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The current study verified the acute responses of participants to a football match in terms of blood markers. Sixteen elite U-18 male football players were divided into two groups: experimental (EG, n = 10), who played a friendly football match; and control (CG), who were not exposed to any physical exertion. Intravenous blood samples were collected from both groups at baseline, pre-match, half-time, and post-match. The blood analysis consisted of four groups: immunological (leukocytes, platelets, and cortisol), muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), metabolic (lactate, glucose, erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and urea), and electrolytic (sodium, calcium, and potassium). Edwards' training impulse demonstrated that the first half was more demanding than the second half (p = 0.020). Significant changes between time points and groups were observed for leukocytes (pre-match: 6920 ± 1949; post-match: 13,890 ± 3292; p ≤ 0.05) and cortisol (pre-match: 10.78 ± 3.63; post-match: 19.15 ± 7.40; p ≤ 0.05). CK (pre-match: 516.50 ± 248.38; post-match: 713.70 ± 308.20; p ≤ 0.05) and LDH (pre-match: 348.80 ± 36.49; post-match: 414.80 ± 26.55; p ≤ 0.05) increased significantly across the time points for the EG, with no difference between the groups, however. Raised lactate (pre-match: 1.05 ± 0.32; post-match: 3.24 ± 1.60; p ≤ 0.05) and glucose (pre-match: 72.54 ± 9.76; post-match: 101.42 ± 19.87; p ≤ 0.05) differences between the groups at half-time were also observed. These current findings provide helpful information to better understand football match demands regarding physiological effects.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Pre-apheresis peripheral blood CD34+ cell count (PBCD34+) is the most important predictor of good cell mobilization before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, albeit flow cytometry is not always immediately available. Identification of surrogate markers can be useful. The CD34+ cells proliferate after mobilization, resulting in elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and correlating with the PBCD34+ count. Objective: To determine the LDH cut-off value at which adequate CD34+ cell mobilization is achieved and its diagnostic yield. Materials and methods: A total of 103 patients who received an autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) between January 2015 and January 2020 were included. Demographic and laboratory characteristics were obtained, including complete blood count, pre-apheresis PBCD34+ and LDH levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to identify the optimal serum LDH activity cut-off points for ≥ 2 and ≥ 4 × 106 cells/kg post-mobilization CD34+ count and their diagnostic yield. Results: A post-mobilization serum LDH cut-off value of 462 U/L yielded a sensitivity (Se) = 86.8% (positive predictive value [PPV] = 72.7%), a pre- and post-mobilization serum LDH difference cut-off value of 387 U/L, an Se = 45.7% (PPV = 97%) and an LDH ratio of 2.46, with an Se = 47.1% (PPV = 97%) for an optimal mobilization count (CD34+ ≥ 4 × 106). Conclusion: The LDH measurement represents a fast and affordable way to predict PBCD34+ mobilization in cases where flow cytometry is not immediately available. According to the LDH diagnostic yield, it could be used as a surrogate marker in transplant centers, supporting the CD34+ count, which remains the gold standard.

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BACKGROUND: The metabolic reprogramming of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) favoring glycolysis has recently emerged as a new approach to improve their immunotherapeutic abilities. This strategy is associated with greater lactate release, and interestingly, recent studies have proposed lactate as a functional suppressive molecule, changing the old paradigm of lactate as a waste product. Therefore, we evaluated the role of lactate as an alternative mediator of MSC immunosuppressive properties and its contribution to the enhanced immunoregulatory activity of glycolytic MSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Murine CD4+ T cells from C57BL/6 male mice were differentiated into proinflammatory Th1 or Th17 cells and cultured with either L-lactate, MSCs pretreated or not with the glycolytic inductor, oligomycin, and MSCs pretreated or not with a chemical inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), galloflavin or LDH siRNA to prevent lactate production. Additionally, we validated our results using human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) in a murine model of delayed type 1 hypersensitivity (DTH). RESULTS: Our results showed that 50 mM of exogenous L-lactate inhibited the proliferation rate and phenotype of CD4+ T cell-derived Th1 or Th17 by 40% and 60%, respectively. Moreover, the suppressive activity of both glycolytic and basal MSCs was impaired when LDH activity was reduced. Likewise, in the DTH inflammation model, lactate production was required for MSC anti-inflammatory activity. This lactate dependent-immunosuppressive mechanism was confirmed in UC-MSCs through the inhibition of LDH, which significantly decreased their capacity to control proliferation of activated CD4+ and CD8+ human T cells by 30%. CONCLUSION: These findings identify a new MSC immunosuppressive pathway that is independent of the classical suppressive mechanism and demonstrated that the enhanced suppressive and therapeutic abilities of glycolytic MSCs depend at least in part on lactate production.

