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Background: The aim of this study was to determine the advantages of preoperative sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM) by single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT / CT) in patients with early-stage cutaneous head-and-neck malignancies. Materials and Methods: We conduct a 7-year and 6 months retrospective, cross-sectional study. Patients with early-stage malignant head-and-neck skin tumors and cutaneous adnexa who underwent SLNM by SPECT/CT from March 2012 and December 2019, were included in the study. Results: We retrospectively analyzed 28 patients: Melanoma was the most frequent tumor (64.2%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (25%). The anterior cheek was the most common functional subsite (25%). Twenty-seven patients (96.4%) had a successful SLN detection with SPECT/CT. Neck lymph node dissection was performed in 23 patients (82.1%). According to the pathological specimen, lymph nodes were found in all of them; hence, the efficacy of the SPECT/CT for SLNM was 100%. At 7-year follow-up, systemic recurrence was found in one patient (3.6%), another had locoregional recurrence (3.6%), and the mortality rate was 3.6%. Conclusions: In early-stage malignant head-and-neck skin tumors, there is a high concordance between SLN found by SPECT/CT and the histopathological results. Preoperative SPECT/CT accurately detects the SLN, assesses unexpected lymph nodes and their drainage pathways, and facilitates their location by reliably showing the relationships between sentinel nodes and important anatomic structures. This allows to perform a clear preoperative evaluation, an accurate staging for all patients and to avoid excessive dissections that could result in cosmetic and functional deformities.

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Non-FDA approved foreign substances injected in areas such as the hips and buttocks for aesthetic purposes have resulted in significant complications including secondary lymphedema. We sought to demonstrate lymphoscintigraphic abnormalities in a group of patients with lower extremity edema following infiltration of foreign substances in but-tocks and hips to confirm secondary lymphedema. This retrospective and observational study examined 10 lower extremities for lymphoscintigraphic abnormalities from patients with history of infiltration of foreign substances and subsequent complaints about lower extremity edema. Clinical evaluation, lymphedema index, lymphoscintigraphy, and Transport Index (TI) were evaluated. The average lymphedema index documented in each limb was 236.45 categorizing most of our patients in a lower limb lymphedema stage I. The average TI was 15.7 points (8.6 - 22.8 points) demonstrating that all patients show abnormal lymphoscintigraphy (LSG) patterns. LSG findings confirm the diagnosis of lower extremity lymphedema secondary to injection of foreign substances in the buttocks and hips in the group of patients studied.

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Abstract Introduction The efficacy of sentinel node biopsy in early stage oral cancer is well established. Its evolving role can be reinforced by further studies. Objective Analyzing the predictability of the levels of echelon nodes for various oral cavity tumor subsites on sentinel node biopsy. Methods A prospective study of 20 patients with stage I/II oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent sentinel node biopsy-guided neck dissection between January 2017 and 2018 at our institute. The procedure included radiotracer injection, imaging (lymphoscintigraphy, single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography), and gamma probe application. Sentinel node detection on imaging and gamma probe were compared. Results Out of 20 patients, 13 (65%) had carcinoma of the tongue, 6 (30%) had buccal mucosa carcinoma, and 1 (5%) had retromolar trigone carcinoma. Themean age of the patients was 52.3 years. A total of 13 (65%) patients were male, and 7 (35%) were female. The sentinel node identification rates with imaging and gamma probe were of 70% and 100% respectively. In tongue and retromolar trigone primaries, the most common first-echelon nodes in both modalities were levels IIA and IB respectively. For buccal mucosa primaries, first-echelon nodes were detected only with the gamma probe, which was level IB. On imaging, second-echelon nodes were detected only for tongue primaries, and had equivalent incidence of levels II, III, and IV. On the gamma probe, level IIA, followed by III, and IV for the tongue, and level IIA were the most common second-echelon nodes for the buccal mucosa. Third-echelon nodes were detected only with the gamma probe for tongue carcinoma at level IV. Conclusion The combined use of imaging and gamma probe provides the best results, with high identification rate and predictability of echelon levels.

