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We focus on the relationship between the network structure of Chilean rural drinking water associations (APRs) and effective governance outcomes regarding the provision of infrastructure and drinking water to peripheral rural communities in the Valparaiso region. Based on a comparative regional multi-method case study, we assess the coherence of differences in the governance network structure with the corresponding governance outcomes. Using qualitative interviews, participant observation, and a network survey of collaboration and legitimacy relationships among leaders of local APRs, we find that when isolated APRs establish collective organizations, they can generate better governance outcomes even without support from the state. We demonstrate that higher levels of collaboration as well as a more integrative distribution of legitimacy relations in the network are coherent with more effective governance outcomes. The findings suggest to strengthen social and organizational capacity at the local level of water governance in order to overcome the challenges of megadroughts and of a lack of public infrastructure in peripheral rural areas.

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Abstract Law can shape individual and social behavior in different ways including through perceived control and legitimacy of authorities. The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether legitimacy of authorities, social and personal control, and social cohesion influence antisocial behaviors in juvenile offenders. The study, included a sample of two hundred juvenile offenders in Mexico, used structural equation modeling to test the relationship between the perception of just treatment by police and judges (i.e., legitimacy) and social and personal control and outcomes of antisocial behaviors and tendencies (self-report and probability of antisocial behavior as well as reports of peer antisocial behavior). Results indicate legitimacy of authorities and personal control had a negative effect while social control showed a positive effect on these behaviors. Social cohesion had a positive effect on social control. Our results suggest that legitimacy of authorities and personal control act as protective factors against antisocial behaviors whereas, contrary to the expected results, social control may be a risk factor. This research highlights the importance of preventative protective efforts in juvenile offenders such as just treatment and development of personal control rather than the use of punitive processes. In this sense, it is important to consider alternatives for judicial involvement and punishment such as community programs as well as cognitive and emotional prevention and intervention efforts to reduce antisocial behaviors. Programs such as the Reasoning and Rehabilitation Program, other cognitive skill interventions as well as developmental prevention programs have shown efficacy.

Resumen La ley puede modelar la conducta de diferentes maneras, consecuentemente, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de la legitimidad, el control social y personal, y la cohesión social en la conducta antisocial de jóvenes infractores. Doscientos menores infractores en México contestaron un cuestionario realizado para este estudio. Los datos fueron analizados a través de ecuaciones estructurales. Cuatro factores fueron especificados: Legitimidad de las autoridades, relacionada con la percepción de tratamiento justo por parte de policías y jueces. Disuasión y norma social conformaron la variable de control social. Orientación al futuro, normas personales y autodeterminación integraron la variable de control personal. La variable conducta antisocial resultó del autoreporte respecto a la conducta antisocial y la probabilidad de conducta antisocial, y del reporte de la conducta antisocial de los amigos. Los resultados indicaron un efecto negativo de la legitimidad y el control personal y uno positivo del control social en la conducta antisocial. La cohesión social tuvo un efecto positivo en el control social. Contrario a lo esperado el control social tuvo un efecto positivo en la conducta antisocial. Por lo tanto, se deben considerar alternativas al "tratamiento" en internamiento (cárcel), ya que la disuasión y el castigo no producen los efectos esperados de retraer a los adolescentes de que cometan delitos. La alternativa pudiera ser los programas de tratamiento comunitarios, así como programas de prevención e intervención que contemplen aspectos emocionales y cognitivos.

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Resumen Investigaciones previas sugieren que las conductas antisociales y delictivas son más prevalentes en individuos que presentan una baja inteligencia emocional, así como en aquellos que perciben una baja probabilidad de sanción y una nula legitimidad de las autoridades. El objetivo de esta investigación rue analizar los efectos de la inteligencia emocional, la disuasión (específicamente la percepción de probabilidad de recibir sanción) y la legitimidad de las autoridades en la conducta antisocial en reclusos en comparación con un grupo control. El grupo de reclusos estuvo compuesto por 105 sujetos provenientes de un Centro de Reinserción Social de una ciudad del noroeste de México, con una media de edad de 32.03 años (DE = 8.986); y el grupo control, por 105 adultos sin antecedentes penales, con una media de edad de 32.08 años (DE= 10.094). Ambas muestras seleccionadas por conveniencia. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en las escalas de inteligencia emocional (t = -4.14, p < .001), legitimidad (t = -3.09, p < .01) y probabilidad de castigo (t = -4.66, p < .001): específicamente, la d de Cohen indicó que la muestra control presentó mayor inteligencia emocional (d=-0.81), mayor percepción de legitimidad (d=-0.60) y mayor percepción de probabilidad de sanción (d=-0.90) en contraste con la muestra de reclusos. Dentro del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, las variables de inteligencia emocional y percepción de probabilidad de castigo influyeron en el comportamiento antisocial, lo cual indica que posiblemente las competencias emocionales podrían repercutir sobre el temor de recibir alguna sanción ante la comisión de determinadas conductas antisociales.

