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BACKGROUND: The literature is unclear about how the different attachment systems for overdentures impact the maximum bite force, the masticatory efficiency and how this impact in the oral health self-perception in patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of two attachment systems (O-ring and Locator) for mandibular overdenture using single implant on quality of life, maximum bite force (BF) and masticatory efficiency (ME). METHODS: Twenty-eight completely edentulous denture wearers with a mandibular symphysis implant were randomly selected and allocated into two groups in a crossover study, considering O-ring and Locator attachment types. The quality of life and self-perception of oral health were assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-Edent) and Geriatric Index of Determination of Oral Health (GOHAI) questionnaires, respectively. BF was measured using a gnathodynamometer and ME by chewing silicone cubes and almonds in different numbers of cycles. RESULTS: There was no difference between the attachment systems about self-perceived oral health and impact on quality of life (p > .05). The O-ring-type system obtained a significantly higher BF than the locator-type system (p = .04). Regardless of the food chewed, no statistically significant difference was observed with the type of attachment (p > .05). The ME was directly proportional to the masticatory cycles only for almonds (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Locator and O-ring inserts had a similar impact on patients' quality of life, self-perception of oral health and ME. Additionally, the O-ring system exhibited superior properties in the BF.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of different denture-bearing conditions on the masticatory function and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of complete denture wearers. METHODS: Sixty edentulous patients were selected and allocated into two groups according to the American College of Prosthodontics' (ACP) classification: non-atrophic (NAT) (Classes I and II) (n = 24) and atrophic (AT) (Classes III and IV) (n = 36). All patients received new complete dentures (CDs). The objective variables (masticatory performance and swallowing threshold) were assessed as well as the PROMs (oral health-related quality of life (OHIP-EDENT), patient satisfaction) and quality of the prosthesis, at baseline (using the old CD) and after 4 months new prostheses use. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test followed by the Generalized Equations Estimation (GEE), linear regression and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Higher masticatory performance was observed in the NAT group (p < .05) for both time points, baseline and after 4 months. However, compared to baseline, both groups showed significant masticatory improvement after 4 months (p < .05). Satisfaction and overall quality of life improved after 4 months with no difference between groups (p > .05). Regarding the quality of the CD, baseline results were significantly (p < .05) lower in the AT group, but after 4 months, no significant differences were found between groups and in intragroup analysis (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: The denture-bearing conditions seems to impact masticatory function, but the PROMs are barely affected.

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Active management practices to reduce or promote particular vegetation, known as vegetation treatments, are a common part of environmental management and they are conducted for a variety of purposes including wildfire risk mitigation, invasive species management, and ecological restoration. Vegetation treatment for wildfire mitigation in particular have increased dramatically in the Western United States in the past several decades. While vegetation treatments are common, data regarding the timing, location, and type of treatments conducted are often only maintained by the organization that conducted the work, hampering the ability of managers and researchers to understand the distribution and timing of vegetation treatments across a landscape. This dataset is a collection of spatially referenced records of vegetation treatments such as mechanical thinning, prescribed burning, and herbicide applications that were conducted in the state of New Mexico, USA and adjacent parts of Colorado, Oklahoma, and Texas. Spatial data were collected through requests to the regional or state offices for the relevant agencies (e.g., The Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Forest Service, New Mexico State Forestry Division). The accuracy of this data collection approach was assessed by conducting more intensive data collection in five randomly selected focal watersheds across New Mexico. In these watersheds local offices of the larger agencies were contacted, as well as any smaller groups (e.g., soil and water conservation districts, municipalities, and environmental non-profits), and in person visits were made to gather any information on vegetation treatments possible. The overall dataset includes records of treatments spanning a century and includes records of 9.9 million acres of treatments conducted by more than a dozen different organizations. In the five focal watershed that we surveyed the database contained 7.4 % fewer acres of treated land than the more intensive interview approach. This spatially extensive dataset on vegetation treatments will be useful for researchers quantifying or modelling the effect of vegetation management on fire risk and behaviour. Additionally, this data will be useful to ecologists studying the distribution, movement, and habitat associations of a variety of plant an animal species. Finally, this data will be useful for research on landscape conservation and management.