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Introduction The efficacy of sentinel node biopsy in early stage oral cancer is well established. Its evolving role can be reinforced by further studies. Objective Analyzing the predictability of the levels of echelon nodes for various oral cavity tumor subsites on sentinel node biopsy. Methods A prospective study of 20 patients with stage I/II oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent sentinel node biopsy-guided neck dissection between January 2017 and 2018 at our institute. The procedure included radiotracer injection, imaging (lymphoscintigraphy, single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography), and gamma probe application. Sentinel node detection on imaging and gamma probe were compared. Results Out of 20 patients, 13 (65%) had carcinoma of the tongue, 6 (30%) had buccal mucosa carcinoma, and 1 (5%) had retromolar trigone carcinoma. The mean age of the patients was 52.3 years. A total of 13 (65%) patients were male, and 7 (35%) were female. The sentinel node identification rates with imaging and gamma probe were of 70% and 100% respectively. In tongue and retromolar trigone primaries, the most common first-echelon nodes in both modalities were levels IIA and IB respectively. For buccal mucosa primaries, first-echelon nodes were detected only with the gamma probe, which was level IB. On imaging, second-echelon nodes were detected only for tongue primaries, and had equivalent incidence of levels II, III, and IV. On the gamma probe, level IIA, followed by III, and IV for the tongue, and level IIA were the most common second-echelon nodes for the buccal mucosa. Third-echelon nodes were detected only with the gamma probe for tongue carcinoma at level IV. Conclusion The combined use of imaging and gamma probe provides the best results, with high identification rate and predictability of echelon levels.

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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this report is to examine the viability and safety of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and radio guided sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for conjunctival melanoma, and to identify the best technique to perform this procedure. METHODS: Three patients diagnosed with malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva underwent lymphoscintigraphy and SLN biopsy using a dual technique comprising isosulfan blue dye and technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid. Each patient was anesthetized and the conjunctival melanoma was excised. SLNs were localized by a gamma probe, identified according to radioactivity and sentinel blue printing, and dissected, along with drainage of the associated lymphatic basins. The SLNs were evaluated by a pathologist using hematoxylin-eosin staining following serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry using a triple melanoma cocktail (S-100, Melan-A, and HMB-45 antigens). RESULTS: Two SLNs were stained in the jugular chain during preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in the first patient, two SLNs were identified in the preauricular and submandibular areas in the second patient, and two SLNs were identified in the submandibular and parotid areas in the third patient. All lymph nodes identified by lymphoscintigraphy were dissected and identified at surgery with 100% accuracy in all three patients. All SLNs were histologically and immunohistochemically negative. Patients had good cosmetic and functional results, and maintained their visual acuity and ocular motility. CONCLUSION: Patients with conjunctival melanoma can undergo preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and SLN biopsy safely using radioactive technetium and isosulfan blue dye.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the transport of radiotracers in lymphatic collectors during manual lymphatic therapy. The legs of four male and two female patients with leg lymphedema were assessed using lymphoscintigraphy before, during and after manual lymphatic therapy. The ages of the patients, treated in Hospital de Base in Sao Jose do Rio Preto, ranged from 42 to 64 years with a mean age of 51.2 years. Consecutive patients with grade II leg lymphedema were enrolled in this study. Patients with lymphedema secondary to lymphadenectomy, active infections and weight greater than 130 kg were excluded. Patients were submitted to manual lymphatic therapy, which consists of the collapsing of capillaries using manual compression which is then slid along the skin in a stroking action in the direction of the lymph flow within lymphatic vessels towards the lymph nodes. Two dynamic studies were performed; the first was over 40 minutes (3 images every 10 minutes) which was immediately followed by an entire body scan. A second dynamic evaluation was performed taking images at 10-second intervals over 2 minutes during manual lymphatic therapy. To evaluate the displacement of radiotracers, the path of lymphatic collectors from the knee to a lymph node in the upper thigh was divided into five similarly sized regions of interest. The concentration of radiotracer was quantified in each of the regions of interest. The paired t-test was used for statistical analysis with an alpha error of 5% (p value < 0.05) being considered statistically relevant. The results show statistically significant differences in the number of particles in all the regions of interest comparing before and after treatment (two-tail paired t-test: p value < 0.0001). Manual lymphatic therapy improves the transport of radiotracers in lymphatic collectors.

