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Macular holes (MHs), including atraumatic idiopathic and refractory MHs, affect central vision acuity due to full-thickness defects in the retinal tissue. The existing controversy regarding the pathophysiology and management of MHs has significantly improved with the implementation of internal limiting membrane (ILM) surgical techniques and improved MH closure rates. Thus, to determine the effect of ILM techniques on large idiopathic and refractory MH management, the present study systematically reviewed 5910 original research articles extracted from online literature databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Embase, following the PRISMA guidelines. The primary outcome measures were MH closure rate and postoperative visual acuity. A total of 23 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with adequate patient information and information on the effect of ILM peeling, inverted ILM flaps, autologous retinal transplantation (ART), and ILM insertion techniques on large idiopathic and refractory MH patients were retrieved and analyzed using RevMan software (version 5.3) provided by the Cochrane Collaboration. Statistical risk of bias analysis was also conducted on the selected sources using RoB2, which showed a low risk of bias in the included studies. A meta-analysis indicated that the inverted ILM flap technique had a significantly greater MH closure rate for primary MH than the other treatment methods (OR = 3. 22, 95% CI 1.34-7.43; p = 0.01). Furthermore, the findings showed that the inverted ILM flap group had significantly better postoperative visual acuity than did the other treatment options for patients with idiopathic MH (WMD = - 0.13; 95% CI = 0.22-0.09; p = 0.0002). The ILM peeling technique had the second highest statistical significance for MH closure rates in patients with idiopathic MH (OR = 2. 72, 95% CI: 1.26-6.32; p = 0.016). In refractory MHs, autologous retinal transplant (ART) and multilayer ILM plug (MIP) techniques improve the closure rate and visual function; human amniotic membrane grafting (hAMG) provides a high degree of anatomical outcomes but disappointing visual results. This study demonstrated the reliability and effectiveness of ILM techniques in improving the functional and anatomical outcomes of large idiopathic and refractory MH surgery. These findings will help clinicians choose the appropriate treatment technique for patients with idiopathic and refractory MH.

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BACKGROUND: Myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) is a complication of pathological myopia and encompasses various pathological conditions caused by tractional changes in the eye. These changes include retinoschisis, foveal retinal detachment, and lamellar or full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs). This meta-analysis evaluated the safety and efficacy of novel surgical for treating MTM. METHODS: To compare the outcomes of different surgical approaches for MTM, multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and the Meta-Register of Controlled Trials, were comprehensively searched. The meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.1. RESULTS: Nine comparative studies involving 350 eyes were included in this meta-analysis. There were significant differences between fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling (FSIP) and standard internal limiting membrane peeling (ILMP). Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity BCVA (standard mean difference (SMD): -0.10, 95% CI: -0.32 to 0.12) and central foveal thickness CFT (SMD: 0.05, 95% CI: -0.22 to 0.33) were not significantly different (p = 0.39 and p = 0.71, respectively). However, the postoperative BCVA improved significantly (SMD = - 0.47, 95% CI: - 0.80, - 0.14, p = 0.006) in the FSIP group compared to the standard ILMP group. Postoperative CFT did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.62). The FSIP group had a greater anatomical success rate than the other groups, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.26). The incidence of postoperative macular hole formation was significantly lower (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.07-0.54; p = 0.05) in the FSIP group than in the standard ILMP group. The unique characteristics of highly myopic eyes, such as increased axial length and structural changes, may have contributed to the greater incidence of FTMH in the ILMP group. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this meta-analysis, FSIP is the initial surgical approach for early-stage MTM and has shown promising outcomes. However, to establish the safest and most efficient surgical technique for treating different MTM stages, further comparative studies, specifically those focusing on ILMP and FSIP, are necessary. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered.