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INTRODUCTION: Patients with cervical cancer (CC) may experience local recurrence very often after treatment; when only clinical parameters are used, most cases are diagnosed in late stages, which decreases the chance of recovery. Molecular markers can improve the prediction of clinical outcome. Glycolysis is altered in 70% of CCs, so molecular markers of this pathway associated with the aggressiveness of CC can be identified. METHODS: The expression of 14 glycolytic genes was analyzed in 97 CC and 29 healthy cervical tissue (HCT) with microarray; only LDHA and PFKP were validated at the mRNA and protein levels in 36 of those CC samples and in 109 new CC samples, and 31 HCT samples by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, or immunohistochemistry. A replica analysis was performed on 295 CC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. RESULTS: The protein expression of LDHA and PFKP was associated with poor overall survival [OS: LDHA HR = 4.0 (95% CI = 1.4-11.1); p = 8.0 × 10-3 ; PFKP HR = 3.3 (95% CI = 1.1-10.5); p = 4.0 × 10-2 ] and disease-free survival [DFS: LDHA HR = 4.5 (95% CI = 1.9-10.8); p = 1.0 × 10-3 ; PFKP HR = 3.2 (95% CI = 1.2-8.2); p = 1.8 × 10-2 ] independent of FIGO clinical stage, and the results for mRNA expression were similar. The risk of death was greater in patients with overexpression of both biomarkers than in patients with advanced FIGO stage [HR = 8.1 (95% CI = 2.6-26.1; p = 4.3 × 10-4 ) versus HR = 7 (95% CI 1.6-31.1, p = 1.0 × 10-2 )] and increased exponentially as the expression of LDHA and PFKP increased. CONCLUSIONS: LDHA and PFKP overexpression at the mRNA and protein levels was associated with poor OS and DFS and increased risk of death in CC patients regardless of FIGO stage. The measurement of these two markers could be very useful for evaluating clinical evolution and the risk of death from CC and could facilitate better treatment decision making.

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INTRODUCTION: Pre-apheresis peripheral blood CD34+ cell count (PBCD34+) is the most important predictor of good cell mobilization before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, albeit flow cytometry is not always immediately available. Identification of surrogate markers can be useful. The CD34+ cells proliferate after mobilization, resulting in elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and correlating with the PBCD34+ count. OBJECTIVE: To determine the LDH cut-off value at which adequate CD34+ cell mobilization is achieved and its diagnostic yield. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 patients who received an autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) between January 2015 and January 2020 were included. Demographic and laboratory characteristics were obtained, including complete blood count, pre-apheresis PBCD34+ and LDH levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to identify the optimal serum LDH activity cut-off points for ≥ 2 and ≥ 4 × 106 cells/kg post-mobilization CD34+ count and their diagnostic yield. RESULTS: A post-mobilization serum LDH cut-off value of 462 U/L yielded a sensitivity (Se) = 86.8% (positive predictive value [PPV] = 72.7%), a pre- and post-mobilization serum LDH difference cut-off value of 387 U/L, an Se = 45.7% (PPV = 97%) and an LDH ratio of 2.46, with an Se = 47.1% (PPV = 97%) for an optimal mobilization count (CD34+ ≥ 4 × 106). CONCLUSION: The LDH measurement represents a fast and affordable way to predict PBCD34+ mobilization in cases where flow cytometry is not immediately available. According to the LDH diagnostic yield, it could be used as a surrogate marker in transplant centers, supporting the CD34+ count, which remains the gold standard.

