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This paper presents so-called thermoelectric generators (TEGs), which are considered thermal engines that transform heat into electricity using the Seebeck effect for this purpose. By using linear irreversible thermodynamics (LIT), it is possible to study the thermodynamic properties of TEGs for three different operating regimes: maximum power output (MPO), maximum ecological function (MEF) and maximum power efficiency (MPE). Then, by considering thermoelectricty, using the correspondence between the heat capacity of a solid and the metabolic rate, and taking the generation of energy by means of the metabolism of an organism as a process out of equilibrium, it is plausible to use linear irreversible thermodynamics (LIT) to obtain some interesting results in order to understand how metabolism is generated by a particle's released energy, which explains the empirically studied allometric laws.

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The scholarship seeking to explain the ineffectiveness of violence against women (VAW) laws has focused on the lack of resources or will to implement these laws. Less attention has been given to how these laws are crafted and positioned in the legal hierarchy, which may undermine them from the start. This article focuses on four cases from Central America, a region where fifty-five laws to protect women from violence were passed between 1960 and 2018, yet VAW continues. It finds that the legal positioning and language of these laws prioritize family unity while undermining women's rights to protection; thus, these laws fail by design. The article identifies four legal placements that delay (El Salvador), undermine (Honduras), diminish (Nicaragua), or render abstract (Guatemala) the effectiveness of VAW laws in the context of penal and judicial codes. This work has direct policy implications and broader relevance beyond the cases examined here.

Los estudios sobre la ineficacia de las leyes de violencia contra las mujeres (VCM) se centran en la falta de recursos o voluntad para implementarlas. Menos atención han recibido su elaboración y posicionamiento en la jerarquía legal, lo que puede socavarlas desde su origen. Este artículo se centra en cuatro casos de Centro América, una región donde se aprobaron cincuenta y cinco leyes para proteger a las mujeres entre 1960 y 2018, sin embargo, la VCM continúa. El posicionamiento legal y el lenguaje de estas leyes priorizan la unidad familiar socavando los derechos de las mujeres a la protección; por lo tanto, estas leyes fallan por diseño. El artículo identifica cuatro emplazamientos legales que retrasan (El Salvador), socavan (Honduras), disminuyen (Nicaragua) o abstraen (Guatemala) la efectividad de las leyes de VCM en el contexto de los códigos penal y judicial. Este trabajo tiene implicaciones para políticas públicas y una relevancia más allá de los casos examinados aquí.

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The inappropriate consumption, use, and dispensing of antibiotics are problems faced globally, with a pattern of inappropriate consumption differing in higher-income countries due to the ease of accessibility of antibiotics. The main drivers of consumption and inappropriate use are the over-the-counter sales of antibiotics by pharmacies. Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), a twin island state in the Caribbean, has two Acts of Parliament that regulate antibiotics: the Antibiotics Act and the Food and Drug Act, yet the Over-the-Counter (OTC) sale of antibiotics still exists. This study sought to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the OTC dispensing of antibiotics in T&T. A cross-sectional study gathered data from pharmacists in both the private and public sectors of Trinidad over 7 months. The results showed that antibiotic resistance and antibiotic abuse were seen as significant problems. The level of experience, gender (female), and age (younger) were significantly associated with having good overall knowledge of good dispensing habits and antibiotic laws (p = 0.036, p = 0.047, and p = 0.001, respectively). Pharmacists generally agreed that antibiotics under the Food and Drug Act may have contributed to OTC dispensing in the private sector (p = 0.013) and that all antibiotics should be under the Antibiotic Act (p = 0.002). Additionally, it was found that the dispensing of antibiotics OTC in the private sector (p = 0.006) occurred: without doctors' advice and without requesting prescriptions; because it was perceived as lawful (especially by older pharmacists); and because of the perceived motivation of profit. Regulation enforcement was perceived as deficient. OTC dispensing for reasons, such as misunderstanding of laws, occurs in T&T.