Assuntos

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BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii causes ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), involving inflammation, scarring, and retinal complications. The OT complications were retinal detachment (RD), and retinal breakage (RB). Surgical interventions like scleral buckling (SB) and vitrectomy are common. Limited understanding exists of the safety and efficacy of surgical management of RD/RB secondary to OT. Another complication is toxoplasmosis-related macular holes (tMH), with sparse evidence on surgical outcomes. This meta-analysis aims to clarify clinical characteristics, and surgical results, and enhance understanding of RD, RB, and MH secondary to OT. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane, Embase and Web of Science database were queried for retrospective studies, case series and case reports that provided information on RD, RB and MH associated with OT and reported the outcomes of: (1) Retinal reattachment of RD/RB and tMH closure; (2) Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement; and (3) Complications. Heterogeneity was examined with I2 statistics. A random-effects model was used for outcomes with high heterogeneity. Statistical analysis was performed using the software R (version 4.2.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). RESULTS: Fourteen final studies, comprising a total of 96 patients were analyzed, 81 with RD or RB and 15 with tMH. Overall, surgical management was associated with several advantages: a high rate of retinal reattachment of RD/RB of 97% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 92-100%; I2 = 0%), retinal reattachment of just RD of 96% (95% CI 89-100%; I2 = 30%) and tMH closure 97% (95% CI 87-100; I2 = 12%). There were significant differences in BCVA after surgeries in studies of RD/RB (MD 0.60; 95% CI 0.35-0.65; I2 = 20%) and MH (MD 0.67; 95% CI 0.50-0.84; I2 = 0%). The overall complication rate associated with surgical procedures in RD/RB secondary to OT was confirmed to be 25%. CONCLUSIONS: The systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the treatment approaches currently in use are effective, with a remarkable rate of retinal reattachment of RD/RB, tMH closure, and substantial improvements in visual acuity. More randomized, long-term studies on disease and surgical factors can provide valuable insights into their impact on anatomical and visual outcomes.

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BACKGROUND: We conducted a systematic review to compare  the effects of pneumatic vitreolysis (PV), enzymatic vitreolysis (EVL) with ocriplasmin, and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) on vitreomacular traction (VMT) syndrome and macular holes (MHs) to assess their efficacy as treatment options. METHODS: Databases, including PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov ( www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov ), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)-including the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 2)-, Ovid MEDLINE, and EMBASE (January 2000-October 2022), were searched to identify studies comparing the outcomes of PV versus PPV, PPV versus ocriplasmin and ocriplasmin versus PV. RevMan 5.1 was used for the meta-analysis of the studies. RESULTS: Among the 89 studies, 79 were considered eligible for qualitative analysis, and 10 quantitative studies were subjected to meta-analysis. PPV resulted in better postoperative visual acuity improvement than ocriplasmin (standardized mean deviation (SMD) = 0.38, 95% CI 0.03-0.73, p = 0.0003). PV resulted in no significant difference in visual improvement compared  with  PPV (SMD = - 0.15, 95% CI - 0.47 to 0.16, p = 0.35). PPV was significantly more effective in terms of the VMT release rate (risk ratio = 0.48, 95% CI 0.38-0.62, p = 0.00001) and MH closure rate (risk ratio = 0.49, 95% CI 0.30-0.81, p = 0.006) than ocriplasmin. PV was more effective than ocriplasmin in terms of the VMT release rate (risk ratio = 0.49, 95% CI 0.35-0.70, p = 0.0001). Qualitative analysis showed MH closure rates of 46%, 47.8%, and 95% and VMT releases rates of 46%, 68% and 100% after ocriplasmin, PV, and PPV treatments, respectively.  Adverse events and postoperative complications occurring after treatment have also been documented in these studies. CONCLUSION: PPV appears to be the most promising option for MH closure and VMT release, with fewer serious complications than EVL  or PV. However, given the limited number of studies comparing these treatments, further research is needed to establish the superiority of PPV over the other options.