Abstract Previous research suggests that antisocial and criminal behaviors are more prevalent in individuals with low emotional intelligence, as well as in those who perceive a low probability of punishment and no legitimacy of authorities. The aim of this research was to analyze the effects of emotional intelligence, deterrence (specifically, the perception of the probability of receiving a sanction), and the legitimacy of authorities on antisocial behavior in inmates compared to a control group. The group of inmates was composed of 105 adults from a Social Reinsertion Center in a city in northwestern Mexico, with a mean age of 32.03 years (SD = 8.986); and the control group was composed of 105 adults with no criminal record, with a mean age of 32.08 years (SD = 10.094). Both samples were selected by convenience. Significant differences were detected in the scales of emotional intelligence (t = -4.14, p <.001), legitimacy (t = -3.09, p <.01), and probability of punishment (t = -4.66, p <.001). The control group presented higher emotional intelligence (d = -0.81), higher perception of legitimacy (d = -0.60), and higher perception of probability of punishment (d = -0.90) in contrast to the inmate sample. A Structural Equations Model (SEM) showed that emotional intelligence and perceived probability of punishment influenced antisocial behavior, which indicates that emotional competences may have an impact on the fear of being sanctioned when committing certain antisocial behaviors.

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Fake news detection continues to be a major problem that affects our society today. Fake news can be classified using a variety of methods. Predicting and detecting fake news has proven to be challenging even for machine learning algorithms. This research employs Legitimacy, a unique ensemble machine learning model to accomplish the task of Credibility-Based Fake News Detection. The Legitimacy ensemble combines the learning potential of a Two-Class Boosted Decision Tree and a Two-Class Neural Network. The ensemble technique follows a pseudo-mixture-of-experts methodology. For the gating model, an instance of Two-Class Logistic Regression is implemented. This study validates Legitimacy using a standard dataset with features relating to the credibility of news publishers to predict fake news. These features are analysed using the ensemble algorithm. The results of these experiments are examined using four evaluation methodologies. The analysis of the results reveals positive performance with the use of the ensemble ML method with an accuracy of 96.9%. This ensemble's performance is compared with the performance of the two base machine learning models of the ensemble. The performance of the ensemble surpasses that of the two base models. The performance of Legitimacy is also analysed as the size of the dataset increases to demonstrate its scalability. Hence, based on our selected dataset, the Legitimacy ensemble model has proven to be most appropriate for Credibility-Based Fake News Detection.

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RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es medir la percepción de la legitimidad de los operadores móviles por parte de los usuarios de Medellín, Colombia, partiendo de un modelo teórico sustentado en la relación entre las dimensiones cognitiva, moral y pragmática de la legitimidad. Los datos se obtuvieron de una encuesta a una muestra de 1.094 usuarios de telefonía móvil de la ciudad. El modelo se validó utilizando el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Los hallazgos muestran que la legitimidad cognitiva, moral y pragmática de los usuarios de los servicios de los operadores móviles están relacionadas, de donde se infiere que los operadores deben desarrollar estrategias comunicativas considerando todas las dimensiones de la legitimidad para tener una mejor aceptación de sus clientes. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL 120; 18

AВSTRACT The aim of this paper is to measure the perception of the legitimacy of mobile operators by the users of Medellín, Colombia, founding from a theoretical model based on the relationship between the cognitive, moral, and pragmatic dimensions of legitimacy The data was obtained from a survey of a sample of 1,094 mobile phone users from the city The model was validated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The findings show that the cognitive, moral, and pragmatic legitimacy of the users of the services mobile operators are related, from which it is inferred that the operators must develop communication strategies considering all the dimensions of legitimacy to have a better acceptance of their customers. JEL CLASSIFICATION 120; 18

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é medir a perceção da legitimidade das operadoras móveis pelos usuários em Medellín, Colômbia, com base em um modelo teórico baseado na relação entre as dimensões cognitiva, moral e pragmática da legitimidade. Os dados foram obtidos de uma pesquisa com uma amostra de 1.094 usuários de telefones celulares na cidade. O modelo foi validado utilizando a Análise Confirmativa de Fatores. As conclusões mostram que a legitimidade cognitiva, moral e pragmática dos usuários de serviços das operadoras móveis está relacionada, da qual se deduz que as operadoras devem desenvolver estratégias comunicativas considerando todas as dimensões de legitimidade para ter uma melhor aceitação por parte de seus clientes. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL 120; 18

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Resumo Modelos de policiamento comunitário vêm sendo disseminados em diferentes países como resposta aos altos índices de criminalidade e violência. Apesar da ampla defesa da efetividade de tais modelos, há dúvidas acerca de sua efetividade e do que, de fato, se trata o policiamento comunitário. Olhando como fenômeno, o policiamento comunitário se mostra híbrido, multifacetado e com várias contradições entre o que é idealizado e o que é efetivamente posto em prática, dificultando sua compreensão. Neste ensaio, propomos um esquema analítico metateórico pautado na ideia de que o policiamento comunitário é regido por quatro tipos puros de lógicas institucionais - militar, profissional, gerencial e comunitário -, em que a interseção entre tais lógicas ajuda a compreendê-lo. Com base nesse esquema, enquadramos as pesquisas sobre o tema em elementos societários e culturais, ambientais, organizacionais, práticos e identitários, buscando delinear uma agenda de pesquisa acerca do policiamento comunitário.