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The residential sector is one of the primary energy consumers and emitters of greenhouse gases. Given the environmental problem, one of the methods of mitigating electricity consumption and reducing the temperature in buildings is green infrastructure: green roofs and walls. This article presents a compilation of the studies carried out in México about green infrastructure; the energy, thermal and environmental benefits obtained were analyzed according to the vegetation, substrate, climate, and systems configuration. In addition, the development of policies, laws, regulations, and incentives in the field of green roofs in Mexico was also analyzed. The results indicate that using green infrastructure can help mitigate greenhouse gases since a green roof can reduce the indoor temperature up to 19.9 °C, save 28 % annually in electricity consumption and remove 80 % of rainwater pollutants. Finally, the results of this research can provide insight for researchers, legislators, and urban planners about the state in which Mexico is located, as well as help in decision-making.

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RESUMEN Introducción: En este estudio, se examinó la idoneidad de seleccionar atletas élite desde una edad temprana. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio consistió en verificar si el comportamiento identificado en investigaciones antecedentes también ocurre entre los mejores atletas mundiales de todos los tiempos que compiten en la carrera de 100 metros. Materiales y métodos: Para ello, y con base en un análisis de las clasificaciones oficiales de todos los tiempos masculinos y femeninos de la Asociación Internacional de Federaciones de atletismo en la referida prueba, se utilizó muestras en categoría absoluta (Top-1,000 hasta el 31/12/2018) y categoría sub-20 (Top-100 hasta el 31/12/2003); se aplicaron leyes de potencia y otras estrategias típicas de los sistemas complejos para analizar los datos. Resultados: los resultados muestran cómo, con demasiada frecuencia, los mejores corredores masculinos y femeninos del mundo en la categoría sub-20 no evolucionan positivamente durante el resto de su carrera deportiva mejorando sus registros en las categorías superiores. Solo 51 hombres de los 100 mejores corredores sub-20 de todos los tiempos, lograron mejorar sus registros una vez que alcanzaron la categoría sénior, y las mejoras no presentaron siempre progresiones estadísticamente significativas. En consecuencia, una inversión excesiva en recursos humanos y materiales para identificar individuos con altas capacidades atléticas, no es siempre la mejor estrategia. Conclusiones: el deporte de nivel a edades tempranas puede ser un error metodológico que debe evitarse a la hora de construir las reservas deportivas de un país o federación deportiva.

RESUMO Introdução: Neste estudo, examinou-se a adequação da seleção de atletas de elite desde tenra idade. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o comportamento identificado em pesquisas anteriores também ocorre entre os melhores atletas do mundo de todos os tempos que competem na prova de 100 metros. Materiais e métodos: Para isso, e com base na análise das classificações oficiais de todos os tempos para homens e mulheres da Associação Internacional de Federações de Atletismo na prova supracitada, foram utilizadas amostras em categoria absoluta (Top-1.000 até 31/12 /2018) e sub-20 (Top-100 até 31/12/2003); Leis de potência e outras estratégias típicas de sistemas complexos foram aplicadas para analisar os dados. Resultados: Os resultados mostram como, muitas vezes, os melhores corredores masculinos e femininos do mundo na categoria sub-20 não evoluem positivamente durante o resto de sua carreira esportiva, melhorando seus registros nas categorias superiores. Apenas 51 homens dos 100 melhores corredores sub-20 de todos os tempos conseguiram melhorar seus tempos quando chegaram à categoria sênior, e as melhorias nem sempre mostraram progressões estatisticamente significativas. Consequentemente, um investimento excessivo em recursos humanos e materiais para identificar indivíduos com altas habilidades atléticas nem sempre é a melhor estratégia. Conclusões: o esporte de nível em idade precoce pode ser um erro metodológico que deve ser evitado na construção das reservas esportivas de um país ou federação esportiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In this study, the suitability of selecting elite athletes from an early age was examined. Objective: The objective of this study was to verify if the behavior identified in previous research also occurs among the world's best athletes of all time who compete in the 100-meter race. Materials and methods: For this, and based on an analysis of the official classifications of all times for men and women of the International Association of Athletics Federations in the referred test, samples were used in absolute category (Top-1,000 up to the 12/31/2018) and sub -20 category (Top - 100 until 12/31/2003); power laws and other strategies typical of complex systems will be applied to analyze the data. Results: The results show how, all too often, the best male and female runners in the world in the under-20 category do not evolve positively during the rest of their sports career. improving their records in the higher categories. Only 51 men out of the top 100 U-20 runners of all time managed to improve their times once they reached the senior category, and the improvements did not always show statistically significant progressions. Consequently, an excessive investment in human and material resources to identify individuals with high athletic abilities is not always the best strategy. Conclusions: level sport at an early age can be a methodological error that should be avoided when building the sports reserves of a country or sports federation.