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The formation of a macular hole after vitrectomy due to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is a rare complication. Although there are different surgical options in the treatment of these macular holes with favorable outcomes, it has been shown that the history of macula-off retinal detachment is the most important risk factor related to the need for multiple interventions to close these macular holes, therefore special attention should be paid in the management of these patients. We present the case of a patient with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment who required treatment with cataract surgery with intraocular lens implant and pars plana vitrectomy. Four years after the primary surgery, she presented a large macular hole, and was treated with membrane of plasm rich in growth factors with closure of the macular hole and visual improvement without recurrence 12 months after surgery.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to do a comprehensive literature review about the current role of pars plana vitrectomy in uveitis and in its different structural complications such as cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membrane, macular hole, and retinal detachment. METHODS: This comprehensive literature review was performed based on a search on PubMed, BioMed Central, Science Open, and CORE databases, of relevant articles abording pars plana vitrectomy in uveitis. DISCUSSION: Uveitis is a complex disease with multiple etiologies and pathogenic mechanisms. Therapeutic pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) may aid in uveitic structural complications such as cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membranes, macular hole, and retinal detachments even though some cases may present unpredictable visual outcomes. Diagnostic PPV with appropriate ancillary testing is also a valuable tool for the assessment and diagnosis of uveitis in a large proportion of patients. CONCLUSION: Over the years, pars plana vitrectomy has undergone significant transformations since its invention nearly 5 decades ago, however, the quality of evidence in the literature regarding its use for uveitis has not improved in the same way. Even though some structural uveitis complications (as previously mentioned) may respond well to surgery, there is still a certain unpredictability regarding its visual outcomes. On the other hand, diagnostic vitrectomy with appropriate ancillary testing is also a valuable tool for the assessment and diagnosis of uveitis in a large proportion of patients.

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In this paper, we compare the post-operative macular microvascular parameters (vascular density and foveal avascular zone) in eyes with refractory macular hole (MH) that underwent pars plana vitrectomy and autologous retinal transplant (ART) with the fellow unoperated eye. We conducted a retrospective case control study of six consecutive patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy and ART with at least six months of post-operative follow-up. Pre-operatively, all eyes underwent SD-OCT (Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography) examination. Post-operative OCT-A analyses included vascular density (VD) and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area. Six patients with a mean age of 63.7 ± 14.3 years were included. The mean follow-up was 24 months (range 6-30 months). The pre-operative BCVA (best-corrected visual acuity) was 0.99 ± 0.46 logMAR and 1.02 ± 0.23 logMAR at the last post-operative visit (p = 1.00). The mean MH diameter was 966 ± 620 µm. VD in the MH group was 28.1 ± 7.3% compared to 20.2 ± 2.9% in the fellow eyes group (p < 0.05). The mean post-operative FAZ area in the MH group was 109.8 ± 114.6 mm2 compared to 41.5 ± 10.4 mm2 in the control group (p < 0.05). In all six eyes, MH closure was obtained. The post-operative visual acuity did not improve after ART. Eyes with a closed MH showed a bigger FAZ with a higher VD compared to the fellow healthy eye.

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Introducción: El agujero macular idiopático se caracteriza como la pérdida central de la agudeza visual. La presentación bilateral se presenta con una frecuencia desde el 4,8 hasta el 30 por ciento y el cierre espontáneo para diámetros menores a 250 um es de 3,5 por ciento. Objetivo: Describir las formas de presentación y tratamientos alternativos en pacientes con agujero macular idiopático. Presentación de caso: Paciente mujer de 66 años sin antecedentes médicos que presenta un agujero macular idiopático bilateral y simultáneo. En el examen de tomografía de coherencia óptica del ojo derecho presentó 190 um y del ojo izquierdo 210 um. En el ojo izquierdo se le realizó intervención quirúrgica y en el ojo derecho presentó un cierre espontáneo con evolución favorable anatómica y funcional. Conclusiones: Los agujeros maculares idiopáticos se pueden presentar de manera bilateral. Las opciones terapéuticas y el manejo quirúrgico son algunas de las alternativas para su atención(AU)

Introduction: Idiopathic macular hole is characterized as central loss of visual acuity. Bilateral presentation occurs with a frequency from 4.8 percent to 30 percent and spontaneous closure for diameters less than 250 um is 3.5 percent. Objective: To describe the forms of presentation and alternative treatments in patients with idiopathic macular hole. Case presentation: We present a case of a 66-year-old female patient with no medical history presenting with a simultaneous bilateral idiopathic macular hole. Optical coherence tomography examination of the right eye showed 190 um and of the left eye 210 um. In the left eye she underwent surgical intervention and in the right eye she presented spontaneous closure with favorable anatomical and functional evolution. Conclusions: Idiopathic macular holes can present bilaterally and therapeutic options and surgical management are some of the alternatives for their care(AU)