Resumen Los modelos de policía comunitaria se han difundido en diferentes países en respuesta a los altos niveles de delincuencia y violencia. A pesar de la amplia defensa de la efectividad de tales modelos, existen dudas no solo sobre su efectividad, sino también sobre de qué se trata realmente la policía comunitaria. Mirándolo como un fenómeno, la policía comunitaria se ve como un híbrido, multifacético y con varias contradicciones entre lo que se idealiza y lo que efectivamente se implementa, lo que dificulta su comprensión. En este ensayo, proponemos un esquema analítico metateórico basado en la idea de que la policía comunitaria se rige por cuatro tipos puros de lógicas institucionales ‒militar, profesional, gerencial y comunitario‒ en el que la intersección entre tales lógicas ayuda a comprender cómo se manifiesta. Con base en este esquema, enmarcamos la investigación sobre el tema en elementos sociales y culturales; ambientales; organizativos; y, prácticos e identitarios, buscando esbozar una agenda de investigación sobre la policía comunitaria.

Abstract Community policing models have been disseminated in different countries in response to high levels of crime and violence. Despite the broad defense of such models, their effectiveness and concept are still unclear. The phenomenon of community policing is hybrid and multifaceted, with several contradictions between what is idealized and what happens in practice, making it difficult to understand. In this essay, we propose a metatheoretical analytical scheme based on the idea that community policing is based on four pure types of institutional logics - military, professional, managerial, and community - and the intersection of these logics helps to understand the phenomenon. We used this scheme to frame the studies on community policing considering societal and cultural, environmental, organizational, and practical and identity elements, seeking to outline a research agenda.

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Resumen Este artículo se concentra en el desarrollo del concepto de legitimidad social en las organizaciones como fundamento teórico de la reputación. Así mismo, establece una triangulación en la revisión de literatura que inicia con la teoría institucional hasta llegar al concepto de legitimidad institucional y su importancia en el estudio de la reputación corporativa. En esta revisión se analizaron las dimensiones o fuentes de la legitimidad, como lo son: la moral, cognitiva y evaluativa. En el mismo sentido, esta investigación se soporta en la revisión de literatura, la cual se edificó mediante la revisión de más de 50 referencias bibliográficas. Estas fuentes bibliográficas contribuyeron a darle una mayor comprensión al concepto de reputación corporativa desde el campo de la sociología en relación con la teoría de la legitimidad institucional.

Abstract This article focuses on the development of the concept of social legitimacy in organizations, as a theoretical foundation for reputation. The article establishes a triangulation in the literature review that begins with institutional theory until reaching the concept of institutional legitimacy and its importance in the study of corporate reputation. In this review, the dimensions or sources of legitimacy were analyzed, including: moral, cognitive and evaluative dimensions. In the same sense, this research is supported by the literature review, which was done by reviewing more than 50 bibliographic references. These bibliographic sources contributed to give a greater understanding of the concept of corporate reputation from the field of sociology in relation to the theory of institutional legitimacy.

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Patient activism organizations are formed around and seek legitimacy via both biological and biographical identities (Fassin, in: Theory Cult Soc 26(5):44-60, 2009). In the case of sickle cell disease (SCD) in Brazil, two different modes of suffering authenticate the lived experience-one is based on the disease state, the other is based on the ways in which racial inequalities and disadvantage contribute to its own suffering while also entangled with disease-based suffering. SCD is a rare genetic disorder that affects red blood cells and whose hallmark symptom is pain. This paper places an ethnographic focus on the failed mobilization of suffering by an organization leader in attempts to make claims for inclusion. The leader's social and biological identities of mother, sickle cell trait carrier, middle class, and mulata disrupted biosocial cohesion. This disruption reveals a hierarchy of suffering, where some indices of suffering are delegitimized. This hierarchy illuminates how exclusion and representation work within a patient organization whose membership embody both physical and social distress.

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Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever os frames (enquadramentos) associados ao processo de mobilização em torno do debate sobre a reforma dos Tribunais de Contas brasileiros (TCs) no período de 2000 a 2017. Por meio de legitimacy accounts (assertivas de legitimidade) de atores legais e não legais foram identificados três frames: legal, associado à regulação, ressignificação e conformidade legal dos TCs; normativo, relacionado à transição da gestão política à competência técnica dos TCs e; responsivo, ligado à visibilidade social dos TCs. Os dados analisados consideraram discursos parlamentares, audiências públicas, debates, notícias e entrevistas com representantes de segmentos específicos como corporações profissionais, mídia, academia e sociedade civil organizada. Os achados lançam luz sobre a natureza processual da legitimidade em organizações institucionalizadas, como é o caso dos TCs, e destacam: a emergência das corporações profissionais enquanto entes mobilizadores das três esferas de segmentação; o surgimento de tônica cerimonialista em aspectos fomentadores do comportamento interoganizacional e; o aumento progressivo da responsividade ligada ao campo como decorrência do ingresso de segmentos específicos da sociedade no debate. Os resultados aprofundam a natureza político-discursiva da mudança institucional.