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The evolution of scientific knowledge regarding animal sentience, together with the growing concerns of consumers regarding current production models, has brought with it the responsibility of reviewing many practices carried out in industrial swine farming, with the purpose of improving the life quality of animals throughout the entire production cycle. In this sense, many initiatives have been taken by European Union, OIE and other countries to abolish questionable practices from an animal welfare point of view, being signed through legislation or normative instructions, which guide governments and companies on the best practices to be adopted. Among the main changes that have taken place in swine farming are the ban or reduction in the use of cages for sows, restrictions on the age at weaning, ban on painful procedures such as surgical castration, tail and teeth clipping, as routine procedures or without the use of anesthesia/analgesia. In addition, these acts also prescribe practices that must be adopted in order to respect the natural behavior of animals, such as the use of environmental enrichment. This review aims to address the main advances made over the last few years in the protection of swine, as well as Brazilian initiatives in this regard.

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INTRODUCTION: Assisted suicide and euthanasia are controversial issues today and have been throughout the history of humanity, mainly because there are individuals for and against them. Currently, the legalization of these practices is being discussed in Chile, and the perception of physicians regarding this issue is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess physicians' perception of Chile's euthanasia and assisted suicide. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional study was carried out in Chile. A questionnaire of physicians' attitudes and opinions on assisted suicide and euthanasia was used. The population was the doctors who work in Chile, and the sample was convenient with a sample calculation of 384 physicians. About 20 variables were considered and included in a form created through the Google forms option, which was distributed through social networks: LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. To guarantee the anonymity of the participants, the option to request and remember the participant's email was deactivated. A generated database allowed the quantitative analysis of the variables and their expression through frequencies, percentages, and graphs. The European University of the Atlantic's research ethics committee approved this study as stated in the document CE-55 of March 2021. RESULTS: A total of 410 physicians were surveyed. 50.7% (n = 208) of the participants identified themselves as men, and 69.8% (n = 286) were Chilean. The city of Santiago was the area of residence of 72.9% (n = 299) of the participants. About 34.6% (n = 142) of participants were general practitioners, and 39.3% (n = 161) of the physicians had more than 20 years of experience. About 68.7% had favorable attitudes toward euthanasia and 54.4% toward assisted suicide; However, although the majority favored legalizing euthanasia and assisted suicide, approximately 48.8% stated that they would not participate in an assisted suicide procedure. CONCLUSIONS: There was evidence of support for the implementation and legalization of euthanasia and assisted suicide by physicians in Chile. However, there are still professionals who have not yet decided on a definitive position on these practices.