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OBJECTIVES: Lymphomas represent around 10% of head and neck neoplasms, among which the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histologic subtype. In the present study, we characterized demographic parameters, anatomical sites, and survival rates of patients in a Brazilian cancer center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single-center retrospective epidemiological study of 243 head and neck DLBCL patients. Demographic characteristics, tumor localization, HIV status, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and treatment modality were obtained from electronic medical records. RESULTS: The most common primary head and neck tumor location in patients with DLBCL was Waldeyer's ring. Interestingly, age above 80 years, male gender, high LDH levels, and HIV positivity were significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS) rates and increased risk of death. We further demonstrated that treatment had a protective effect, improving OS, and reducing risk of death. Notably, we found no benefit of combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus isolated treatment modalities. CONCLUSION: The study showed that primary head and neck DLBCL is more incident in middle age and elderly patients with a small male patients' majority in a Brazilian population. Moreover, we observed a 3-year OS rate of almost 60% and multivariate analysis showed that treatment was the only protective factor.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) can occur from recent or unusual physical activity, leading to a temporary reduction in muscle function. And increased pain. Several articles indicate the positive impacts of creatine on EIMD. Objective: Evaluate the impact of creatine on EIMD. Methods: Online searches were performed in Scopus, Embase, Medline and Google scholar until March 2022. Results: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. To assess the quality of the studies, the Cochrane collaboration system was used for risk and bias analysis. Due to the high heterogeneity of interventions and studies designed, a meta-analysis was not performed. The current paper reveals that creatine intake is preferable to inactive recovery and only a rest period between several harmful and exhausting physical activities. Conclusion: Benefits were attenuated in EIMD markers that reduce muscle operation and muscle strength loss after exercise. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - Manuscript review.

RESUMO Introdução: O dano muscular induzido pelo exercício (EIMD) pode acontecer por atividade física recente ou não habitual e leva a uma redução temporária da função muscular. e aumento da dor. Vários artigos indicam impactos positivos da creatina sobre a EIMD. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da creatina sobre a EIMD. Métodos: Foram feitas pesquisas eletrônicas em Scopus, Embase, Medline e Google scholar até março de 2022. Resultados: Treze estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos, o sistema de colaboração Cochrane foi utilizado na análise de risco e viés. Devido à alta heterogeneidade de intervenções e estudos desenhados, a meta-análise não foi realizada. As informações do documento atual revelam que a ingestão de creatina é preferível a uma recuperação inativa e apenas um período de repouso entre diversas atividades físicas prejudiciais e exaustivas. Conclusão: Os benefícios evidenciaram-se atenuados nos marcadores EIMD que reduzem a operação muscular e a perda de força muscular após os exercícios. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Revisão de manuscritos.

RESUMEN Introducción: el daño muscular inducido por el ejercicio (EIMD) puede producirse por una actividad física reciente o inusual y provoca una reducción temporal de la función muscular y un aumento del dolor. Varios artículos indican impactos positivos de la creatina en la EIMD. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la creatina en la EIMD. Métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas electrónicas en Scopus, Embase, Medline y Google scholar hasta marzo de 2022. Resultados: Trece estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Para evaluar la calidad de los estudios, se utilizó el sistema de colaboración Cochrane para el análisis de riesgos y sesgos. Debido a la gran heterogeneidad de las intervenciones y de los estudios diseñados, no se realizó un metanálisis. La información del presente documento revela que la ingesta de creatina es preferible a una recuperación inactiva y sólo un período de descanso entre varias actividades físicas perjudiciales y agotadoras. Conclusión: Los beneficios se mostraron atenuados en los marcadores EIMD que reducen el funcionamiento muscular y la pérdida de fuerza muscular después del ejercicio. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Revisión de manuscritos.