Resumen Esta investigación describe los marcos (frames) asociados al proceso de movilización en torno al debate sobre la reforma de los tribunales de cuentas (TC) brasileños en el período de 2000 a 2017. A través de los relatos de legitimidad de los actores legales y no legales, se identificaron tres marcos: legal, asociado a la regulación, resignificación y cumplimiento legal de los TC; normativo, asociado a la transición de la gestión política a la competencia técnica de los TC; y responsivo, asociado a la visibilidad social de los TC. Para el análisis de los datos se consideraron los discursos parlamentarios, audiencias públicas, debates, noticias y entrevistas con representantes de segmentos específicos, como corporaciones profesionales, medios de comunicación, academia y sociedad civil organizada. Las conclusiones arrojan luz sobre la dimensión procesal de la legitimidad en los tribunales y ponen de relieve: el surgimiento de las corporaciones profesionales como movilizadoras de las tres esferas de la segmentación; la aparición de un tono ceremonial en aspectos que fomentan el comportamiento interoganizacional y el aumento progresivo de la capacidad de respuesta vinculada al campo como resultado de la entrada de segmentos específicos de la sociedad en el debate. Los resultados profundizan el carácter político-discursivo del cambio institucional.

Abstract: This research describes the frames associated with the mobilization process around the debate about the reform of Brazilian Courts of Accounts (TCs) from 2000 to 2017. Through legitimacy accounts of legal and non-legal actors, three frames were identified: legal, associated with regulation, reframing, and legal compliance of TCs; normative, associated with the transition from political management to the technical competence of TCs and; responsive, associated with the social visibility of TCs. The data consisted of parliamentary speeches, public hearings, debates, news broadcasts, and interviews with representatives of specific segments such as professional corporations, media, academia, and organized civil society. The findings shed light on the procedural dimension of legitimacy in Justice organizations and highlight the emergence of professional corporations as mobilizing entities in the three spheres of segmentation; the emergence of a ceremonial tonic in aspects that promote inter-organizational behavior, and; the progressive increase in responsiveness linked to the field as a result of the entry of specific segments of society in the debate. The results deepen the political-discursive nature of institutional change.

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Este trabalho consiste em discutir a crise de legitimidade da Educação Física escolar a partir da categoria "corpo". Questiona-se sobre o descrédito da disciplina na ambiência escolar, apesar da sua legalidade e inquestionáveis avanços teóricos. Destaca a relação intrínseca entre corpo e escola na consolidação do projeto capitalista. Avança nas reflexões, contextualizando o debate em torno do Movimento Renovador da Educação Física, especialmente sobre a pedagogia crítica de orientação marxista. Aponta limites nas suas acepções de corpo, no geral, instrumentalizado em prol da assimilação de conteúdo mental ou da consciência crítica. Não se trata, com isto, de negar as formas clássicas de educação escolar, mas de afirmar o lugar do corpo, e, para extensão, das práticas corporais e da Educação Física na escolarização de crianças, jovens e adultos, já que a própria estrutura (física e teórica) escolar foi historicamente projetada de modo a negar e imobilizar a corporalidade dos indivíduos.

This article discusses the legitimacy crisis of school's Physical Education from the "body" category. It brings questions about the discredit of the discipline in the school environment, despite its legality and unquestionable theory advances. Underscore the intrinsic connection, between body and school in the capitalist project consolidation. It advances in reflections to contextualize the debate about the Renewal Movement of Physical Education, particularly about critical pedagogy of Marxist orientation. On the whole, it points to limits in its meaning of the instrumentalized body in favor of a mental content assimilation or critical awareness. It is not meant to deny the classical forms of school education but to affirm the place of the body and, for extension, also to affirm the body practices and physical education in the children, young, and adults schooling, since the (physical and theoretical) school structure itself was historically designed to deny and immobilize the individuals corporeality.

Este trabajo consiste en discutir la crisis de legitimidad de la Educación Física escolar a partir de la categoría "cuerpo". Se cuestiona el descrédito de la disciplina en el ámbito escolar, aunque su legalidad y avances teóricos sean incuestionables. Destaca la relación intrínseca entre cuerpo y escuela en la consolidación del proyecto capitalista. Avances en las reflexiones, contextualizando el debate en torno del Movimiento Renovador de la Educación Física, especialmente sobre la pedagogía crítica con orientación marxista. Señala límites en sus significados del cuerpo, en general, instrumentalizados a favor de la asimilación de contenidos mentales o conciencia crítica. No se trata de negar las formas clásicas de educación escolar, sino de afirmar el lugar del cuerpo, y, en cierta medida, de las prácticas corporales y la Educación Física en la escolarización de niños, jóvenes y adultos, ya que la propia estructura (física y teórica) de la escuela ha sido diseñada históricamente para negar e inmovilizar la corporeidad de los individuos.