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Introduction: This article addresses the legal regulations for Foods for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU) in the main trade associations of Latin America (LATAM), based on the Codex Alimentarius system. Objective: The objective is to determine regulatory progress in the trade of FOSHU products. Material and methods: This study includes a review of the literature emanating from the databases from 2018 to 2022, according to the framework of three general food marketing regulations: food safety claims; inspection regulations, and food manufacturing and labeling. Results: The results reveal the absence of a specific legislation for FOSHU foods, as these are only mentioned in the area of nutrition. Conclusions: The legal framework in the trade of these products is based on jus cogens. Registration of industrial patents in the main member countries of LATAM trade associations can be facilitated through the Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)(AU)

Introducción: El artículo aborda las regulaciones jurídicas en Alimentos para Uso Específico de Salud "FOSHU" en las principales asociaciones comerciales de América Latina (LATAM), basados en el sistema Codex Alimentarius. Objetivo: Determinar el avance regulatorio en la comercialización de productos FOSHU. Materiales y métodos: Se revisa la literatura emanada de las bases de datos desde el año 2018 al 2022, según el marco de tres regulaciones generales de comercialización de alimentos: las declaraciones de seguridad alimentaria; las regulaciones de inspecciones, las de manufacturas de alimentos y etiquetado. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron la ausencia de una legislación específica para alimentos FOSHU, siendo solo mencionados en el área de la nutrición. Conclusiones: El revestimiento jurídico en la comercialización de estos productos; se cimienta en el ius cogens. Las inscripciones de patentes industriales en los principales países miembros de las asociaciones comerciales en LATAM pueden facilitarse por la vía del Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)(AU)

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Understanding mechanisms shaping distributions and interactions of soil microbes is essential for determining their impact on large scale ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, climate regulation, waste decomposition, and nutrient cycling. As the functional unit of soil ecosystems, we focus our attention on the spatial structure of soil macroaggregates. Emulating this complex physico-chemical environment as a patchy habitat landscape we investigate on-chip the effect of changing the connectivity features of this landscape as Escherichia coli forms a metapopulation. We analyze the distributions of E. coli occupancy using Taylor's law, an empirical law in ecology which asserts that the fluctuations in populations is a power law function of the mean. We provide experimental evidence that bacterial metapopulations in patchy habitat landscapes on microchips follow this law. Furthermore, we find that increased variance of patch-corridor connectivity leads to a qualitative transition in the fluctuation scaling. We discuss these results in the context of the spatial ecology of microbes in soil.

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Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar e problematizar a(s) concepção(ões) de esporte inscritas no ordenamento legal que balizou as políticas esportivas no "Governo da Floresta" (1999-2018). Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritivo exploratória de cunho qualitativo, realizada a partir do levantamento das leis instituídas no Governo da Floresta. A busca foi realizada na página eletrônica da Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Acre e no site Leis Estaduais, entre os dias 01 e 15 de fevereiro de 2022. Foram encontradas 43 leis, que em síntese, indicam a presença de uma concepção de esporte que, por vezes, está sintonizada como a noção de esporte como direito do cidadão, bem cultural e componente de políticas públicas sociais. Noutros momento, reforça uma concepção esportivista voltada ao resultado e ao rendimento, com programas focais, descontínuos e seletivos.

This article aims to evaluate and problematize the conception(s) of sport inscribed in the legal framework that guided the sports policies in the "Forest Government" (1999-2018). This is descriptive-exploratory research of qualitative nature, conducted from the survey of the laws instituted in the Forest Government. The search was carried out on the webpage of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Acre and on the website State Laws, between February 1 and 15, 2022. Forty-three laws were found, which, in synthesis, indicate the presence of a conception of sport that, sometimes, is in tune with the notion of sport as a citizen's right, cultural asset, and component of social public policies. At other times, it reinforces a sports conception focused on results and performance, with focal, discontinuous, and selective programs.

Este artículo pretende evaluar y problematizar la(s) concepción(es) del deporte inscrita(s) en el marco legal que orientó las políticas deportivas en el "Gobierno del Bosque" (1999-2018). Se trata de una investigación descriptiva-exploratoria de carácter cualitativo, realizada a partir del relevamiento de las leyes instituidas en el Gobierno del Bosque. La búsqueda se realizó en la página web de la Asamblea Legislativa del Estado de Acre y en el sitio web de Leyes del Estado entre el 1 y el 15 de febrero de 2022. Se encontraron 43 leyes que, en resumen, indican la presencia de una concepción del deporte que, en ocasiones, está en sintonía con la noción de deporte como derecho ciudadano, bien cultural y componente de las políticas públicas sociales. En otras ocasiones, refuerza una concepción del deporte centrada en los resultados y el rendimiento, con programas focalizados, discontinuos y selectivos.