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BACKGROUND: Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is associated with complications and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there are no prognostic scores aimed to evaluate the risk of severe disease specifically in patients with MAFLD, despite its high prevalence. Lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase have been used as markers of liver damage. Therefore, we propose an index based on lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase for the prediction of complications and mortality in patients with MAFLD and COVID-19. AIM: To evaluate the prognostic performance of an index based on lactate dehydrogenase and transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase) in patients with COVID-19 and MAFLD [liver fibrosis and nutrition (LNF)-COVID-19 index]. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, two cohorts from two different tertiary centers were included. The first was the derivation cohort to obtain the score cutoffs, and the second was the validation cohort. We included hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 and MAFLD. Liver steatosis was evaluated by computed tomography scan. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and survival analysis were used. RESULTS: In the derivation cohort, 44.6% had MAFLD; ROC curve analysis yielded a LFN-COVID-19 index > 1.67 as the best cutoff, with a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 63%, negative predictive value of 91% and an area under the ROC curve of 0.77. In the multivariate analysis, the LFN-COVID-19 index > 1.67 was independently associated with the development of acute kidney injury (odds ratio: 1.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-2.5, P < 0.001), orotracheal intubation (odds ratio: 1.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.4-2.4, P < 0.001), and death (odds ratio: 2.86, 95% confidence interval: 1.6-4.5, P < 0.001) in both cohorts. CONCLUSION: LFN-COVID-19 index has a good performance to predict prognosis in patients with MAFLD and COVID-19, which could be useful for the MAFLD population.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Vitamin E supplementation may protect against exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) through possible inhibition of free radical formation and cell membrane stabilization. However, there is no systematic review of this topic. This fact maintains academic stalemates that may have a resolution. Objective: This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to provide a comprehensive literature review on the hypothesis of the benefit of vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress and muscle damage induced by aerobic exercise. Methods: A random-effects model was used, weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to estimate the overall effect. Results: The results revealed a significant effect of vitamin E supplementation on reducing creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In addition, a subgroup analysis resulted in a significant decrease in CK concentrations in trials with immediate and <24 hours post-exercise CK measurement; <1000 at daily vitamin E intake; ≤1 at weekly intake; 1 at six weeks and >6 weeks experimental duration, studies on aerobic exercise and training were part of the crossover study. Conclusion: Vitamin E can be seen as a priority agent for recovery from muscle damage. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMO Introdução: A suplementação de vitamina E pode ter um efeito protetor contra danos musculares induzidos pelo exercício (EIMD) através da possível inibição da formação radical livre e estabilização da membrana celular. Todavia, não há uma revisão sistemática sobre esse tema. Tal fato mantém empasses acadêmicos que podem ter uma resolução. Objetivo: Esta revisão sistemática com meta-análise objetiva fornecer uma análise bibliográfica abrangente na hipótese do benefício na suplementação de vitaminas E sobre o estresse oxidativo e os danos musculares induzidos pelo pelo exercício aeróbico. Métodos: Foi utilizado um modelo com efeitos aleatórios, diferença média ponderada (ADM) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) foram aplicados para estimar o efeito geral. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram um efeito significativo da suplementação de vitamina E na redução da creatina-quinase (CK) e lactato-desidrogenase (LDH). Além disso, uma análise do subgrupo resultou em uma diminuição significativa das concentrações de CK em ensaios com medição imediata e <24 horas de CK após o exercício; <1000 no consumo diário de vitamina E; ≤1 no consumo semanal; 1 em 6 semanas e >6 semanas de duração experimental, estudos sobre exercício aeróbico e treinamento fizeram parte do estudo cruzado. Conclusão: A vitamina E pode ser vista como um agente prioritário de recuperação de danos musculares. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: La suplementación con vitamina E puede tener un efecto protector contra el daño muscular inducido por el ejercicio (EIMD) a través de la posible inhibición de la formación de radicales libres y la estabilización de la membrana celular. Sin embargo, no existe ninguna revisión sistemática sobre este tema. Este hecho mantiene un impasse académico que puede tener resolución. Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática con meta-análisis tiene como objetivo proporcionar una amplia revisión de la literatura sobre la hipótesis del beneficio de la suplementación con vitamina E sobre el estrés oxidativo y el daño muscular inducido por el ejercicio aeróbico. Métodos: Se utilizó un modelo de efectos aleatorios, se aplicó la diferencia de medias ponderada (DMP) y el intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95% para estimar el efecto global. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron un efecto significativo de la suplementación con vitamina E en la reducción de la creatina quinasa (CK) y la lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH). Además, un análisis de subgrupos dio como resultado una disminución significativa de las concentraciones de CK en los ensayos con medición de CK inmediata y <24 horas después del ejercicio; <1000 en la ingesta diaria de vitamina E; ≤1 en la ingesta semanal; 1 en 6 semanas y >6 semanas de duración experimental, los estudios sobre el ejercicio aeróbico y el entrenamiento formaron parte del estudio cruzado. Conclusión: La vitamina E puede resultar un agente prioritario para la recuperación del daño muscular. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pre-slaughter time about some blood constituents used as stress indicators in the evaluation of animal welfare in cattle. In the practice of ethology, animal welfare is assessed through physiological and behavioral indicators. For the determination of serum biomarkers of animal stress, a total of 180 animals was used, divided into two major groups according to the time of pre-slaughter. In the acceptable group, the animals had a pre-slaughter time up to 24 hours and in the not acceptable group the pre-slaughter time was greater than 24 h. These two groups were split up into three animal categories (males, females and castrated males). In this study, 30 samples were collected from each animal category of the two groups, acceptable and not acceptable, totaling 180 samples. Samples were separated for analysis of muscle enzymes creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (CK and LDH), glucose and cortisol. Physiological values, regardless of the animal category and pre-slaughter time, were higher than the normal values of reference, expressing the prior management effect on animal welfare. The data clearly show a need to update and adapt the entire production chain to animal welfare practices, with the objective of producing competitive quality meat in the world market.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de pré-abate sobre alguns constituintes sanguíneos utilizados como indicadores de estresse na avaliação do bem-estar animal em bovinos. Na prática da etologia, o bem-estar animal é avaliado por meio de indicadores fisiológicos e comportamentais. Para a determinação sérica de biomarcadores de estresse animal utilizaram-se 180 animais, divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo de pré-abate: até 24 horas ou acima de 24 horas. Esses dois grupos subdividiram-se em três categorias animais (machos não-castrados, machos castrados ou fêmeas). Foram coletadas 30 amostras de cada categoria animal nos dois grupos, totalizando 180 amostras. Foram separadas amostras para análise de enzimas musculares creatina quinase e lactato desidrogenase (CK e LDH), glicose e cortisol. Os valores fisiológicos, independentemente da categoria animal e do tempo de pré-abate, foram superiores aos valores de referência, expressando o efeito do manejo prévio sobre o bem-estar dos animais. Os dados evidenciam claramente a necessidade de atualização e adequação de toda a cadeia produtiva às práticas de bem-estar animal, com o objetivo de produzir carne de qualidade competitiva no mercado mundial.(AU)