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Os estudos sobre a escravidão vêm demonstrando que o acesso ao casamento entre os cativos estava longe de constituir a regra. Aliás, mesmo para a população livre, parte dos homens e das mulheres jamais teria a sua união formalizada. Aqui explora-se o universo minoritário dos matrimônios entre escravizados realizados na freguesia Nossa Senhora da Madre de Deus de Porto Alegre, Capitania-Província do Rio Grande de São Pedro, entre 1772 e 1850, como mote para discutir a questão dos regimes demográficos restritos, tema importante da pauta da demografia histórica brasileira. As fontes principais são os assentos paroquiais de casamentos, batismos e óbitos de escravizados, analisados a partir de uma perspectiva agregada − perfil dos nubentes, naturalidade, (i)legitimidade −, assim como por meio do estudo das senzalas de dois proprietários que permitiram o casamento de escravizados. Os resultados confirmam o acesso limitado dos escravizados ao casamento formalizado, bem como indicam o impacto do tráfico nos indicadores demográficos, sobretudo a queda muito significativa da fecundidade legítima, com a entrada de escravizados adultos, especialmente a partir da segunda década do século XIX. Por fim, são analisadas duas senzalas, para exemplificar políticas senhoriais que incentivavam o casamento e a reprodução endógena.

Studies on slavery have shown that access to marriage among captives was far from the norm. In fact, even for the free population, some men and women would never have their union formalized. Here we explore the minority universe of marriages between enslaved people held in the parish of Nossa Senhora da Madre de Deus in Porto Alegre, Captaincy-Province of Rio Grande de São Pedro, between 1772 and 1850, in order to discuss the issue of restricted demographic regimes, an important issue on the agenda of Brazilian Historical Demography. The main sources are parish records of marriages, baptisms, and deaths of enslaved people, analyzed from an aggregate perspective - profile of spouses, birthplace, (il)legitimacy - as well as through the study of some owners of captive couples who had their marriage recorded in the parish. The results confirm the limited access of slaves to formalized marriage. It also points to the impact of trafficking on demographic indicators, especially the significant drop in legitimate fertility, with the entry of adult slaves, especially as of the second decade of the 19th century. Finally, we analyzed two "senzalas", to exemplify slaveholder's policies which encouraged marriage and endogenous reproduction.

Los estudios sobre la esclavitud han demostrado que el acceso al matrimonio entre los cautivos estaba lejos de ser la regla. De hecho, incluso para la población libre, gran parte de hombres y mujeres nunca formalizarían su unión. Aquí, el universo minoritario de los matrimonios entre esclavos realizados en la parroquia de Nossa Senhora da Madre de Deus en Porto Alegre, Capitanía-Provincia de Rio Grande de São Pedro, entre 1772 y 1850, se explora como lema para discutir el tema de regímenes demográficos restringidos, de importancia en la agenda de la Demografía histórica brasileña. Las principales fuentes son los registros parroquiales de matrimonios, bautismos y muertes de esclavos, analizados desde una perspectiva agregada —perfil del prometido, lugar de nacimiento, (i)legitimidad—, así como a través del estudio de dos senzalas de propietarios que permitieron el matrimonio de esclavizados. Los resultados confirman el acceso limitado de los esclavos al matrimonio formalizado. También señala el impacto del tráfico en los indicadores demográficos, especialmente la muy significativa caída de la fecundidad legítima, con la entrada de esclavos adultos, especialmente a partir de la segunda década del siglo XIX. Finalmente, analizamos dos barrios de esclavos para ejemplificar las políticas señoriales que fomentaron el matrimonio y la reproducción endógena.

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Resumen El presente estudio plantea siete hipótesis acerca de la autoridad pedagógica en la Enseñanza Media, desde el punto de vista de profesores que fueron reconocidos como autoridades por sus estudiantes. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, sin intencionalidad normativa, que recoge la experiencia subjetiva de profesores sobre comportamientos y creencias acerca del ejercicio y la construcción de la autoridad. Se realiza un estudio cualitativo que levanta proposiciones acerca de la autoridad docente, basándose en entrevistas a profesores reconocidos como autoridades, cuyo contenido es validado a través de un proceso de triangulación que incluye discusiones grupales con profesores participantes en el estudio, además de entrevistas y discusiones con profesores expertos. Los resultados muestran que la autoridad pedagógica es un proceso de construcción permanente y que los primeros cinco años de ejercicio profesional son de especial relevancia ya que los docentes se enfrentan con sus creencias relativas a asumirse como autoridad . Se reconocen tres fuentes de legitimidad: el saber didáctico de la disciplina que se enseña, que marca la asimetría entre docentes y estudiantes; el respeto de los docentes a estudiantes, que evidencia la simetría fundamental entre los seres humanos y es condición para el reconocimiento de la autoridad docente; y la explicitación de las reglas del juego pedagógico, que constituye el cimiento para la estructuración de la relación. El ejercicio y la construcción de la autoridad pedagógica son percibidos además como un proceso solitario en el que la institución escolar puede visualizarse como una ayuda, pero no como soporte de la autoridad docente.

