Panicum maximum cv. Áries), one forage legume (Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande) and two silages (Zea mays e Triticum aestivum cv. BRS Umbu). The drying methods were based on use of forced air oven or microwave oven. The experimental design were a 2 x 8 factorial arrangement (2 drying methods and 8 roughages) with 4 repetitions. There was no effect of drying method on roughages dry matter content. Microwave oven drying increased neutral detergent fiber. There was an interaction between drying method and evaluated roughage. Increased contents of crude protein (estilosante), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (Coastcross, MG4, Marandu e estilosante) and ether extract (MG4, estilosante e Áries) were observed when roughages were dried using microwave oven. The microwave oven usage is an alternative to obtain the dry matter content of roughages; however this technic may affect the sample composition.(AU)

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Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do método de secagem sobre a composição nutricional de diferentes volumosos. Foram utilizadas quatro gramíneas (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, Urochloa brizantha cv. MG4, Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross e Panicum maximum cv. Áries), uma leguminosa forrageira, o estilosante (Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande) e duas silagens (Zea mays e Triticum aestivum cv. BRS Umbu). Os métodos de secagem se basearam no uso da estufa de ventilação forçada e de forno de micro-ondas. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi um arranjo fatorial 2 x 8 (2 métodos de secagem e 8 volumosos) com 4 repetições. O método de secagem não influenciou o conteúdo de matéria seca das forragens. A secagem em forno micro-ondas elevou os teores de fibra em detergente neutro nos volumosos avaliados. Houve interação entre o método de secagem e tipo de forragem avaliada, com relação à proteína bruta (estilosante), extrato etéreo (MG4, estilosante e Áries) e nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (Coastcross, MG4, Marandu e estilosante). O forno de micro-ondas pode ser utilizado como instrumento para obtenção da matéria seca em alimentos volumosos, porém, a técnica pode afetar a composição da forragem avaliada.

It was aimed determinate the influence of drying methods on nutritional composition of different roughages. The experimental material were four grass species (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, Urochloa brizantha cv. MG4, Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross e Panicum maximum cv. Áries), one forage legume (Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande) and two silages (Zea mays e Triticum aestivum cv. BRS Umbu). The drying methods were based on use of forced air oven or microwave oven. The experimental design were a 2 x 8 factorial arrangement (2 drying methods and 8 roughages) with 4 repetitions. There was no effect of drying method on roughages dry matter content. Microwave oven drying increased neutral detergent fiber. There was an interaction between drying method and evaluated roughage. Increased contents of crude protein (estilosante), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (Coastcross, MG4, Marandu e estilosante) and ether extract (MG4, estilosante e Áries) were observed when roughages were dried using microwave oven. The microwave oven usage is an alternative to obtain the dry matter content of roughages; however this technic may affect the sample composition.

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Introducción: Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol) es una fuente nutricional importante en Colombia, que aporta un gran contenido de sustancias bioactivas con potencial benéfico para la salud, tales como polifenoles, entre otras, que contribuyen de manera sinérgica con sus propiedades terapéuticas, y que pueden tener un efecto positivo contra algunas patologías. Objetivos: evaluar el método de extracción asistido por microondas como método alternativo para estudiar la capacidad antioxidante in vitro en ocho variedades de P. vulgaris L. cultivadas en Colombia. Métodos: semillas sin piel de P. vulgaris, deshidratadas y maceradas se sometieron a extracción asistida por microondas y extracción sólido-líquido; el contenido de fenoles se evaluó por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y el potencial antioxidante in vitro se evaluó con base en los métodos del radical estable catión radical difenil-picrilhidrazilo y el radical catión 2,2´-azino-bis(ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfunico). Resultados: el método de extracción asistido por microondas realizada en horno microondas convencional fue más eficiente respecto a la convencional ya que disminuyó la cantidad de solvente, de muestra empleada y los tiempos de extracción. Los extractos obtenidos por extracción asistida por microondas en horno microndas convencional presentaron un contenido de fenoles entre 29,36 y 60,61 g EAG/L, mientras que el método extracción sólido-líquido, estuvo entre 32,75 y 113,27 g EAG/L. El efecto anti-radicalario fue similar entre los extractos evaluados. Conclusiones: todos los extractos presentaron buena capacidad protectora contra radicales libres, y la técnica de extracción asistida por microondas en horno microndas convencional puede ser usada como método alterno para una valoración rápida, eficiente y eficaz del contenido de sustancias bioactivas en diferentes matrices, se presentó mínimas diferencias entre los resultados obtenidos, comparados con las metodologías de extracción asistida por microondas establecidas antes(AU)