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Opossums (marsupials of the Didelphidae family) retain a generalized masticatory apparatus and tribosphenic molars, often used as models to understand the evolution of mastication in early therian mammals. Like all marsupials, their growth goes through a stage when pups complete their development while permanently attached to the mother's teats before weaning and starting feeding on their own. Yet, while the masticatory muscles of adults are known, as is the ontogeny of the cranium and mandible, the ontogenetic changes in the masticatory muscles remain unknown. Here we describe for the first time the changes in the masticatory muscles observed in lactating pups, and weaned juveniles, subadults, and adults in the White-eared opossum, Didelphis albiventris, through dissection of 25 specimens and quantification of relative muscle masses, lines of actions and mechanical advantages whenever possible. We also assessed the scaling patterns of muscle masses and mechanical advantages through ontogeny. The main changes, as expected, were found between suckling and weaned specimens, although some changes still occurred from juveniles to adults. The adult adductor musculature is similar to the other Didelphis species already known, with a dominant m. temporalis that originates on the lateral wall of the skull, up to the sagittal and nuchal crests, and fills the zygomatic arch when inserting into the lateral and medial surfaces of the coronoid process, respectively through the pars superficialis and pars profunda. The m. masseter is also subdivided in superficial and deep bundles which originate posteriorly in the maxilla and zygomatic arch, and insert into the angular process and masseteric fossa in the mandible. The m. pterygoideus medialis originates from the palatine, the pterygoid bone and the alisphenoid, and it inserts on the angular process medially. Suckling pups showed muscles with more restricted attachments, reduced muscle lines of action, and less diversity in the fiber orientation. The absence of the postorbital constriction also resulted in a distinct morphology of the m. temporalis pars profunda, through two bundles, one anterior and one posterior, which insert more inferiorly into the mandible. These major changes can be related to the onset of mastication and to size-related changes in growing weaned age classes. In general, all adductor muscles grew with positive allometry, and increased their fixation areas through, in part, the development of specific regions of the cranium and mandible. Their lines of action also increase and diversify along ontogeny. These changes can be related to the functional requirements for fixation during lactation, which shift to adduction and mastication movements after weaning.

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BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the mid- to long-term masticatory capacity of mandibular overdenture (IOD) wearers, particularly regarding the use of posterior implants to retention. OBJECTIVES: To periodically evaluate mastication of IOD wearers, comparing the effectiveness of two to four implants to retain the prosthesis. METHODS: In a randomised controlled clinical trial, 20 complete edentulous patients (14 women), aged 51-84 years (mean age 69.1 ± 9.6), received new bimaxillary complete dentures (CD). After adaptation, baseline measurements of masticatory performance (X50) and swallowing threshold were conducted using the sieving method. Patients were then randomly assigned to groups: control (two intra-foraminal regular implants) and experimental (two intra-foraminal regular implants and two extra-short posterior implants) (n = 10 each). After 4 months, implants were splinted, and a new mandibular IOD was fabricated with bar/clip retention. Mastication was reassessed after 6, 12, and 48 months, and data analysed with repeated measures ANOVA and Sidak's post hoc (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Despite a loss of two patients per group, masticatory performance significantly improved after mandibular IOD installation (p = .031) in both groups (p = .670). A second improvement was observed after 6 months (p = .027), with no subsequent changes (p > .05). Swallowing threshold improvements were noted with IOD, and no discernible differences between groups were observed (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Masticatory function significantly improved after mandibular IOD installation, with the number of implants demonstrating minimal influence. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The present study was not registered in a public database, as mandated. It is important to note that the recommendation for registration was initiated in 2017 by the Committee of Medical Journal Editors, while patient inclusion in the research took place in 2016. Given that the data presented in this manuscript cover a follow-up period of up to 4 years post-surgical intervention, delayed registration was not feasible.