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Objectives: The aim of the manuscript was to analyze the effects of two rest periods between volume-equated resistance exercise (RE) on inflammatory responses (cytokines and leukocyte) and muscle damage. Methods: Ten trained men (26.40 ± 4.73 years, 80.71 ± 8.95 kg, and 176.03 ± 6.11 cm) voluntarily participated in training sessions consisting of five sets of 10 reps performed at 10-RM on (1) the barbell bench press followed by (2) leg press, with either 1- or 3-min rest between sets and exercises. Circulating concentrations of different biomarkers was measured before (Pre), and after 3 h (excepted for cytokines), 6, 12, and 24 h from exercise. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after each set on both planned visits. Results: We found greater increases triggered by the 1-min rest period in Creatine Kinase (CK), occurring from 12 to 24 h post-exercise compared to the 3-min rest condition. A significant increase in the 1-min rest condition was also observed in the total number of leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes. The 1-min rest period also triggered increases compared to baseline in pro-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß), p = 0.004; tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), p = 0.01; and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), p = 0.01], which were more evident after 6 and 12 h post-exercise. Similarly, increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin 5 (IL-5), p = 0.01; Interleukin 6 (IL-6), p = 0.01; and Interleukin 10 (IL-10), p = 0.01] at all time-points were observed. Conclusion: Our results indicate that a 1-min rest condition in volume-equated RE promoted greater overall muscle tissue damage with a longer duration of the inflammatory processes compared to a 3-min rest.