Introduction: Phaseolus vulgaris L. is a representative crop of nutrient and economic importance in Colombia. Additionally, P. vulgaris is considered as a natural source of bioactives compounds, such as polyphenols, which have been associated with valuable effects on health. Objetives: to evaluate the microwave extraction assisted technique as an alternative methodology to study the antioxidant capacity of eight varieties of P. vulgaris cultivated in Colombia. Methods: dehydrated and powered seeds of P. vulgaris was subjected to microwave assisted extraction and solid-liquid extraction and. Total phenolis content was determined by Folin-Cicoulteau method and the potential antioxidant was evaluated using diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical stable and 2,2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation assays. Results: microwave assisted extraction-Household microwave oven technique was more efficient and versatile than SLE method. The extracts obtained microwave assisted extraction-Household microwave oven methodology showed polyphenol content ranged between entre 29,36 and 60,61 g EGA/L, but SLE was over 32,75 and 113,27 g EAG/L. Conclusions: all extracts showed a considerable antioxidant potential against free radical, and microwave assisted extraction-Household microwave oven method could be used as an alternative method for fast, efficient and effective evaluation of the content of polyphenol in various matrices, with minimal differences comparing to established microwave assisted extraction techniques(AU)

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Death in the "microwave oven" has nothing to do with microwaves energy. It is the jargon name given to a criminal form of execution by carbonization that has been adopted by drug dealers in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The goal is to torture and intimidate victims, in an attempt of corpse occultation and to make identification harder or impossible. This paper brings to attention of the forensic international community an unusual and very cruel form of execution as a way to document these situations.

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It was aimed at to determine the dehydration curve and the moisture content effect during the baling process in the chemical composition of star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) hay. Samples were collected from harvest until baling to determine the dehydration curve of both whole plant and leaf and stem fractions. The baling process occurred with predetermined moisture contents: 25, 16 and 12%. A completely randomized experimental design with ten replications was used, and the chemical bromatological composition data were compared by Tukey Test (5%). The water loss rate was higher for leaf when compared to stem fraction. In the early hours after storage, it was noticed higher heat for hays with 25% of moisture content. There was not effect of moisture content during baling process in the chemical composition of star grass hay, except for crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE). In vitro dry matter digestibility (INDMD) and in vitro crude protein digestibility (INCPD) were not affected by moisture content in baling process either. It was concluded that the moisture content during the baling process does not affect the chemical composition of star grass hay in advanced stadium of development, except for crude protein and ether extract.

Objetivou-se determinar a curva de desidratação e o efeito do teor de umidade no enfardamento sobre a composição químico-bromatológica do feno de grama-estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst). Foram realizadas amostragens do momento do corte até o enfardamento, a fim de determinar a curva de desidratação da planta inteira e das frações folha e colmo, com secagem em estufa de ventilação forçada e em forno de microondas. A gramínea foi enfardada com teores de umidade pré-estabelecidos de 25, 16 e 12%, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com dez repetições. A taxa de perda de água foi maior para a fração folha comparada à fração colmo. Houve maior aquecimento para os fenos enfardados com 25% de umidade nas primeiras horas após a armazenagem. Não houve efeito dos teores de umidade no enfardamento sobre a composição química do feno de grama-estrela, exceto para o teor de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e da proteína bruta não apresentaram efeito do teor de umidade no enfardamento, com valores médios de 58,73 e 55,42%, respectivamente. O uso de forno de microondas para determinar o teor de umidade da forragem apresentou eficiência semelhante ao método de secagem em estufa com circulação forçada de ar. Nas condições deste estudo os teores de umidade no momento do enfardamento não influenciaram na composição químico-bromatol

RESUMO

It was aimed at to determine the dehydration curve and the moisture content effect during the baling process in the chemical composition of star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) hay. Samples were collected from harvest until baling to determine the dehydration curve of both whole plant and leaf and stem fractions. The baling process occurred with predetermined moisture contents: 25, 16 and 12%. A completely randomized experimental design with ten replications was used, and the chemical bromatological composition data were compared by Tukey Test (5%). The water loss rate was higher for leaf when compared to stem fraction. In the early hours after storage, it was noticed higher heat for hays with 25% of moisture content. There was not effect of moisture content during baling process in the chemical composition of star grass hay, except for crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE). In vitro dry matter digestibility (INDMD) and in vitro crude protein digestibility (INCPD) were not affected by moisture content in baling process either. It was concluded that the moisture content during the baling process does not affect the chemical composition of star grass hay in advanced stadium of development, except for crude protein and ether extract.