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Melanoma incidence has been increasing worldwide. For localized melanoma, the status of the sentinel lymph node is the most important prognostic factor. This study aimed to evaluate the systematization of a technique to identify the sentinel lymph node anatomically by using lymphoscintigraphy and patent blue. Method: A total of 12 cases were studied between March 2009 and March 2012. The treatment protocol followed criteria established by the Brazilian Group of Melanoma. Patients were evaluated for age, sex, thickness of the primary lesion, localization of drainage site ofthe sentinellymph node,and presence ofmetastases. Results: The majority of patients were male and the mean age was 49.7 years. The types of thickness most frequently found were Breslow thickness 0- 1 mm and Clark levei lI. Ali of the dissected lymph nodes were stained with patent blue. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the lymph nodes were negative for metastases. Conclusions: The combined use of lymphoscintigraphy and patent blue allows for the precise localization of the sentinel lymph node, with a fast learning curve for surgeons, and low operative morbidity.

A incidência do melanoma vem aumentando em todo o mundo. O status do linfonodo sentinela é o fator prognóstico mais importante para o melanoma localizado. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sistematização da técnica de identificação anatômica do linfonodo sentinela com o uso de linfocintigrafia e azul patente. Método: Foram estudados 12 casos no período de março de 2009 a março de 2012. O protocolo de tratamento seguiu os critérios do Grupo Brasileiro de Melanoma. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto a idade, sexo, espessura da lesão primária, localização dos sítios de drenagem do linfonodo sentinela, e presença de metástases. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino e a média de idade era de 49,7 anos. Em relação à espessura, os tipos mais encontrados foram 0-1 mm de Breslow e nível II de Clark. Todos os linfonodos dissecados foram corados por azul patente. A análise histológica e imuno-histoquímica dos linfonodos foi negativa para metástases. Conclusões: O uso combinado de linfocintigrafia e azul patente permite a localização precisa do linfonodo sentinela, com rápida curva de aprendizado e baixa morbidade operatória.

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Objetivo: Determinar la factibilidad y seguridad del ganglio centinela (GC) con el uso combinado del mapeo linfático con Tc 99 y la inyección de colorante azul (patent blue) en pacientes con cáncer de cérvix temprano sometidas a histerectomía radical con linfadenectomía pélvica bilateral. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo. Institución: Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pacientes con cáncer temprano de cuello uterino. Intervenciones: Entre diciembre de 2003 y diciembre de 2006, 66 pacientes con cáncer temprano de cuello estadios IA2 (n=2), IB1 (n=63) y IIA (n=1) fueron sometidas a detección del ganglio linfático centinela con linfoscintigrafía el día previo a la operación y mapeo linfático intraoperatorio con colorante azul y sonda detectora de radiación gama. El tratamiento quirúrgico se completó con la realización de la histerectomía radical y linfadenectomía pélvica bilateral, por laparotomía. Principales medidas de resultados: Detección de ganglios centinelas. Resultados: En las 66 pacientes estudiadas se detectó 136 ganglios centinelas, con un promedio de 2,06 por paciente. Se utilizó el método combinado (Tc 99 y patent blue). La localización más frecuente fue la región obturatriz con un 69,9% (n=95). Se halló metástasis en los ganglios pélvicos en 11 pacientes, que fueron correctamente localizadas en el ganglio centinela con una sensibilidad de 100%. Cuando el ganglio centinela fue negativo, no se encontró metástasis en los ganglios no centinela (VPN 100%). Conclusiones: La identificación del ganglio centinela con tecnecio-99 combinado con la inyección de colorante azul es factible y mostró un valor predictivo negativo de 100%.

Objective: To determine sentinel node (SN) detection feasibility and safety by using lymphatic mapping with 99m Tc Dextrán and injection of blue dye (patent blue) in patients with early cervical cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru. Participants: Patients with early cervical cancer. Interventions: Between December 2003 and December 2006, 66 patients with early cervical cancer stages IA2 (n = 2), IB1 (n = 63) and IIA (n = 1) underwent sentinel lymph node detection with lymphoscintigraphy the day before operation and intraoperative lymphatic mapping with blue dye and gamma radiation detection probe. Surgical treatment was completed with radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy by laparotomy. Main outcome measures: Sentinel node detection. Results: One hundred and thirty-six sentinel nodes were detected in all 66 patients, average 2.06 per patient, by using the combined method 99m Tc dextrán and patent blue. Most common location was the obturator region in 69.9% of cases (n = 95). Pelvic lymph node metastases were found by the sentinel node in 11 patients (sensitivity of 100%). In negative sentinel node cases (55 patients) no metastases were encountered (negative predictive value, NPV = 100%). Conclusions: Sentinel node identification using 99m technetium Dextrán and blue dye injection is feasible and had a negative predictive value of 100%.