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OBJECTIVE: This prospective study is part of a randomised clinical trial and reports the changes in masticatory performance (MP) and bite force, and explores their influential factors, 1 year after the provision of mandibular overdentures retained by four titanium-zirconium mini implants. METHODS: Edentulous patients received conventional complete dentures, followed by placement of four mini implants (Straumann® Mini Implant System) in the anterior mandible and converting the conventional prosthesis into a mandibular overdenture. Treatment protocols were randomised using a 2×2 factorial design combining different surgical (flapped vs. flapless) and loading (immediate vs. delayed) protocols. MP was assessed using a two-colour mixing ability test and a colorimetric analysis to measure the level of colour mixing (Variance of Hue-VoH). Maximum voluntary bite force (MBF) was measured by a digital gnathodynamometer in the posterior and anterior regions. Sex, age, surgical and loading protocols and ridge morphology were tested as independent variables. MP and MBF tests were performed at baseline (pre-treatment) and the 3-, 6- and 12-month after implant loading. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and linear mixed-effect model (LMM) regression were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Seventy-four participants were assessed and 73 completed the 1-year follow-up. Statistically significant improvements in functional parameters were observed in all follow-up periods compared to baseline (p < .001). The flapless protocol was associated with higher improvement in MP at the 3-month follow-up (p = .004), while less resorbed ridges were associated with better MP (p = .038) and higher MBF (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The mandibular overdenture protocol using four titanium-zirconium mini implants was effective in improving MP and MBF of edentulous patients, compared to pre-treatment values. The findings also suggest that improvements in chewing function and bite force are impacted by clinical factors since better outcomes were observed for flapless surgeries and less resorbed edentulous ridges. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.Gov ID NCT04760457.

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Edentulism can generate negative impacts on self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, and oral functions. Removable prostheses are commonly used for tooth replacement, but they may cause discomfort due to micromovements during mastication. Objective and quantifiable methods are needed to evaluate these micromovements. A pilot study was conducted to determine the micromovements in removable prostheses during mastication using a 3D electromagnetic articulography (EMA-3D) system. One elderly participant wearing lower removable prostheses and an upper total well-fitting removable prosthesis was studied. The EMA-3D system was used to record movements in three spatial planes. Peanuts were given as test food, and the participant was instructed to chew normally while recordings were carried out until feeling the need to swallow. Analyses of the upper total prosthesis show micromovements ranging from 0.63 ± 0.11 to 1.02 ± 0.13 mm. During simultaneous analyses of the upper prosthesis and lower partial prosthesis, interference was not observed. This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of using the EMA-3D system to evaluate micromovements in removable prostheses during mastication. Further research is needed to evaluate a larger sample and assess the clinical implications of these micromovements.

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This systematic review answers the question: "Does occlusal appliance use influence masticatory muscle function of dentate individuals with sleep bruxism?". The literature search included six databases, grey literature, and manual search for articles. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials were included comparing muscle function of sleep bruxers before and after receiving occlusal appliances. Risk of bias was assessed with risk of bias assessment for randomized and non-randomized clinical trials tool. Twelve studies, three represent randomized clinical trials, were included. Risk of bias was considered low, moderate, or serious. Meta-analyses indicated that soft and hard appliances did not influence muscle activity and bite force of bruxers. Qualitative analysis showed that occlusal appliance use did not influence masticatory performance and muscle volume. However, it was effective in reducing tongue force. Certainty of evidence was considered very low for muscle activity when evaluated with hard appliances, and for bite force evaluated with both appliance materials. Low certainty of evidence was observed for muscle activity with soft appliances. Based on the findings of this meta-analysis, occlusal appliances do not affect masticatory muscle function of sleep bruxers. Regardless of appliance material, the activity of masseter and temporal, and bite force of sleep bruxers was not influenced.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between mortality and masticatory function in older adults living in long-term care facilities (LTCFs), controlling for demographic and health covariates. BACKGROUND: Poor oral health has been associated with mortality; however, no previous study investigated whether objective and self-reported poor masticatory function is a predictor of early mortality in LTCFs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Baseline characteristics of 295 participants were collected, including age, sex, polypharmacy, mobility, activities of daily living, frailty, nutritional status, and objective (masticatory performance - chewing gum) and self-reported masticatory function. The participants were followed-up with for 4 years to record the mortality data. Cox regression models were run to analyse the data (α = .05). RESULTS: During the 4-year follow-up, 124 (42.0%) participants died. Older adults with poor masticatory performance (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.07-2.36) and those who self-reported masticatory dysfunction (HR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.01-2.16) were at higher risk of early death than those with good mastication. However, in a multivariate model including both objective and self-reported masticatory function, only the objective measurement remained associated with early death (HR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.02-2.27). CONCLUSION: Poor masticatory performance seems to be associated with early death in older adults living in LTCFs, but they may have shared risk factors accumulated throughout life that were not covered by the study period.