Objetivou-se determinar a curva de desidratação e o efeito do teor de umidade no enfardamento sobre a composição químico-bromatológica do feno de grama-estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst). Foram realizadas amostragens do momento do corte até o enfardamento, a fim de determinar a curva de desidratação da planta inteira e das frações folha e colmo, com secagem em estufa de ventilação forçada e em forno de microondas. A gramínea foi enfardada com teores de umidade pré-estabelecidos de 25, 16 e 12%, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com dez repetições. A taxa de perda de água foi maior para a fração folha comparada à fração colmo. Houve maior aquecimento para os fenos enfardados com 25% de umidade nas primeiras horas após a armazenagem. Não houve efeito dos teores de umidade no enfardamento sobre a composição química do feno de grama-estrela, exceto para o teor de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e da proteína bruta não apresentaram efeito do teor de umidade no enfardamento, com valores médios de 58,73 e 55,42%, respectivamente. O uso de forno de microondas para determinar o teor de umidade da forragem apresentou eficiência semelhante ao método de secagem em estufa com circulação forçada de ar. Nas condições deste estudo os teores de umidade no momento do enfardamento não influenciaram na composição químico-bromatol

RESUMO

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de secagem de folhas para três diferentes frutíferas (maracujá, pêssego e abacate), com relação à determinação da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas recém expandida de três culturas, do pomar da fazenda de ensino e pesquisa da FCAV-UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal, no mês de janeiro de 2010, coletando-se para cada cultura 12 amostras com 25 folhas cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por dois métodos de secagem, estufa de circulação de ar forçada regulada a uma temperatura de 70°C e o forno microondas (FMO). Avaliou-se a massa da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que os dois métodos de secagem testados se assemelham na determinação de matéria seca e nos teores foliares de macronutrientes para as culturas análisadas, exceto os teores de cálcio na cultura do pêssego.

The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods of drying of leaves for three different fruit (passion fruit, peach and avocado), with respect to the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients. Samples were collected from recently expanded leaves of three crops orchard Farm education and research FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal campus, in January 2010, by collecting 12 samples for each culture with 25 leaves. The treatments consisted of two drying methods, greenhouse circulation of air regulated to a temperature of 70°C and FMO. We evaluated the mass of dry matter and foliar nutrients. The results suggest that the two drying methods tested did not interfere in the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients to crops analyzed, except the calcium levels in peach.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods of drying of leaves for three different fruit (passion fruit, peach and avocado), with respect to the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients. Samples were collected from recently expanded leaves of three crops orchard Farm education and research FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal campus, in January 2010, by collecting 12 samples for each culture with 25 leaves. The treatments consisted of two drying methods, greenhouse circulation of air regulated to a temperature of 70°C and FMO. We evaluated the mass of dry matter and foliar nutrients. The results suggest that the two drying methods tested did not interfere in the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients to crops analyzed, except the calcium levels in peach.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de secagem de folhas para três diferentes frutíferas (maracujá, pêssego e abacate), com relação à determinação da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas recém expandida de três culturas, do pomar da fazenda de ensino e pesquisa da FCAV-UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal, no mês de janeiro de 2010, coletando-se para cada cultura 12 amostras com 25 folhas cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por dois métodos de secagem, estufa de circulação de ar forçada regulada a uma temperatura de 70°C e o forno microondas (FMO). Avaliou-se a massa da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que os dois métodos de secagem testados se assemelham na determinação de matéria seca e nos teores foliares de macronutrientes para as culturas análisadas, exceto os teores de cálcio na cultura do pêssego.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods of drying of leaves for three different fruit (passion fruit, peach and avocado), with respect to the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients. Samples were collected from recently expanded leaves of three crops orchard Farm education and research FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal campus, in January 2010, by collecting 12 samples for each culture with 25 leaves. The treatments consisted of two drying methods, greenhouse circulation of air regulated to a temperature of 70°C and FMO. We evaluated the mass of dry matter and foliar nutrients. The results suggest that the two drying methods tested did not interfere in the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients to crops analyzed, except the calcium levels in peach.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de secagem de folhas para três diferentes frutíferas (maracujá, pêssego e abacate), com relação à determinação da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas recém expandida de três culturas, do pomar da fazenda de ensino e pesquisa da FCAV-UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal, no mês de janeiro de 2010, coletando-se para cada cultura 12 amostras com 25 folhas cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por dois métodos de secagem, estufa de circulação de ar forçada regulada a uma temperatura de 70°C e o forno microondas (FMO). Avaliou-se a massa da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que os dois métodos de secagem testados se assemelham na determinação de matéria seca e nos teores foliares de macronutrientes para as culturas análisadas, exceto os teores de cálcio na cultura do pêssego.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods of drying of leaves for three different fruit (passion fruit, peach and avocado), with respect to the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients. Samples were collected from recently expanded leaves of three crops orchard Farm education and research FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal campus, in January 2010, by collecting 12 samples for each culture with 25 leaves. The treatments consisted of two drying methods, greenhouse circulation of air regulated to a temperature of 70°C and FMO. We evaluated the mass of dry matter and foliar nutrients. The results suggest that the two drying methods tested did not interfere in the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients to crops analyzed, except the calcium levels in peach.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de secagem de folhas para três diferentes frutíferas (maracujá, pêssego e abacate), com relação à determinação da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas recém expandida de três culturas, do pomar da fazenda de ensino e pesquisa da FCAV-UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal, no mês de janeiro de 2010, coletando-se para cada cultura 12 amostras com 25 folhas cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por dois métodos de secagem, estufa de circulação de ar forçada regulada a uma temperatura de 70°C e o forno microondas (FMO). Avaliou-se a massa da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que os dois métodos de secagem testados se assemelham na determinação de matéria seca e nos teores foliares de macronutrientes para as culturas análisadas, exceto os teores de cálcio na cultura do pêssego.