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Introdução. Na maioria dos pacientes, a drenagem linfática do melanoma atinge primeiro uma base linfonodal padrão. Porém, um linfonodo sentinela pode ser identificado em uma localização anormal, particulamente quandoa lesão cutânea é localizada em tronco, cabeça ou pescoço. A linfocintilografia mostra-se como método objetivo e confiável para localização de linfonodo sentinela e mostra que a predição dessa drenagem não é possível por parâmetros clínicos. Relato de caso. Paciente de 58 anos com melanoma maligno na região subescapular direita, sem linfonodos palpáveis, foi submetida à excisão da lesão com margens e pesquisa de linfonodo sentinela. A linfocintilografiapré-operatória revelou drenagem axilar bilateral, e a análise histopatológica desses linfonodos não evidencioumetástases.Comentários. No presente caso, o uso da linfocintilografia foi extremamente útil, especialmente por identificar a presença de drenagem linfonodal para cadeias bilaterais. Este caso reforça a utilidade da técnica no melanoma cutâneo primário.

Introduction. Although in most patients lymphatic drainage from the primary melanoma first reaches a standard lymph node basin, a sentinel lymph node may be identified in an unusual location, in particular when the skin lesion is located in trunk, head and neck. Lymphoscintigraphy provides an objective and reliable method of locating sentinel lymph node and demonstrates that confident prediction of their location is not possible on clinical grounds. Case report. A 58-year-old woman presenting a malignant melanoma located in the right subscapular region, withno palpable lymph nodes, was underwent a lesion excision with margins and sentinel lymph node biopsy. The preoperative lymphoscintigraphy revealed bilateral axillary drainage and the histopathological examination of these lymph nodes did not show presence of metastatic cells.Comments. In the present case, the use of lymphoscintigraphy was extremely useful, especially for identify the presence of lymphatic drainage for two distinct basins. This case reinforces the usefulness of lymphoscintigraphy technique in primary cutaneous melanoma.

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Contexto: O sistema linfático tem papel relevante em qualquer tipo de edema periférico. Atualmente, a linfocintilografia é considerada o principal exame para diagnóstico da doença linfática das extremidades. Embora haja associação entre edema linfático e úlcera de estase venosa crônica, a fisiopatologia dessas alterações permanece indefinida. Objetivo: Verificar as alterações linfocintilográficas qualitativas que ocorrem em pacientes portadores de úlceras de estase dos membros inferiores. Métodos: Quarenta pacientes portadores de úlcera de estase venosa crônica ou cicatriz unilateral foram submetidos a linfocintilografia de ambos os membros inferiores. Foram estudados 25 mulheres e 15 homens, com média de idade de 53,7 anos (28 a 79 anos) e tempo médio de úlcera de 71,5 meses (3 a 240 meses). Foram comparados qualitativamente os parâmetros linfocintilográficos dos membros inferiores, previamente classificados em três grupos de acordo com a classificação clínica, etiológica, anatômica e patológica (CEAP): I, membros sem sinais clínicos de doença venosa ou com telangiectasias e veias reticulares (classes 0 e 1); II, membros inferiores com veias varicosas, edema e/ou alterações de pele e subcutâneo (classes 2, 3 e 4); III, membros inferiores com úlcera e/ou cicatriz (classes 5 e 6). Resultados: Quando foi comparada a presença de alterações linfocintilográficas dos membros com úlcera ou cicatriz (grupo III - classes 5 e 6) com as dos membros sem úlcera (grupos I e II - classes 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4), houve diferença significativa (p < 0,001). Estratificando os membros inferiores de acordo com a classificação CEAP, também foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001), sendo as alterações linfocintilográficas presentes em 72,5 por cento no grupo III (classes 5 e 6), 30,8 por cento no grupo II (classes 2, 3 e 4) e 7,1 por cento no grupo III (classes 0 e 1). Em relação aos parâmetros analisados na linfocintilografia, ocorreu diferença...