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Incubating temperature and timing or duration is critical to determine the optimum protocol of thermal manipulation (TM), which underlines muscle growth improvement. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the optimum period of embryonic TM that may result in the improvement of pectoral and thigh muscle myogenesis. This is done by investigating the level of mRNA expression of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). An additional goal is measuring the blood levels of CK and LDH as a biomarker of muscle injury due to the experimental thermal challenge on post-hatch day 35. The study was conducted on 1,440 fertile eggs (Ross broilers) that were divided randomly and equally into a control group and four treatment groups (TM1, TM2, TM3, and TM4). The treatment groups were daily subjected to TM at 39 ºC for 18h with 65% relative humidity (RH) during embryonic days (EDs) 7-11, 11-15, 15-18, and 7-18, respectively. Among the thermally manipulated groups that were investigated, TM1 (ED 7-11) resulted in significant improvement of mRNA expression and enzymatic concentration of CK and LDH in muscle during embryogenesis, as compared to the control. Six hours of TC showed the highest significant CK and LDH expression and concentration levels in the control as compared to TM groups. Thus, the results of this study indicate that TM during ED 7-11 improves pectoral and thigh muscles’ response to heat stress without adversely affecting their performance. This finding could be used by commercial breeders to enhance local broiler production.

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Incubating temperature and timing or duration is critical to determine the optimum protocol of thermal manipulation (TM), which underlines muscle growth improvement. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the optimum period of embryonic TM that may result in the improvement of pectoral and thigh muscle myogenesis. This is done by investigating the level of mRNA expression of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). An additional goal is measuring the blood levels of CK and LDH as a biomarker of muscle injury due to the experimental thermal challenge on post-hatch day 35. The study was conducted on 1,440 fertile eggs (Ross broilers) that were divided randomly and equally into a control group and four treatment groups (TM1, TM2, TM3, and TM4). The treatment groups were daily subjected to TM at 39 ºC for 18h with 65% relative humidity (RH) during embryonic days (EDs) 7-11, 11-15, 15-18, and 7-18, respectively. Among the thermally manipulated groups that were investigated, TM1 (ED 7-11) resulted in significant improvement of mRNA expression and enzymatic concentration of CK and LDH in muscle during embryogenesis, as compared to the control. Six hours of TC showed the highest significant CK and LDH expression and concentration levels in the control as compared to TM groups. Thus, the results of this study indicate that TM during ED 7-11 improves pectoral and thigh muscles response to heat stress without adversely affecting their performance. This finding could be used by commercial breeders to enhance local broiler production.(AU)