RESUMO

The present study compared two heating methods currently used for antigen retrieval (AR) immunostaining: the microwave oven and the steam cooker. Myosin-V, a molecular motor involved in vesicle transport, was used as a neuronal marker in honeybee Apis mellifera brains fixed in formalin. Overall, the steam cooker showed the most satisfactory AR results. At 100 ºC, tissue morphology was maintained and revealed epitope recovery, while evaporation of the AR solution was markedly reduced; this is important for stabilizing the sodium citrate molarity of the AR buffer and reducing background effects. Standardization of heat-mediated AR of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections results in more reliable immunostaining of the honeybee brain.

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O processo de limpeza de equipamentos e utensílios em cozinhas domésticas e industriais é realizado com o auxílio de esponjas comerciais. Neste processo, parte dos resíduos alimentícios fica aderida às esponjas o que, juntamente com a água nelas retida, as transformam em um ótimo meio de cultura, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de microrganismos. A presente pesquisa visa confirmar a eficiência dos agentes sanificantes físicos, água quente e forno microondas, quando utilizados em esponjas comerciais contaminadas com Escherichia coli, Cândida Albicans e Staphylococcus aureus. Inoculou-se separadamente estes microrganismos em caldo Brain and Heart Infusion (BHI) e posteriormente comparou-se a turvação do meio com tubos da Escala Mc. Farland. Embeberam-se esponjas comerciais com este caldo e submeteram-se estas à ação da água quente por 30, 60, 120 e 180 segundos, e à ação do forno microondas (Panasonic potência de consumo 1100W / 1600W, freqüência 2450 MHz) por 15, 30 e 60 segundos. Os resultados comprovaram a eficiência de ambos os métodos, mostrando que água quente por 3 a 4 minutos e ação do forno microondas por 1 a 2 minutos, ambos a temperatura de 85°C, são eficientes métodos físicos na higienização de esponjas comerciais sendo a resistência dos microrganismos na seguinte ordem: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Cândida albicans, respectivamente.(AU)

The cleaning process of equipments and utensils in domestic and industrial kitchens is carried through with the aid of commercial sponges. In this process part of the food residues stays adhered to the sponges, which together with the retained water transform them into an excellent culture medium favoring the development of microorganisms. Therefore, the present research aimed to confirm the efficiency of the physical sanitizer agents, boilingwater and microwave oven heating, when used in commercial sponges contaminated with Escherichia coli. Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. These microorganisms were inoculated separately in Brain and Heart Infusion broth (BH1) and later its turbidity was compared with those of the Mc. Farland tubes. Commercial sponges were imbibed with the BH1 broth and submitted to the action of the hot water for 30, 60, 120 and 180 seconds, and to the microwave oven heating action (Panasonic consumption power l100W/1600vV, 2450frequency MHz)for 15, 30 and 60 seconds. The results con- .firmed the efficiency of both methods, showing that hot water for 3 the 4 minutes and heating by microwave oven for 1 the 2 minutes, both at temperature of85°C, are efficient physical methods in the sanitation process of commercial sponges. The resistance of the microorganisms showed to be in the following order: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, respectively. (AU)