Background: The lymphatic system plays a relevant role in any type of peripheral edema. Lymphoscintigraphy is currently considered the primary test in the diagnosis of lymphatic disease of the lower limbs. Although there is an association between lymphatic edema and chronic venous ulcers, the physiopathology of such changes remains uncertain. Objective: To assess qualitative lymphoscintigraphic findings in patients with chronic venous ulcers of the lower limbs. Methods: Forty patients with unilateral chronic venous ulcer or scar were submitted to bilateral lymphoscintigraphy of the lower limbs. The sample was comprised of 25 women and 15 men, with a mean age of 53.7 years (28 to 79) and mean ulcer duration of 71.5 months (3 to 240 months). Lymphoscintigraphic parameters were qualitatively compared among three groups of lower limbs previously classified according to the clinical, etiologic, anatomic and pathologic classification (CEAP): I, limbs without clinical signs of venous disease or with telangiectasias and/or reticular veins (classes 0 and 1); II, limbs with varicose veins, edema and/or skin and subcutaneous alterations (classes 2, 3 and 4); III, lower limbs with ulcer and/or ulcer scars (classes 5 and 6). Results: There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in the comparison of lymphoscintigraphic findings of the lower limbs with (group III - classes 5 and 6) and without ulcers/scars (groups I and II - classes 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4). There was also a significant difference (p < 0.001) in the comparison of groups according to the clinical CEAP classification: lymphoscintigraphic abnormalities were present in 72.5 percent in group III (classes 5 and 6), in 30.8 percent in group II (classes 2, 3 and 4), and in 7.1 percent in group I (classes 0 and 1). There was a statistically significant difference between group III and the other groups with regard to radiotracer retention, inguinal adenomegaly and dermal reflux. There was no significance...

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Biopsy of the sentinel lymphnode (SLNB), the first lymphnode to receive lymphatic drainage from the primary tumor, accurately predicts the axillary lymph node status and, when negative, obviates the need for axillary lymphadenectomy (AL). The aim of this study was, to verify the SLN localization in breast cancer through preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative gamma-probe, as well as to demonstrate the benefits of such techniques in preventing complications of AL. Medical records of 228 patients with breast carcinoma, who were underwent SLN localization and, radioguided surgery, from March 2005 to December 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. Data regarding age, tumor characteristic, breast involved, type of surgery, radiopharmaceutical drainage pattern, axillary assessment (SLNB or AL) and number of lymph nodes dissected were collected. It was ascertained that radioguided surgery is a selective method of axillary assessment in breast cancer, which makes this technique a safe alternative to radical assessment of total dissection of axillary lymph nodes and its subsequent complications.

A biópsia do linfonodo sentinela (BLNS), primeiro linfonodo a receber a drenagem linfática do tumor primário, é capaz de predizer o status linfonodal axilar e, quando negativa, evitar a linfadenectomia axilar (LA). O objetivo deste estudo é, mediante análise de uma série de casos, verificar a localização do LNS no câncer de mama através da linfocintilografia pré-operatória e do gama-probe intra-operatório, bem como demonstrar os benefícios de tais técnicas na prevenção das complicações da LA. Analisou-se, retrospectivamente, 228 prontuários de pacientes portadoras de carcinoma de mama, que foram submetidas à localização do LNS e, posteriormente, à cirurgia radioguiada, no período de março de 2005 a dezembro de 2007. Coletaram-se dados referentes à idade, característica do tumor, mama acometida, tipo de cirurgia, padrão de drenagem do radiofármaco, abordagem axilar (BLNS ou LA) e número de linfonodos dissecados. Pôde-se constatar que a cirurgia radioguiada é um método seletivo de abordagem axilar no câncer de mama, o que faz dessa técnica uma alternativa segura à abordagem radical de dissecção completa dos linfonodos axilares e suas complicações posteriores.

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Breast cancer is still associated with high mortality rates and one of the most important factors governing long survival is accurate and early diagnosis. In underdeveloped countries, this disease frequently is only detected in advanced stages; however, through mammography, many women have been diagnosed at early stages. In this context, the sentinel lymph node (SLN) technique is associated with less postoperative morbidity compared to axillary lymphadenectomy. Lymphoscintigraphy has emerged as a method for the evaluation of lymphatic drainage chains in various tumours, being both accurate and non invasive. The aim of this work is to present the main aspects which cause controversy about SLN and lymphoscintigraphy and the impact that these procedures have had on lymphedema after surgical treatment for breast cancer. A short review including papers in English, Spanish and Portuguese, available on Lilacs and Medline database, published between January, 2000 and July, 2008 was performed. The key words breast cancer, lymphoscintigraphy, SLN biopsy, lymphedema were used. Various studies have aimed to compare the incidence and prevalence of lymphedema according to the technique used; however, the population subjected to SLN is different from the one with indication for axillary lymphadenectomy regarding staging. Moreover, little is known about long term morbidity since it is a relatively new technique. In conclusion, the development of surgical techniques has permitted to minimize deformities and the current trend is that these techniques be as conservative as possible. Thus, lymphoscintigraphy plays an important role in the identification of SLN, contributing to the prevention and minimization of postoperative complications.