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PURPOSE: This systematic review aimed to verify whether anatomic, semi-anatomic, or nonanatomic occlusal morphology of artificial teeth improves the masticatory function of complete or removable partial denture wearers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: According to the PICO strategy, six databases and the grey literature were searched to identify randomized (RCT) and non-randomized clinical trials (N-RCT) comparing masticatory function, in terms of masticatory performance and efficiency, and muscle activity as primary outcomes; and patient-reported results (O) in individuals using removable dentures (P) with different occlusal morphologies of artificial teeth (I/C). Masticatory ability, satisfaction with the prosthetic treatment, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0) for RCT and Risk of Bias for non-randomized studies with intervention (ROBINS-I) for N-RCT studies. Meta-analyses were performed to compare primary outcomes and masticatory ability between the occlusal morphologies of artificial teeth of complete or removable partial dentures (α = 0.05). Certainty of the evidence was verified using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Eleven studies (seven RCTs and four N-RCTs) were included. The risk of bias was considered low for two studies, some concerns for five, and high for the last four studies. Meta-analyses showed that removable partial dentures with anatomic artificial teeth improved masticatory efficiency for carrot chewing (MD 6.31; 95% CI [3.39, 9.22], I2 = 0%). However, masseter and temporal muscle activities increased when removable partial dentures with nonanatomic teeth were used (MD -756.97; 95% CI [-892.25, -621.68], I2 = 100%). Masticatory ability was not influenced by occlusal morphology during chewing of all foods in complete denture users: Carrot (MD -0.88, 95% CI [-8.98, 7.23], I2 = 57%); sausage (MD -8.86, 95% CI [-23.05, 5.33], I2 = 71%); apple (MD -5.78, 95% CI [-28.82, 17.26], I2 = 87%); and cheese (MD -4.16, 95% CI [-15.14, 6.82], I2 = 62%). The certainty of evidence for all evaluated outcomes was very low, mainly due to very serious problems found in the parameters of inconsistency, indirectness, and imprecision. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the very low certainty of evidence, the occlusal morphology of artificial teeth influences masticatory function. Anatomic teeth improved the masticatory efficiency and muscle activity of removable partial denture wearers. Nonanatomic teeth increased temporal and masseter muscle activity, which negatively affected chewing in removable partial denture users. However, patients using complete dentures with anatomic and semi-anatomic teeth presented similar masticatory ability.

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INTRODUCTION: The application of occlusal concepts in prosthodontics is still under debate.This study assessed the impact of compensating curves on the comminution of complete denture wearers. METHODS: Seven edentulous subjects, aged 64.6 ± 2.0 years, were rehabilitated with new muco-supported complete dentures and tested in two occlusal plane settings: with and without compensating curves. A randomised triple-blind clinical trial was conducted, considering one-week and one-month as adaptation periods for dentures. After each trial, the subjects were crossed over to their respective groups. One-week was also chosen as the washout period, and after that, the subjects were re-examined. The masticatory performance and swallowing threshold were determined while chewing Optocal test food. The multiple sieve method was used for fractionation and granulometry. RESULTS: During the masticatory performance and swallowing threshold estimates, no differences were found between the median particle sizes obtained with the both occlusal plane conditions (P ⟩ 0.05). However, the swallowing threshold improved after one month, resulting in smaller particle sizes. Moreover, the chewing rates for the both test foods were also increased (P ⟨ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the compensating curves did not have an impact on the masticatory function of subjects wearing complete dentures.