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Purpose: To report non-operative closure of an idiopathic full thickness macular hole (FTMH) spontaneous secondary to the development of a macular epiretinal membrane (ERM). Observations: A 68-year-old woman, with no relevant medical history, and a 6-month history of decreased visual acuity in her right eye was diagnosed to have an idiopathic FTMH. The patient refused surgery and the FTMH was followed-up for seven years. The spectral domain optical coherent tomography follow-up showed the evolution of the FTMH and its spontaneous closure after development of an ERM. In the presence of an ERM with vitreo-papillary detachment, it is possible that the centripetal forces involved helped bring together the edges of the macular hole resulting in a possible spontaneous closure. Additionally and separately, the presence of an ERM may act as scaffolding for Muller cell migration and consequent macular hole closure. Conclusions and importance: Development of an ERM was followed by non-operative FTMH closure in this specific case. It is important to note, that this is an extraordinary situation in which the patient had a favorable anatomical evolution despite having rejected conventional surgical intervention. Studies aimed at determining the mechanisms and situations in which these cases occur could provide answers that help us make more appropriate decisions. To our knowledge, the present case is the first in the literature to report a spontaneous closure of a FTMH secondary to the appearance and progression of a previously non-existent ERM.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to report one case of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) recurrence after vitrectomy and review the scientific basis about it. CASE REPORT: A 58-year-old male patient with previous OT, properly treated, underwent vitrectomy due to macular hole. During follow-up, patient evolved with recurrence of the OT. After 1 year, patient presents visual acuity of 20/200 and extensive macular scar. CONCLUSION: There is no consensus on using perioperative antiparasitic therapy aiming recurrence prophylaxis. Studies with better statistical design are necessary to evaluate the recurrence risk after ocular surgeries and the possible recommendation of prophylaxis, especially in countries where the strains are more virulent and the recurrence more common.

Assuntos

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BACKGROUND: Cataract surgery with multifocal IOLs could give patients good vision and great satisfaction, at the same time generating high expectations; therefore, its precise indication is essential if we are to reach our goal. The use of optical coherence tomography may be a valuable tool in the screening of macular diseases, which often cannot be detected in routine clinical examinations. This study evaluates the benefit of including spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in routine preoperative cataract surgery protocols for better case selection in multifocal IOLs. METHODS: Observational and retrospective clinical study that includes patients with an indication for multifocal IOL implantation who underwent retinal fundus exam and SD-OCT examination between 2018 and 2019. The clinical examination with ophthalmoscopy and SD-OCT imaging results were evaluated to observe their influence on the final choice of the lens implanted lens in cataract surgery. RESULTS: 405 eyes from 207 patients with multifocal IOL indication were included. It was found that 220 (54.2%) of all indicated multifocal or trifocal IOLs were in fact implanted. The most important reason for not implanting the indicated IOL was financial, in 116 (59.46%) eyes. The second cause were retinal abnormalities detected by SD-OCT, 63 eyes (15.6%). Those abnormalities included dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (50.7%), neovascular AMD (3.1%), vitreomacular adhesion (11.1%), diabetic macular edema (3.1%), epiretinal membrane (ERM) (25.3%) and other macular abnormalities (6.3%). Of the 63 eyes with an abnormal SD-OCT result, 44 (69.8%) were also identified by fundus examination. Nineteen (30.2%) eyes had abnormalities detected only by SD-OCT imaging with a normal clinical exam. CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of SD-OCT imaging may help diagnose pre-existing macular pathologies not identified by clinical exam, helping both physicians and patients choose the ideal IOL individually and has the potential to prevent unsatisfactory functional results.