Abstract This work exhibits seven hypotheses on teacher's authority in secondary education from the point of view of Chilean teachers which were identified as authorities by their students. The following research is a descriptive study with no prescriptive purpose, that elicits teachers' subjective experience of behaviors and beliefs related to their development and exercise of authority. Through the survey "Conceptions on Pedagogical Authority" (Zamora, Meza & Cox, 2015), 936 second-year high school students from 27 different classes, from schools with diverse socio-economic backgrounds, identified 19 teachers as pedagogical authorities. Then, a qualitative study was conducted with the aim of eliciting propositions on teacher authority from these 19 educators through interviews. The categorization of these interviews' content was validated by means of a triangulation, including group discussions with teachers participating in the study, as well as interviews and discussions with expert educators. The results demonstrate that pedagogical authority is a permanent developing process. Within this process, the first 5 years of professional exercise are especially relevant, since teachers face their own conceptions of their role as educators, as well as assuming their authority. Three legitimacy sources were identified: the depth of the knowledge enabling educators to teach their discipline, which results in the accepted asymmetry between teachers and students; teachers' respect for students, which reveals the essential symmetry between human beings and which is a condition for students to recognize teacher's authority; and the establishment of the rules of the pedagogical game, which sets the foundations of the relationship, since these guidelines govern both teachers and students, thus making the consistent conduct of the teachers not only a source of legitimacy, but also one of trust, even when these rules are not laid down democratically. Additionally, teachers perceive the development and exercise of pedagogical authority as an individual process, in which schools can be perceived an aid, but not as an actual support for authority. The seven theses and their related findings deepen our understanding about teacher authority in practice and from the subjective experience of those who undergo this process. Also, they allow us to establish some critical points for discussion within teachers' formation and novice teachers' support.

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Resumen El presente trabajo busca como objetivo analizar y debatir teóricamente los cambios sociales y las respuestas a estos en Venezuela. Estos cambios sociales afectaron directamente los procesos sociales en los que la violencia se incluyó dentro de la dinámica e interacción social y moral general de la sociedad venezolana, presentándose para el individuo como una conducta válida para relacionarse con las demás personas y con la estructura social en general. Por lo tanto, se propone la discusión teórica en la que se amplíen e interpreten las nociones de diferentes disciplinas, para sostener que en Venezuela este proceso social de asimilación de la violencia en la dinámica social general conllevó a la instalación de una Cultura de la Violencia y esta al mismo tiempo, retroalimentó a la acción violenta extendiéndola tanto cualitativa como cuantitativamente en la sociedad venezolana. Se concluye que diferentes factores sociales e institucionales produjeron una falla en el sistema a social venezolano para sostener la validez de la norma y la conducta cultural e institucionalmente aceptable. Como consecuencia, la violencia ingresó a la estructura social y, al no ser sancionada efectivamente, se legitimó como una conducta aceptable para la obtención de gratificaciones sociales, mientras que al mismo tiempo se deslegitimaron las instituciones, provocando que la violencia se presentará como una acción social aceptada para el individuo e incluso para las mismas instituciones, promoviéndose así, una generación de individuos socialmente más proclives a la violencia.

Abstract The current work aims to analyze and debate theoretically the social changes and the responses to these in Venezuela. These social changes directly affected the social processes in which violence was included within the social dynamics and interaction and general moral of Venezuelan society, presenting itself to the individual as a valid behavior to relate to other people and to the social structure in general. Therefore, the theoretical discussion is proposed in which the notions of different disciplines are expanded and interpreted, in order to sustain that in Venezuela, this social process of assimilation of violence in the general social dynamic led to the installation of a Culture of Violence and this, at the same time, fed the violent action by extending it both qualitatively and quantitatively in Venezuelan society. It is concluded that different social and institutional factors produced a failure in Venezuelan social system to sustain the validity of the norm and culturally and institutionally acceptable behavior. As a consequence, violence entered the social structure and, not being effectively sanctioned, it was legitimized as an acceptable behavior for obtaining social gratifications, while at the same time institutions were delegitimized, causing violence to be presented as a socially accepted action for the individual and even for the same institutions, thus promoting a generation of individuals more socially prone to violence.

Resumo O presente trabalho procura como objetivo analisar e debater teoricamente as mudanças sociais e as respostas a estes na Venezuela. Estas mudanças sociais afetaram diretamente os processos sociais nos quais a violência foi incluída dentro da dinâmica e interação social e moral geral da sociedade venezuelana, se apresentando para o indivíduo como uma conduta válida para se relacionar com as demais pessoas e com a estrutura social em geral. Portanto, propõe-se uma discussão teórica na qual se ampliem e interpretem as noções de diferentes disciplinas, para sustentar que na Venezuela este processo social de assimilação da violência na dinámica social geral levou à instalação de uma Cultura da Violência e esta ao mesmo tempo, retroalimentou à ação violenta estendendo-a tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativamente na sociedade venezuelana. Conclui-se que diferentes fatores sociais e institucionais produziram uma falha no sistema social venezuelano para sustentar a validade da norma e a conduta cultural e institucionalmente aceitável. Como consequência, a violência ingressou à estrutura social e, ao não ser sancionada efetivamente, legitimou-se como uma conduta aceitável para a obtenção de gratificações sociais, enquanto que ao mesmo tempo deslegitimaram-se as instituições, provocando que a violência se apresentara como uma ação social aceitada para o indivíduo e incluso para as mesmas instituições, se promovendo assim, uma geração de indivíduos socialmente mais propensos à violência.