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ABSTRACT Purpose This study aimed to investigate three-dimensional facial soft tissue dimensions, maximum bite force (MBF), and occlusal contact area in patients with DFD. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between MBF and the three-dimensional facial measurements. Methods Thirty-two patients with skeletal Class III DFD and 20 patients with Class II DFD underwent a soft tissue evaluation using surface laser scanning, as well as MBF and occlusal contact area assessments. The DFD groups were compared with each other and with 25 healthy subjects. Results Significant morphological differences were found in the transversal, vertical, and anteroposterior dimensions between Class II DFD and Class III DFD. Both DFD groups presented an increased linear distance of chin height, which was strongly related with decreased MBF magnitude. The DFD groups exhibited lower MBF and occlusal contact area, with no significant differences between Class II and Class III DFD. Conclusion The presence of DFD affected 3D measurements of facial soft tissue, causing variations beyond normal limits, lower MBF, and occlusal contact area in both Class II and Class III DFD patients. The vertical dimension might have influenced the lower MBF magnitude in the studied skeletal deformities.

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RESUMO Há diversas abordagens que podem ser utilizadas para atingir os objetivos terapêuticos nos distúrbios relacionados às funções de mastigação, deglutição, fala e respiração. Entretanto, a literatura necessita de evidências que fundamentem o uso na prática clínica fonoaudiológica. O objetivo desta revisão foi mapear as sínteses de evidências sobre intervenção fonoaudiológica nas áreas de respiração, mastigação, deglutição e fala em adultos e idosos.‬ Foram incluídos apenas estudos classificados por seus autores como revisão sistemática, que abordaram terapia para disfunções orofaciais em indivíduos maiores de 18 anos. Os procedimentos realizados foram: busca eletrônica e manual; seleção dos estudos; extração dos dados; avaliação da qualidade dos estudos e análise de dados. Foi possível observar diversos tipos de intervenções principalmente voltadas à função de deglutição, abarcando desde a terapia tradicional até a utilização de dispositivos. Contudo, devido às limitações dos estudos, os dados devem ser interpretados com cautela.

ABSTRACT There are several types of approaches that can be used to achieve therapeutic goals in disorders related to the functions of mastication, swallowing, speech, and breathing. However, the literature lacks evidence to support their use in speech-language clinical practice. The objective of this review was to map the syntheses of evidence on speech-language pathology intervention in the areas of breathing, mastication, swallowing and speech in adults and the elderly. Only studies classified by their authors as a systematic review, studies that addressed therapy for orofacial disorders in individuals over 18 years of age were included. The procedures performed included: electronic and manual search; selection of studies; data extraction; evaluation of the quality of studies and data analysis. It was possible to observe different types of interventions mainly aimed at the swallowing function, ranging from traditional therapy to the use of devices. However, due to the limitations of the studies, the data must be interpreted with caution.

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Objetivo: avaliar a condição miofuncional orofacial de indivíduos com disfunção temporomandibular, caracterizar o padrão de mastigação e investigar a relação entre a condição miofuncional orofacial e o desempenho nas funções de mastigação e deglutição. Materiais e métodos: foram analisados prontuários de participantes de um projeto de extensão interdisciplinar de odontologia e fonoaudiologia. A idade mínima para compor a amostra foi 18 anos. Os participantes haviam realizado exame odontológico e avaliação fonoaudiológica, com o protocolo de Avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial com Escores. Os resultados foram apresentados por distribuição absoluta,relativa e medidas de tendência central.Foram aplicados o teste t-student para amostras independentes e correlação de Pearson para avaliar associação. O nível de significância adotado foi 5%. As análises foram realizadas no IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Resultados: Dezessete prontuários integraram a amostra. A média de idade dos participantes foi 41,2 anos (±12,2),76,5% eram do sexo feminino. A média do escore total (AMIOFE) indicou condição miofuncional normal (92,5±5,14), porém da mastigação (7,94±1,60) e deglutição (13,1±1,17) revelam prejuízos funcionais. Não houve diferença significativa entre homens e mulheres no escore total (p=0,687), tampouco nas diferentes categorias avaliadas. Discussão:Os escores totais encontrados neste estudo, na mastigação e deglutição, estão de acordo com outras pesquisas realizadas e revelam alteração na função. Conclusão: as alterações funcionais orofaciais encontradas nos indivíduos com disfunção temporomandibular crônica deste estudo estão relacionadas com a condição miofuncional orofacial de uma maneira geral, e devem ser consideradas na elaboração de planos de tratamento, com o objetivo de proporcionar maior estabilidade aos resultados.