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There is a wide spectrum of macular conditions that are characterized by an irregular foveal contour caused by a break in the inner fovea. These include full-thickness macular hole (FTMH), foveal pseudocyst, lamellar macular hole (LMH) and macular pseudohole (MPH). Clinical examination of vitreomacular interface disorders is notoriously poor in differentiating these conditions. These conditions were initially described with slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and the main goal was to distinguish an FTMH from the others. The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized our understanding of the foveal microstructural anatomy and has facilitated differentiating these conditions from an FTMH. However, the definitions of the other conditions, particularly LMH, has evolved over the past two decades. Initially the term LMH encompassed a wide spectrum of clinical conditions. As OCT became more widely used and observations became more refined, two different phenotypes of LMH became apparent, raising the question of different pathogenic mechanisms for each phenotype. Tractional and degenerative pathological mechanisms were proposed. Epiretinal membranes (ERMs) associated with each phenotype were identified. Typical ERMs were associated with a tractional mechanism, whereas an epiretinal proliferation was associated with a degenerative mechanism. Epiretinal proliferation represents Müller cell proliferation as a reactive process to retinal injury. These two types of ERM were differentiated by their characteristics on SD-OCT. The latest consensus definitions take into account this phenotypic differentiation and classifies these entities into LMH, MPH and ERM foveoschisis. The initial event in both ERM foveoschisis and LMH is a tractional event that disrupts the Müller cell cone in the foveola or the foveal walls. Depending on the extent of Müller cell disruption, either a LMH or an ERM foveoschisis may develop. Although surgical intervention for LMH remains controversial and no clear guidelines exist for pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), eyes with symptomatic, progressive ERM foveoschisis and LMH may benefit from surgical intervention.

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Full-thickness macular hole is a rare complication of macular telangiectasia type 2, and its treatment is still controversial. A patient with a full-thickness macular hole secondary to macular telangiectasia type 2 underwent vitreoretinal surgery with a plasma rich in growth factors membrane in the macular hole. At the sixth month of follow-up, anatomical and functional improvements were achieved, with no adverse effects. Plasma rich in growth factors is a new option, with advantages due to its biological properties that achieves good results in terms of safety and effectiveness in the surgical treatment of macular hole.

Assuntos

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BACKGROUND: Full-thickness idiopathic macular hole (IMH) usually causes serious visual deformities and visual acuity loss. Pseudophakic cystic macular edema, also known as Irvine-Gass syndrome, is another entity that causes visual disturbances, and occurs mainly after cataract extraction. We present a case report of a patient that was diagnosed with a full-thickness macular hole that spontaneously closed after the resolution of an Irvine-Gass syndrome, which occurred after an uneventful cataract extraction. CASE PRESENTATION: A 75 years-old female presented with the complaints of decreased visual acuity and color contrast sensitivity on both eyes (OU) and central visual field deformations on her left eye (LE). She was diagnosed with a full-thickness IMH on her LE, and cataract on OU. After an uneventful cataract extraction via phacoemulsification, she developed an Irvine-Gass syndrome at her LE, which was treated topically. The IMH closed spontaneously after the resolution of the Irvine-Gass syndrome, and the patient is being followed with no further complaints. CONCLUSION: The exact mechanism for spontaneous closure of full-thickness idiopathic macular holes is still not completely understood. In this case, we hypothesize that the coalesced intraretinal cysts caused by the Irvine-Gass syndrome formed a bridge-like structure connecting the inner walls of the macular hole, thus connecting the remnants of the Muller cells which enabled the full recovery of the normal foveal structure.

Assuntos

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This case report describes a novel surgical technique for the treatment of macular hole and focal macular detachment associated with high myopia and posterior staphyloma. A 65-year-old female presented with a stage 3C myopic traction maculopathy and VA of 20/600. OCT examination confirmed a macular hole of 958 µm diameter, posterior staphyloma, and macular detachment. We performed combined phacoemulsification surgery with 23G pars plana vitrectomy; the anterior capsule was preserved and divided into two equal circular laminar flaps. We proceeded with central and peripheral vitrectomy, brilliant blue staining, and partial ILM peeling; capsular sheets were introduced sequentially in the vitreous chamber, the first one was implanted below the hole and attached to pigment epithelium, the second lamina was inserted into the hole, and the remaining portion of ILM was implanted crosswise below the edges of the hole. Macular-hole closure and progressive reapplication of the macular detachment were obtained, with a final VA of 20/80. Treatment of macular holes and focal macular detachment in high myopic eyes is complex, even for experienced surgeons. We propose a new technique with additional mechanisms based on anterior lens capsule and internal limiting membrane tissue properties that showed functional and anatomical improvement and could be considered an alternative treatment.