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The geometry of coronary arteries is believed to play the role as an atherosclerotic risk factor on its own. The full characterization of the normal coronary network has been reported in the literature. Reports on the integration of geometry and functional data for normal coronary vessels started to proliferate more recently. In this work, we analyze and integrate the geometric data retrieved from angiography images of the left main coronary bifurcation in angiographically normal patients and hemodynamic data generated from blood flow models to analyze the role of allometric laws and the connection between flow distribution and wall shear stress loads on the left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries. This in-silico study contributes to the characterization of normal coronary anatomy and its impact on the hemodynamic shear stresses acting over the vessel wall, shedding light on the impact of geometry-based versus simulation-based hypotheses to define boundary conditions for numerical simulations. We discuss the role of the wall shear stress corresponding to scenarios adopted by the scientific community and the ones proposed in this study. For the simulation-based hypothesis, we propose an iterative strategy to define boundary conditions at the main left coronary bifurcation, such that wall shear stresses are matched between the left descending and left circumflex arteries. From this study, we conclude that a one-fits-all power law exponent of 7/3 results in an good trade-off between computational cost and wall shear stress balance between daughter vessels.

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ABSTRACT This article aims to map and analyze the main sports laws and official government bodies that regulate and manage sports in Latin America, comprising the nature of the documents and their central constitutive elements, namely: title, year of creation, and general objectives. This is an exploratory and documentary study using critical-documentary analysis, the comparative method and the evidential paradigm as a theoretical-methodological approach. The sources are composed of the official sports laws of 19 countries in Latin America. The analyses allowed us to establish the following categories: a) countries whose sports laws are specific and contain only the term sports in their name; b) countries whose sports laws are identified with numbers; c) countries whose sports laws have mixed nomenclature. Twelve countries conceptualize sports in full in their documents. We perceive that the way sports are presented in the laws shows the signs and traces of how they are thought, seen and materialized. We understand that the laws are an important milestone for the development of Latin sports. Beyond the laws, we point out that it is of paramount importance that a medium- and long-term sports policy be thought out in each specific context.

RESUMO Este artigo objetiva mapear e analisar as principais leis esportivas e órgãos governamentais oficiais que regulamentam e gerem o esporte na América Latina, compreendendo a natureza dos documentos e seus elementos centrais constitutivos, a saber: título, ano de criação e objetivos gerais. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo exploratório e documental, utiliza a crítica-documental, o método comparativo e o paradigma indiciário como abordagem teórico-metodológica. As fontes são compostas pelas Leis esportivas oficiais de 19 países da América Latina. As análises nos permitiram estabelecer as seguintes categorias: a) países cujas leis esportivas são específicas e que contém apenas o termo esporte em seu nome; b) países cujas leis esportivas são identificadas com números; c) países cujas leis esportivas possuem nomenclatura mista. Doze países conceituam o esporte na íntegra em seus documentos. Percebemos que a maneira como o esporte é apresentado nas leis demonstra os sinais e rastros de como ele é pensado, visto e materializado. Entendemos que as leis se configuram como um importante marco para o desenvolvimento do esporte latino. Além delas, apontamos que é fundamental que seja pensada uma política esportiva a médio e longo prazo em cada contexto específico.