Aim: to evaluate the orofacial myofunctional condition of individuals with temporomandibular disorders, to characterize the mastication pattern and to investigate the relationship between the orofacial myofunctional condition and performance in mastication and swallowing functions. Materials and methods: medical records of participants in an interdisciplinary extension project in dentistry and speech therapy were analyzed. The minimum age to compose the sample was 18 years old. The participants had undergone a dental examination and speech-language pathology assessment, using the Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation Protocol With Score protocol. Results were presented by absolute and relative distribution and measures of central tendency. Student's t-test for independent samples and Pearson's correlation were applied to assess association. The significance level adopted was 5%. Analyzes were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Results: seventeen medical records were part of the sample. The participants' mean age was 41.2 years (±12.2), 76.5% were female. The mean total score (OMES) indicated normal myofunctional condition (92.5±5.14), but mastication (7.94±1.60) and swallowing (13.1±1.17) revealed functional impairments. There was no significant difference between men and women in the total score (p=0.687), nor in the different categories evaluated. Discussion: The total scores found in this study, in mastication and swallowing, are in agreement with other studies carried out and reveal changes in function. Conclusion: functional variations found in subjects with chronic temporomandibular joint dysfunction in this study are related to general myofunctional orofacial disorder, and must be taken into consideration in treatment plans, with the aim of granting stability to the results.

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Masticatory myositis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that affects the muscles of mastication. The affected individual has difficulties in opening or closing the mouth, pain, and swelling in the acute phase, and significant atrophy of the affected musculature in the chronic phase. A guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) with a history of chronic hyporexia, recurrent cheek teeth overgrowth, and loss of facial silhouette, was suspected of having masticatory myositis. The disease was confirmed by computed tomography and histopathological examination of muscle fragments. The patient was treated with a protocol involving corticosteroids and gabapentin, and occlusal correction procedures.

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Mandibular movement recording is relevant for the planning and evaluation of mandibular function. These movements can include mandibular border movements (MBM) or mastication. Our objective was to characterize the kinematics of MBM and mastication among skeletal classes I, II, and III in the three spatial planes. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 30 participants. Instructions were provided on how to form Posselt's envelope and to perform masticatory. After data processing, we obtained numerical values for the areas, trajectories, and ranges of MBM that formed Posselt's envelope and the values for speed, masticatory frequency, and the areas of each masticatory cycle. Significant differences were found in the area of Posselt's envelope in the horizontal plane between skeletal classes I and III and in the range of right laterality between skeletal classes II and III. Mastication showed significant differences in the area of the masticatory cycles in the horizontal plane between classes I and III and between classes II and III. In conclusion, there were differences in MBM and mastication between skeletal classes III and I in the horizontal plane. This study supports the need to establish normal values for mandibular kinematics in skeletal class III.

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BACKGROUND: With the ageing process changes in the musculature of oro-facial structures take place, consequently there is a reduction in the strength and mobility of the lips, tongue and cheeks. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to correlate oro-facial structures and chewing and swallowing functions among a group of senior citizens and young adults and check the influence of lip and tongue pressure of these functions. METHODS: This is an observational, cross-sectional and analytical study. Thirty seniors with an average age of 67.13 years and 30 young adults with an average age of 22.03 years participated in the study. The Oro-facial Myofunctional Assessment Protocol with Scores for the Elderly and the Oro-facial Myofunctional Assessment Protocol with Expanded Scores were also used. The evaluation of the force of pressure of the lips and tip and dorsum of the tongue was carried out using the Biofeedback device Pró-Fono: Lip and Tongue Pressure. RESULTS: Young adults had a higher evaluation score for the aspect/posture of the face, cheeks, lips, mentalis muscle, tongue, mobility of lips, tongue, jaw and cheeks, chewing and swallowing functions, total time and chewing strokes, and tip pressure and dorsum of tongue. According to the Structural Equation Modelling, a direct relationship was found between the tongue dorsum pressure force and the swallowing function. CONCLUSION: With healthy ageing changes occurring in the appearance, posture and mobility of the lips, tongue, jaw and cheeks, with the seniors and reduced performance of chewing and swallowing functions.