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RESUMO

The honey crystallization is a frequent event and considered of major relevance as indicator of honey purity. It would be a reasonable aim to generalize the habit of consuming crystallized honey, but this objective is not easily reached because, the Brazilian consumers prefer the product in the liquid form. This paper deals with alterations in the honey quality, using HMF determination and diastase activity for polyfloral honey, Citrus honey and Eucalyptus honey melting in the microwave oven, in water bath and in the sun. In the microwave oven the honeys were exposed for one minute in high frequency. For water bath, procedure involved heating water up to a beginning of the boiling point, then taking it out of heating source, in order to put the samples of honey on it. Finally, the third method involved the use of solar wax extractor until complete honey melting. The HMF(mg/kg) averages for each one of the analyzed samples of honey submitted to melting, by each one of the described methods, were significantly higher than those of crystallized honey of the same floral origin, but in all the occurrences, the values were below 40 mg/kg, the upper limit allowed by Brazilian legislation. Only the diastase activity of the Citrus honey has shown reduction when the honey was submitted to liquefying in microwave oven and in water bath.

A cristalização do mel é um fato freqüente e considerado de grande importância como indicador da pureza do produto. O ideal seria criar o hábito de consumir o mel cristalizado, mas, como no Brasil os consumidores preferem o produto na forma líquida, os produtores, via de regra, aquecem o mel para que ele volte à esta forma. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar alterações na qualidade de méis por meio da determinação do HMF e do índice de diastase de méis silvestre, de laranjeira e de eucalipto submetidos a dissolução de cristais no formo microondas, em banho-maria e ao sol. Quando se utilizou o formo microondas os méis ficaram por um minuto em exposição, na potência alta. Para o banho-maria, a água foi aquecida até início de fervura e em seguida retirada do fogo para, imediatamente após, serem colocadas as amostras de mel. Na terceira forma de aplicação de calor utilizou-se um derretedor solar de cera, até dissolução completa dos cristais. As médias de HMF(mg/kg) de cada um dos méis submetidos à dissolução de cristais: no formo microondas, em banho-maria e ao sol foram significativamente maiores do que as do mel cristalizado da mesma origem floral, mas em todos os casos os valores foram inferiores aos 40mg/kg, máximo permitido pela legislação brasileira. Apenas o índice de diastase (Escala Gothe) do mel de laranjeira reduziu-se quando o mel foi submetido à dissolução de cristai

RESUMO

The honey crystallization is a frequent event and considered of major relevance as indicator of honey purity. It would be a reasonable aim to generalize the habit of consuming crystallized honey, but this objective is not easily reached because, the Brazilian consumers prefer the product in the liquid form. This paper deals with alterations in the honey quality, using HMF determination and diastase activity for polyfloral honey, Citrus honey and Eucalyptus honey melting in the microwave oven, in water bath and in the sun. In the microwave oven the honeys were exposed for one minute in high frequency. For water bath, procedure involved heating water up to a beginning of the boiling point, then taking it out of heating source, in order to put the samples of honey on it. Finally, the third method involved the use of solar wax extractor until complete honey melting. The HMF(mg/kg) averages for each one of the analyzed samples of honey submitted to melting, by each one of the described methods, were significantly higher than those of crystallized honey of the same floral origin, but in all the occurrences, the values were below 40 mg/kg, the upper limit allowed by Brazilian legislation. Only the diastase activity of the Citrus honey has shown reduction when the honey was submitted to liquefying in microwave oven and in water bath.

A cristalização do mel é um fato freqüente e considerado de grande importância como indicador da pureza do produto. O ideal seria criar o hábito de consumir o mel cristalizado, mas, como no Brasil os consumidores preferem o produto na forma líquida, os produtores, via de regra, aquecem o mel para que ele volte à esta forma. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar alterações na qualidade de méis por meio da determinação do HMF e do índice de diastase de méis silvestre, de laranjeira e de eucalipto submetidos a dissolução de cristais no formo microondas, em banho-maria e ao sol. Quando se utilizou o formo microondas os méis ficaram por um minuto em exposição, na potência alta. Para o banho-maria, a água foi aquecida até início de fervura e em seguida retirada do fogo para, imediatamente após, serem colocadas as amostras de mel. Na terceira forma de aplicação de calor utilizou-se um derretedor solar de cera, até dissolução completa dos cristais. As médias de HMF(mg/kg) de cada um dos méis submetidos à dissolução de cristais: no formo microondas, em banho-maria e ao sol foram significativamente maiores do que as do mel cristalizado da mesma origem floral, mas em todos os casos os valores foram inferiores aos 40mg/kg, máximo permitido pela legislação brasileira. Apenas o índice de diastase (Escala Gothe) do mel de laranjeira reduziu-se quando o mel foi submetido à dissolução de cristai