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In the sport context, an essential aspect of an athlete's development and performance happens during the interaction with the coach while receiving information on the aspects of performance that need to be modified (corrective feedback). Grounded in the Self-Determination Theory and particularly on the basic psychological needs theory, a structural equation model (SEM) was tested with the following sequence: perception of the amount of corrective feedback generated by the coach, perceived legitimacy of corrective feedback, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and vitality in soccer players. Additionally, simple mediation and serial (double) mediation models were also tested. Participants were 377 Mexican soccer players (Maged = 16.46, SD = 1.08), who completed the instruments that evaluated the study variables. SEM results reported positive and significant variables' interrelations in the sequence. The analysis of serial mediation model showed that the perceived legitimacy of feedback and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs fully mediated the relationship between the perception of the amount of corrective feedback generated by the coach and the perception of the subjective vitality of Mexican soccer players. Results suggest that coaches have to ensure that athletes accept the corrective feedback provided and meet their basic psychological needs. Based on SDT tenets, this research highlights the importance for coaches to be aware of the athlete's perceptions when they are providing corrective feedback and their implications for athlete's technical development and well-being. It is suggested to incorporate those aspects to training programs for coaches.

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Resumen En este artículo se estudian los procesos de legitimación puestos en práctica por los integrantes de la Red de Artistas y Activistas Populares de Bello, colectivo cuyo lema es "resistir mediante el arte". Gracias a una metodología cualitativa, con énfasis en el análisis de discursos y la observación etnográfica, se demuestra que en este tipo de iniciativas cohabitan prácticas y discursos necesarios a su legitimación tanto interna como externa. Igualmente, se concluye que los procesos organizativos de la resistencia implican formas de dominación fluctuantes y una distribución desigual del capital simbólico entre sus integrantes.

Abstract This article examines the processes of legitimacy put into practice by the members of the Network of Popular Artists and Activists in Bello, a group whose motto is "to resist through art." Thanks to a qualitative methodology, with an emphasis on discourse analysis and ethnographic observation, it is demonstrated that in this type of initiatives cohabits necessary practices and speeches to their legitimation both internal and external. Likewise, it is concluded that the organizational processes of resistance imply fluctuating forms of domination and an unequal distribution of symbolic capital among its members.

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It is important to understand how young adolescents come to view authorities during formative years. Experiencing, witnessing, and fearing victimization have been linked to the process of legal socialization and subsequent attitudes and behavior. In addition, procedural justice may influence adolescent perceptions of fairness of the authorities. The present study tested whether procedural justice mediated and moderated the relationship between young adolescents' direct and vicarious victimization and developing a sense of legitimacy in authority and cynicism towards authority. A longitudinal sample of 800 Brazilian students, age 11 to 12, living in São Paulo was used to fit structural equation models to examine these relationships. The findings revealed a partial link between victimization and legal socialization. The overall mediating model significantly predicted the direct and indirect relationships between victimization and fear of crime and the formation of legitimacy and cynicism. The moderating effect of procedural justice on direct victimization also significantly predicted the formation of legitimacy. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

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Resumo Neste trabalho utilizamos a literatura de avaliação de projetos de policiamento comunitário e modelos de regressão logística para identificar quais variáveis explicam o desejo de continuidade das UPPs após as Olimpíadas. Neste sentido, apresentamos a análise de um survey domiciliar e probabilístico realizado com 2 mil residentes. Na primeira rodada, aplicamos o survey em 10 favelas que receberam UPPs na fase inicial de implementação do programa e, na rodada seguinte, em outras 10 favelas quando o processo de "pacificação" já indicava sinais de crise. Os resultados indicam que jovens pretos e pardos apresentam elevado grau de rechaço a essa modalidade de policiamento e, por outro lado, que a capacidade da polícia em reconstruir a legitimidade de sua ação nas comunidades faz com que os indivíduos endossem a continuidade da UPP, desejando-a para além do projeto de cidade olímpica.

Resumen En este trabajo utilizamos la literatura de evaluación de proyectos de policiamiento comunitario y modelos de regresión logística para identificar qué variables explican el deseo de continuidad de las UPPs después de las Olimpiadas. En este sentido, presentamos el análisis de un survey domiciliar y probabilístico realizado con 2 mil residentes. En la primera ronda, aplicamos el survey en 10 favelas que recibieron UPPs en la fase inicial de implementación del programa y, en la ronda siguiente, en otras 10 favelas cuando el proceso de "pacificación" ya indicaba signos de crisis. Los resultados indican que jóvenes negros y pardos presentan un alto grado de rechazo a esta modalidad de policía y, por otro lado, que la capacidad de la policía para reconstruir la legitimidad de su acción en las comunidades hace que los individuos endosen la continuidad de la UPP, deseando más allá del proyecto de ciudad olímpica.