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Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze masticatory characteristics in children from 7 to 10 years, and to compare these characteristics among normal weight, overweight and obese children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in northeast Brazil, with a sample of 160 children, aged 7 to 10 years. The authors evaluated: nutritional and dental status; food intake; masticatory parameters and orofacial myofunctional characteristics. The children were divided according to nutritional status into normal weight (n = 101), overweight (n = 33) and obesity (n = 26) groups. Results: The results showed that Obese children had a larger bite size (g) (median = 6.0, Q1-Q3 = 4.0-9.0, p = 0.049) and performed fewer masticatory sequences (median = 3.0, Q1-Q3 = 2.0-3.2, p = 0.024) than children with normal weight (median = 5.0, Q1-Q3 = 4.0-7.0; median = 4.0, Q1-Q3 = 3.0-5.0). Furthermore, obese children finished feeding in a shorter time (s) (median = 62.5, Q1-Q3 = 50.5-70.0, p = 0.039) than normal weight children (median = 66.0, Q1-Q3 = 56.5-78.0) and overweight children (median = 66.0, Q1-Q3 = 58.0-81.5). Conclusions: The present results suggest that obese children present changes in mastication, evidenced by larger bite-size, performing fewer masticatory sequences and rapid mastication, which may contribute to increased food consumption and the development of excess weight.

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The understanding of the relationship between orofacial structures and feeding habits in preschoolers is helpful for health professionals and those dedicated to food science. The hypothesis tested was whether this relationship is already present even at a very young age. This cross-sectional study included 91 healthy caries-free children (50 girls/41 boys; 3.4-6.2 years; mean 4.1 years) and a comprehensive evaluation of the stomatognathic system was performed: dietary intake, facial and occlusal morphology, gustatory sensitivity, bite and lip forces, and orofacial myofunctional aspects (mastication, swallowing and breathing functions). Principal component analysis summarized the variables related to the form and function of the orofacial aspects; further, K-means analysis identified two clusters of participants with similar aspects. Cluster 1 ("Low orofacial myofunctional functioning"; n = 51) was characterized by children who showed the worst performance of mastication, swallowing and breathing functions and whose parents reported the consumption of sweets, cookies, chocolate, but not fresh fruits the day before, in addition to the higher bottle-feeding and pacifier use duration. This cluster also showed higher sweet taste threshold. Cluster 2 ("High orofacial myofunctional functioning"; n = 40) showed lower bottle-feeding and pacifier use duration, higher gustatory sensitivity, greater maxillo-mandibular dimensions, and better orofacial function performance. The variables sex and BMI did not associate to clusters profile. The frequencies of open bite and current sucking habit (pacifier) also differed between clusters. The results showed that an association between form and function of the structures that comprise the stomatognathic system and dietary intake is already present in children with primary dentition.

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The objective of this study was to explore differences in bite size and the amount of intraoral processing of four different foods between a reference and a double portion in 8- to 10-year-old children and, also to explore if there were differences depending on the child's weight status. The study was undertaken in 8- to 10-year-old children (n = 89). Body mass index was determined, and weight status was established based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) guidelines. A reference (half a banana, half a large peeled carrot, a slice of loaf cake, and half a salami stick), and a double portion of each food were offered to children in a randomized order in two different sessions. Three consecutive bites were taken and averaged. Variables in this study were bite size (g), number of cycles until swallowing, sequence duration as well as cycles/g. Comparisons were performed with Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon tests, regressions and correlations were run. Bite size was ≈13% larger with the double portion (p ≤ .05 for salami, banana, and loaf cake). Cycles/g decreased for all foods with the double portion, although only significantly for banana and loaf cake. Normal and obese children had larger bite sizes (p ≤ .05) of banana than overweight children, while only obese had larger bites of loaf cake with the double portion. In conclusion, the bite size of foods in 8- to 10-year-old children increases (13%) when the portion size is doubled and the larger bite size leads to fewer cycles/g (8%). These effects differ among foods. These parameters do not depend on weight status.

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