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BACKGROUND Malaria is a disease that affects many tropical and subtropical countries, including Brazil. The use of tests for malaria detection is one of the fundamental strategies recommended by the World Health Organization for the control and eradication of the disease. The lack of diagnostic tests leads to an increase in transmission and non-reporting cases. OBJECTIVES This work described an electrochemical immunosensor for detecting Plasmodium vivax lactate dehydrogenase antigen (Ag-PvLDH). METHODS The device has developed by immobilising egg yolk IgY antibodies (Ab-PvLDH) on a gold electrode surface using cysteamine as linker. The immunosensor fabrication was followed by differential pulse voltammetry, and contact angle measurements were performed to characterise the modified gold electrode surface. FINDINGS The results for Ag-PvLDH determination exhibit a linear response at 10-50 µg mL-1 concentration range, with a limit of detection of 455 ng mL-1. The excellent selectivity of the device was confirmed. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The developed immunosensor showed a good performance, therefore, it can be considered an alternative test to detect malaria caused by P. vivax.

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La enfermedad COVID­19 es causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, descrito por primera vez en diciembre del 2019 en Wuhan, China, y declarada en marzo del 2020 como una pandemia mundial. Actualmente existen diversos métodos diagnósticos para COVID-19, siendo el estándar de oro la detección del material genético mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), en su variante, la RT-PCR, que detecta el material genético de tipo ARN presente en el virus. Sin embargo, es necesario disponer de pruebas rápidas con alta sensibilidad y precisión para realizarlas a gran escala y brindar un diagnóstico oportuno. Adicionalmente, se debe disponer de otras herramientas que, si bien no van a establecer un diagnóstico, le van a permitir al profesional brindar un mejor manejo clínico y epidemiológico que ayuden a predecir el agravamiento del paciente y su posible ingreso a UCI, destacando entre estas los niveles de dímero D, linfocitos, ferritina, urea y creatinina, entre otras. En esta revisión se evalúa la utilidad y limitaciones de los diferentes métodos diagnósticos para COVID-19, al igual que las características, fisiopatología y respuesta inmune al SARS-CoV-2, así como algunos aspectos preanalíticos de importancia que ayudan a minimizar errores en el diagnóstico como consecuencia de procedimientos incorrectos en la toma, transporte y conservación de la muestra, y que permiten al profesional emitir resultados veraces y confiables. Lo anterior se realizó basado en artículos originales, revisiones y guías clínicas

COVID­19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, first described in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Currently there are various diagnostic methods for COVID-19, the gold standard is the detection of genetic material through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in its variant, RT-PCR, which detects RNA-type genetic material present in the virus. However, it is necessary to have rapid tests with high sensitivity and precision to be performed on a large scale and provide timely diagnosis. Furthermore, other tools must be available, and although they will not establish the diagnosis, will allow the professional to provide better clinical and epidemiological management that will help predict the worsening of the patient and possible admission to the ICU. Among these, levels of D-dimer, lymphocytes, ferritin, urea and creatinine. In this review, the usefulness and limitations of the different diagnostic methods for COVID-19 are evaluated, as well as the characteristics, pathophysiology and immune response to SARS-CoV-2, and some important preanalytical aspects that allow minimizing diagnostic errors as a consequence of incorrect procedures in the collection, transport and conservation of the sample, that allow the professional to yield accurate and reliable results. This article was completed based on original articles, reviews and clinical guidelines