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Since determining the structure of the DNA double helix, the study of genes and genomes has revolutionized contemporary science; with the decoding of the human genome, new findings have been achieved, including the ability that humans have developed to modify genetic sequences in vitro. The discovery of gene modification mechanisms, such as the CRISPR-Cas system (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and Cas (CRISPR associated). Derived from the latest discoveries in genetics, the idea that science has no limits has exploded. However, improvements in genetic engineering allowed access to new possibilities to save lives or generate new treatment options for diseases that are not treatable by using genes and their modification in the genome. With this greater knowledge, the immediate question is who governs the limits of genetic science? The first answer would be the intervention of a legislative branch, with adequate scientific advice, from which the logical answer, bioethics, should result. This term was introduced for the first time by Van Rensselaer Potter, who in 1970 combined the Greek words bios and ethos, Bio-Ethik, which determined the study of the morality of human behavior in science. The approach to this term was introduced to avoid the natural tension that results from the scientific technical development and the ethics of limits. Therefore, associating the use of biotechnology through the CRISPR-Cas system and the regulation through bioethics, aims to monitor the use of techniques and technology, with benefits for humanity, without altering fundamental rights, acting with moral and ethical principles.

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Resumo O artigo aborda os impactos da violência armada, a partir da Atenção Primária em Saúde, em um bairro do município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo exploratório desenvolvido em dois serviços com o objetivo de identificar os principais tipos de violência, seus impactos e as estratégias utilizadas para enfrentamento do fenômeno. A produção de informações incluiu coleta de dados nos registros dos serviços, realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, grupos focais e seminário de devolutiva. A violência armada, dentre todas as expressões de violência, foi identificada como uma das maiores preocupações de profissionais de saúde e usuários dos serviços, em função de sua intensa ocorrência e gravidade de suas consequências sob a saúde. Destaca-se seu impacto nas estratégias de enfrentamento à violência e a dificuldade em visibilizar o fenômeno. Considera-se que esse tipo de violência, predominante nos territórios negros da cidade, é legitimada pelo racismo estrutural, sendo a política pública de segurança - baseada no ideário de guerra às drogas e no enfrentamento bélico com grupos armados que atuam no comércio varejista de drogas ilícitas - expressões do racismo de estado e da necropolítica.

Abstract The paper addresses the impacts of armed violence, based on Primary Health Care, in a neighborhood in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This is a qualitative exploratory study developed in two services aiming to identify the main types of violence, their impacts and the strategies used to cope with the phenomenon. The production of information included data collection in the service records, conducting semi-structured interviews, focus groups and feedback seminar. Armed violence, among all expressions of violence, was identified as one of the major concerns of healthcare professionals and users of services, due to its intense occurrence and the severity of its consequences on health. Its impact on strategies to cope with the violence and the difficulty in making the phenomenon visible are highlighted. It is considered that this type of violence, prevalent in the black territories of the city, is legitimized by structural racism, being the public security policy - based on the ideal of war on drugs and on the military confrontation with armed groups that operate in the retail trade of illicit drugs - expressions of state racism and necropolitics.