Abstract This article uses the literature on community policing projects and logistic regression models to identify which variables explain the wish for the UPPs (pacifying police units) continuity after the Olympics. Analysis of a household and probabilistic survey carried out with 2,000 residents was conducted. In the first round, the survey was applied to 10 favelas that received UPPs in the initial phase of the program's implementation and, in the next round, in another 10 favelas when the "pacification" process already indicated signs of crisis. The results indicate that young black and pardo individuals present a high degree of rejection to this mode of policing and that the police's ability to rebuild the legitimacy of their actions in the communities causes individuals to endorse the continuity of UPPs, and the Olympic city project.

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Resumen El artículo realiza una aproximación a las creencias e ideas de jóvenes que han estado expuestos a violencia y sus posibles implicaciones como la desensibilización a la violencia. Se realizó el estudio mediante el análisis de contenido de siete entrevistas a profundidad con adolescentes que hubiesen vivido violencia o le ejercieran. Se realizó una codificación axial abierta. Se encontraron las siguientes categorías: violencia psicológica: vivida o ejercida; física: atestiguada, vivida y sexual. Normalización de la violencia, violencia como juego, gusto o agrado, justificación, como estatus o jerarquía y como adaptación o defensa. La desensibilización a la violencia no sólo en su manifestación de normalización y agrado, sino también en una diversión explícita implica la disminución de la prosocialidad.

Abstract The article shows an approach to the beliefs and ideas of young people who have been exposed to violence and the potential implications of this exposure, such as desensitization to violence. Method: content analysis of seven in-depth interviews with teenagers who had experienced violence. An axial open coding was performed. Results: we found categories of psychological, physical and sexual violence; normalization of violence, violence as a game, enjoying or liking violence, justification, status or hierarchy and as adaptation or defense. Discussion: desensitization to violence appears not only ass normalization and a source of pleasure, but also in explicit fun, which involves reduced prosociality.

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Abstract In Argentina, like in the rest of Latin America, the perception of transgression and lack of institutional legitimacy are shared beliefs. This tendency to illegal practices corrodes the political, economic and social development of the country. The goals of this study are to validate the structure of the Normative System Perception Scale (EPSN, for its Spanish acronym) and to analyze the perception of the normative system functioning. The sample consisted of 508 Argentinean participants. A self-administered questionnaire with the Normative System Perception Scale and socio-demographic data was designed. Results show a good goodness-of-fit of the model and the reliability coefficients indicated satisfactory levels of internal consistency (α = .89). The descriptive analysis showed that participants had a negative perception of the normative system performance. Also the findings exhibit that women have a more negative perspective of the normative system than men, and that participants ideologically positioned on the right are more critical than those who are positioned on the left.

Resumo Na Argentina, assim como em toda a América Latina, a percepção da transgressão e da falta de legitimidade institucional são crenças compartilhadas. Além disso, a tendência a realizar práticas ilegais corrói o desenvolvimento político, econômico e social de um país. Nesse sentido, os objetivos deste estudo foram validar a estrutura da Escala de Percepção do Sistema Normativo (EPSN) e descrever a percepção do funcionamento do sistema normativo, com uma amostra de 508 participantes argentinos. Para isso, desenhou-se um questionário autoadministrado com a escala EPSN e dados sociodemográficos. Os resultados mostram uma bondade de ajuste e coeficientes de confiabilidade que indicam uma consistência interna satisfatória (α=.89), e as análises descritivas evidenciam que os participantes têm uma percepção negativa do funcionamento do sistema normativo e, especificamente, que as mulheres têm uma perspectiva mais negativa do funcionamento do sistema normativo do que os homens; além disso, os participantes posicionados ideologicamente à direita são mais críticos que os posicionados à esquerda.

Resumen En Argentina, al igual que en el resto de América Latina, la percepción de la transgresión y la falta de legitimidad institucional son creencias compartidas. Además, la tendencia a realizar prácticas ilegales corroe el desarrollo político, económico y social de un país. Teniendo esto en cuenta, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron validar la estructura de la Escala de Percepción del Sistema Normativo (EPSN) y describir la percepción del funcionamiento del sistema normativo, con una muestra compuesta por 508 participantes argentinos. Para esto se diseñó un cuestionario autoadministrado con la escala EPSN y preguntas sobre datos sociodemográficos. Los resultados muestran una buena bondad de ajuste y coeficientes de fiabilidad que indican una consistencia interna satisfactoria (a = .89), y los análisis descriptivos dan cuenta de que los participantes presentan una percepción negativa del funcionamiento del sistema normativo y, específicamente, que las mujeres tienen una perspectiva más negativa del funcionamiento del sistema normativo que los hombres, y que los participantes posicionados ideológicamente a la derecha son más críticos que los de izquierda.

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