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BACKGROUND: To describe the spontaneous closure of a degenerative lamellar macular hole with epiretinal proliferation (LHEP) as documented with tracked spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-years-old diabetic female patient presented with progressive vision loss in the left eye. SD-OCT illustrated LHEP associated with cystic fluid in the outer nuclear layer. Sequentially tracked SD-OCT showed progressive closure of the degenerative lamellar macular hole and resolution of the CME over almost 4 years, in the absence of any surgical intervention. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: LHEP may represent a specialized form of degenerative epiretinal membrane associated with Muller cell activation. Spontaneous degenerative LMH closure may rarely occur with these lesion types, in the absence of surgical intervention, possibly due to Muller cell proliferation preceded by PVD.

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The aim of the study was to describe the ocular findings following an accidental high-voltage electrical discharge. A 32-year-old male suffered an accidental electric discharge of 10,000 volts of direct current. He developed cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular opacities in both the eyes. The retinal examination showed bilateral macular cysts. Four months after the event, the macular cyst in the OD spontaneously regressed without visual improvement. The macular cyst in the OS remained unchanged. High-voltage electrical discharge can lead to bilateral maculopathy and cataracts. The visual prognosis is reserved. The visual acuity may not improve despite macular cyst regression.

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The purpose of this case report is to describe a chandelier-assisted bimanual autologous retinal transplantation (ART) with air tamponade technique for the treatment of a large macular hole (MH). A patient with a primary chronic large MH, who underwent chandelier-assisted bimanual ART with the use of air tamponade is described. The MH diameter was 888 µm. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured postoperatively; clinical pictures and optical coherence tomography were analyzed. Baseline preoperative BCVA was 20/400. Closure of the MH was achieved. At 7 months, post-surgery BCVA improved to 20/50. Optical coherence tomography examinations showed the integration of the autologous transplant with the adjacent macular tissue and continuity preservation of the ellipsoid layer. In conclusion, chandelier-assisted bimanual ART with air tamponade technique was effective in achieving complete MH closure and long-term visual improvement.

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BACKGROUND: The purpose of the current study is to report the anatomical and functional results of off-label human amniotic membrane graft as primary intervention to repair large to giant macular holes and in reoperations when wide internal limiting membrane peeling was unsuccessful. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was carried out in five different centers to identify all cases that had undergone off-label human amniotic membrane graft for the treatment of large or failed macular holes (MH). Data collected included age, gender, other concomitant diagnosis, symptoms duration, lens status, number of previous surgeries, macular hole measurements (minimum and base linear diameters), mean post-operative follow-up (months), and pre- and post-operative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Main outcome measures were anatomical MH closure rates and final BCVA (in logMAR). Nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used because the data was not normally distributed, a P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Nineteen eyes of 19 patients were identified and included in the study. Mean age was 66.21 ± 14.96 years and predominantly females (84%). All eyes had successfully closed MH with a single intervention with no recurrences during a mean of 9 ± 3.87 months follow-up. The median BCVA in logMAR preoperative was 1.30 ± 0.44 (0.80-2.0), approximately 20/400 on Snellen chart and the median BCVA in logMAR postoperative was 1.0 ± 0.72 (0.4-3.0) approximately 20/200 (p < 0.0001) with median of three lines of visual improvement. CONCLUSION: The use of human amniotic membrane graft seems to be a viable and effective alternative for the treatment of large and persistent macular holes. However, further larger prospective controlled studies are necessary to confirm our preliminary results of this new surgical technique.