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Safe access to public restrooms is an essential need for participation in civic life, in the workplace, in educational settings, and other public spaces. This is no different for transgender people. However, access to public restrooms according to gender identity has sparked controversy to the extent that transgender people face embarrassment and even expulsion from these spaces. The lack of access of the transgender population to public restrooms has a negative impact on the physical and mental health of this population. Thus, this article aims to address the main consequences that the ban on the use of bathrooms has for the transgender population, specifically the access of transgender women to the women's restroom. We covered some legal aspects of "bathroom laws" and the main arguments in this discussion. We understand that the prohibition of access to the restroom constitutes a form of gender violence and discrimination, as we conclude that the arguments that express concerns about safety are not supported.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O estágio supervisionado obrigatório constitui-se em um componente curricular que integra o processo formativo do graduando em Fisioterapia. Todavia, a despeito de sua relevância como construto legal e normativo, os documentos oficiais não dão suporte suficiente à unificação dos critérios de sua realização, o que pode ocasionar a ocorrência de práticas irregulares. OBJETIVO: Identificar as discrepâncias e pontos de convergência existentes nos documentos oficiais e relatos de pesquisas que norteiam os estágios supervisionados obrigatórios em Fisioterapia. MÉTODOS: Revisão integrativa da literatura com consulta às bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Periódicos Capes, e aos documentos oficiais do Conselho Federal de Fisioterapia, Conselho Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Educação e Associação Brasileira de Ensino em Fisioterapia. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 15 artigos publicados entre os anos de 2002 e 2017 e sete documentos oficiais que abordam os estágios, a práxis pedagógica e as normas legais no contexto da Fisioterapia. CONCLUSÃO: Existem discrepâncias em relação ao número de estudantes por supervisor de estágio e por turno de prática, à identidade do profissional, sua presença durante o treinamento e intervalo temporal entre a teoria e o estágio curricular obrigatório. Já como pontos de convergência podem ser pontuados o reconhecimento do estágio enquanto uma prática curricular obrigatória e didático-pedagógica e o momento em que o estudante deverá ser estimulado a desenvolver autonomia e responsabilidade profissional, interação com a equipe multiprofissional e habilidade no manejo dos pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: The mandatory supervised practice is a curricular component that integrates the training process of the undergraduate student in Physiotherapy, however, despite its relevance as a legal and normative construct, the official documents do not provide sufficient support for the unification of the criteria for its completion, which can cause irregular practices to occur. OBJECTIVE: Identify the discrepancies and points of convergence in existing official documents and research reports that guide the mandatory supervised internships in Physiotherapy. METHODS: Integrative literature review with a consultation to the databases PubMed, SciELO, Virtual Health Library, and Capes Periodicals, and to the official documents of the Federal Council of Physiotherapy, National Council of Health, Ministry of Education, and the Brazilian Association of Teaching in Physiotherapy. RESULTS: 15 articles published between 2002 and 2017 were analyzed, as well as seven official documents that address internships, pedagogical praxis, and legal norms in the context of Physiotherapy. CONCLUSION: There are discrepancies concerning the number of students per internship supervisor and practice shift, the professional identity, their presence during training, and the time interval between theory and the mandatory curricular internship. As points of convergence, the recognition of the internship as a mandatory and didactic-pedagogical curricular practice and the moment when the student should be encouraged to develop autonomy and professional responsibility, interaction with the multidisciplinary team, and ability to manage patients can be scored.

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We address ethical, legal, and practical issues related to adolescent self-consent for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. HPV vaccination coverage continues to lag well behind the national goal of 80% series completion. Structural and behavioral interventions have improved vaccination rates, but attitudinal, behavioral, and access barriers remain. A potential approach for increasing access and improving vaccination coverage would be to permit adolescents to consent to HPV vaccination for themselves. We argue that adolescent self-consent is ethical, but that there are legal hurdles to be overcome in many states. In jurisdictions where self-consent is legal, there can still be barriers due to lack of awareness of the policy among healthcare providers and adolescents. Other barriers to implementation of self-consent include resistance from antivaccine and parent rights activists, reluctance of providers to agree to vaccinate even when self-consent is legally supported, and threats to confidentiality. Confidentiality can be undermined when an adolescent's self-consented HPV vaccination appears in an explanation of benefits communication sent to a parent or if a parent accesses an adolescent's vaccination record via state immunization information systems. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to a substantial drop in HPV vaccination, there may be even more reason to consider self-consent. The atmosphere of uncertainty and distrust surrounding future COVID-19 vaccines underscores the need for any vaccine policy change to be pursued with clear communication and consistent with ethical principles.