O câncer de mama é ainda associado com altas taxas de mortalidade e um dos mais importantes fatores de manutenção de longa sobrevivência é a precisão e o diagnóstico precoce. Em países em desenvolvimento, essa doença freqüentemente é apenas detectada em estágios avançados. Entretanto, através da mamografia, muitas mulheres tiveram o diagnóstico em estágios precoces. Nesse contexto, a técnica do linfonodo sentinela (LNS) está associada com a menor morbidade pós-operatória comparada a linfadenectomia axilar. A linfocintilografia tem emergido como um método para a avaliação das cadeias de drenagem linfática em vários tumores, sendo precisa e não invasiva. O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar os principais aspectos os quais causam controvérsia sobre LNS e a linfocintilografia e o impacto que esses procedimentos tem tido no linfedema após tratamento cirúrgico para câncer de mama. Uma breve revisão incluindo artigos em inglês, espanhol e português, disponíveis no Lilacs e no Medline, publicados entre janeiro de 2000 e julho de 2008, foi realizada. As palavras-chaves breast cancer, lymphoscintigraphy, SLN biopsy, lymphedema foram usadas. Vários estudos têm objetivado comparar a incidência e prevalência do linfedema de acordo com as técnicas usadas. Entretanto, a população sujeita a LNS é diferente daquela com indicação para linfedenectomia axilar relacionada com o estadiamento. Pouco é conhecido sobre morbidade em longo prazo, uma vez que a técnica é relativamente nova. Concluindo, o desenvolvimento de técnicas cirúrgicas tem permitido minimizar deformidades e a corrente tendência é que essas técnicas sejam tanto conservativas quanto possível. Assim, a linfocintilografia tem papel importante na identificação de LNS, contribuindo para a prevenção e minimização de complicações pós-operatórias.

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INTRODUCTION: In the case of clinically negative inguinal regions in penile cancer, the treatments proposed might vary from careful observation to radical dissection for all patients. We evaluated the effectiveness of the sentinel lymph node biopsy using lymphoscintigraphy in patients with penile cancer and at least one negative inguinal region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 18 patients, biopsy of the sentinel lymph node from the 32 negative inguinal regions and modified radical lymphadenectomy in these regions regardless of the biopsy results was performed. Clinical staging, pathological results of the sentinel and the other lymph nodes removed during lymphadenectomy, tumor behavior, local and inguinal recurrence and specific disease mortality were accessed. RESULTS: The mean age of the study sample was 57.7 years (44 - 81 years) and the sentinel lymph node presented 0 percent false negative 66 percent sensitivity, and 79.3 percent specificity when compared with the modified inguinal lymphadenectomy as the gold standard treatment. CONCLUSION: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a feasible method of assessing the presence of regional metastasis in patients with penile cancer and clinically negative inguinal regions. However, the optimal lymphoscintigraphy technique is still in evolution and requires further optimization at high volume centers.

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O sistema linfático é um componente do corpo humano intimamente relacionado ao sistema venoso. Entretanto, o conhecimento científico a seu respeito é limitado. A etiologia e os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do linfedema no pós-operatório de câncer de mama são multifatoriais e ainda não foram completamente esclarecidos. O objetivo desta revisão da literatura foi descrever o padrão linfocintilográfico e avaliar as compensações linfáticas do membro superior no pós-operatório de câncer de mama com dissecção axilar.

The lymphatic system is a component of the human body that is closely related to the venous system. However, scientific knowledge of this system is limited. The etiology and risk factors for the development of postoperative lymphedema in patients with breast cancer seem to be multifactorial and have not been fully understood yet. The objective of this review of the literature was to describe lymphoscintigraphic pattern and to evaluate upper limb lymphatic compensation following breast cancer surgery with axillary dissection.

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