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AIMS: To comprehensively review enacted and proposed alcohol laws and existing impact evaluations of national alcohol policies in Chile. METHODS: We searched enacted laws in the Chilean National Library of Congress, proposed laws in the websites of the House of Deputies and Senate and impact evaluations in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, JSTOR, Epistemonikos and OpenGrey from inception to February 2019. Eligibility criteria included enacted laws and proposed laws on national alcohol policies and research studies evaluating the impact of national alcohol policies. One author screened enacted laws and proposed laws; two authors independently screened research records. We included any national alcohol policy intervention and classified policies according to 10 World Health Organization (WHO) alcohol policy domains. We used the Cochrane EPOC Review Group criteria to assess risk of bias of research records. We registered the review protocol in PROSPERO, registration record CRD42016050156. RESULTS: We identified and screened 229 enacted laws, 138 proposed laws and 1538 research records. Of these, 72 enacted laws, 118 proposed laws and three research articles were eligible for synthesis. We found enacted policies in all WHO alcohol policy domains. Regarding the most cost-effective policies, Chile has made limited use of taxation, has not regulated alcohol marketing and has weakened alcohol availability regulation. We found a large number of proposed laws, 79% of which would strengthen alcohol control. The few impact evaluation studies examined drink-driving policies and found a short-term reduction of alcohol-related injuries and deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Chile has enacted alcohol policies in all World Health Organization policy domains, but has not adopted policies with highest likely cost-effectiveness. Only the impact of drink-driving policies has been evaluated.

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Objetivo: analisar o conhecimento da Lei do Acompanhante ao Parto na perspectiva de gestantes multigestas em acompanhamento pré-natal nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da zona rural de Cuité, Paraíba. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta dos dados foi realizada entre os meses de maio e junho de 2017 por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, e analisados à luz da literatura mediante o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados: constatou-se um déficit de conhecimento sobre a referida Lei, pois apenas uma das entrevistadas afirmou ter a experiência de um acompanhante durante o parto e ressaltou que este desempenha um papel de suma importância. Considerações finais: o fato de grande parte das entrevistadas, que eram gestantes multigestas e, consequentemente, passaram por mais de um acompanhamento pré-natal durante as gestações, desconhecer a Lei do Acompanhamento ao Parto, aponta uma falha quanto à sua divulgação e discussão durante a realização das consultas de pré-natal.

Objetivo: analizar el conocimiento de la Ley de Acompañantes desde la perspectiva de gestantes multi-gestacionales de seguimiento prenatal en las Unidades Básicas de Salud de la Cuité rural, Paraíba. Método: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo. La recolección de datos se realizó entre mayo y junio de 2017 a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, y se analizó a la luz de la literatura a través del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Resultados: hubo un desconocimiento sobre esta Ley, pues sólo una de las entrevistadas manifestó que tuvo la experiencia de una compañera durante el parto y enfatizó que esto juega un papel de suma importancia. Consideraciones finales: el hecho de que la mayoría de las entrevistadas, que eran gestantes multi-gestacionales y, consecuentemente, fueron sometidas a más de un seguimiento prenatal durante los embarazos, sin conocer la Ley de Seguimiento del Parto, señala un fracaso en cuanto a su difusión y discusión durante las consultas prenatales.

Objective: to analyze the knowledge of the Birth Companion's Law from the perspective of multi-gestational pregnant women under prenatal follow-up in the Basic Health Units of rural Cuité, Paraíba. Method: descriptive, exploratory study with qualitative approach. Data collection was performed between May and June 2017 through semi-structured interviews, and analyzed in the light of the literature through the Collective Subject Discourse. Results: there was a lack of knowledge about this Law, because only one of the interviewees stated that she had the experience of a companion during childbirth and emphasized that this plays a role of paramount importance. Final considerations: the fact that most of the interviewees, who were multi-gestational pregnant women and, consequently, underwent more than one prenatal follow-up during pregnancies, not knowing the Law of Follow-up to Childbirth, points to a failure regarding their dissemination and discussion during prenatal consultations.

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This study revises the non-local macroscopic pedestrian flow model proposed in [R. M. Colombo, M. Garavello, and M. Lécureux-Mercier. A class of nonlocal models for pedestrian traffic. Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 22(4):1150023, 2012] to account for anisotropic interactions and the presence of walls or other obstacles in the walking domain. We prove the well-posedness of this extended model and we apply high-resolution numerical schemes to illustrate the model characteristics. In particular, numerical simulations highlight the role of different model parameters in the observed pattern formation.