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Abstract: Introduction: The reference standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19 remains reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-positive, while plain chest computed tomography (CT) has been more sensitive and specific in severity classification. In defining the severity of SARS-CoV-2, clinical, imaging and laboratory criteria have been specified, mentioning several markers, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Historically, LHD has been of interest as a biomarker associated with lung damage, with a greater peak during the influenza A H1N1 pandemic, and taken as a marker in the definition of severity. Objective: To determine the diagnostic performance of serum LHD levels on admission to the ICU as a marker of severity in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Material and methods: Observational, analytical, longitudinal and prospective study, carried out in two stages, the first (April 1, 2020 to September 30, 2020) consisted of a correlation study between serum LHD levels at Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission and simple chest CT, a moderate correlation was obtained between serum LHD levels and severity score by pulmonary tomography, with an r = 0.5 and p < 0.0001; a severity-associated serum LHD cut-off point of 396 U/dL was obtained (p < 0.001, sensitivity 86.02%, specificity 75%). The second stage was extended until December 31, 2020, in which analysis is performed for diagnostic test performance, in inferential statistics correlation tests are performed, a multiple linear regression model is built, analysis was performed for diagnostic tests by building two-by-two contingency Tables, determining sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, likelihood ratios and Bayesian analysis. Results: 155 patients were included in the study to determine the diagnostic performance of serum LHD levels in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection; by multiple linear regression analysis, it was determined that LHD levels on admission to the ICU is a predictor of severity in patients with SARS-CoV-2. A sensitivity of 0.92, specificity 0.41, with PPV 0.854, NPV 0.57 and an accuracy of 0.83, an LR + 1.57 and LR- 0.63 were obtained. In the post-test probability results, patients with DHL > 396 U/dL have a 86.3% probability of developing severe COVID-19. DHL levels have a direct correlation with ICU days of stay and days of invasive mechanical ventilation with statistical significance (p = 0.001, p = 0.033 respectively). Conclusion: Serum LHD levels have a high sensitivity to diagnose COVID-19 severity; and in the absence of simple chest CT, it can predict severe lung damage. It constitutes a test with high screening power in severe cases of COVID-19; with a probability of almost double (LR + 1.6) that of predicting a severe case.

Resumo: Introdução: O padrão de referência para o diagnóstico de COVID-19 continua sendo a reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcriptase reversa positiva (RT-PCR), enquanto a tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax simples tem se mostrado mais sensível e específica na classificação de gravidade. Na definição da gravidade do SARS-CoV-2, foram especificados critérios clínicos, de imagem e laboratoriais, mencionando vários marcadores, incluindo a desidrogenase láctica (DHL). A DHL ao longo da história tem sido de interesse como biomarcador associado a danos pulmonares, com maior boom durante a pandemia de influenza A H1N1, e tomado como marcador na definição de gravidade. Objetivo: Determinar o desempenho diagnóstico de dois níveis séricos de DHL na admissão à UTI como marcador de gravidade em pacientes com infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: Estudo observacional, analítico, longitudinal e prospectivo, realizado em duas etapas, a primeira (01 de abril de 2020 a 30 de setembro de 2020) consistiu em um estudo de correlação entre os níveis séricos de DHL na admissão na UTI e TC simples de tórax, um foi obtida correlação entre os níveis séricos de DHL e o escore de gravidade pela tomografia pulmonar, com r 0.5 ep < 0.0001; um ponto de corte para DHL sérico associado à gravidade de 396 U/dL foi obtido (p < 0.001, sensibilidade 86.02%, especificidade 75%). A segunda etapa foi estendida até 31 de dezembro de 2020, na qual são realizadas análises para realização de testes diagnósticos, testes de correlação em estatística inferencial, construção de um modelo de regressão linear múltipla, análise para testes diagnósticos, construção tabelas de contingência dois a dois, determinando sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo, razões de verossimilhança e análise Bayesiana. Resultados: 155 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo para determinar o desempenho diagnóstico dos níveis séricos de DHL em pacientes com infecção grave por SARS-CoV-2; pela análise de regressão linear múltipla, determina-se que os níveis de DHL na admissão à UTI é um preditor de gravidade em pacientes com SARS-CoV-2. Obteve-se sensibilidade de 0.92, especificidade de 0.41, com VPP 0.854, VPN 0.57 e exatidão de 0.83, LR+ 1.57 e LR- 0.63. Nos resultados de probabilidade pós-teste, pacientes com DHL > 396 U/Dl têm probabilidade de 86.3% de desenvolver doença grave por COVID-19. Os níveis de DHL têm correlação direta com os dias de permanência na UTI e os dias de tratamento invasivo ventilação mecânica com significância estatística (p = 0.001, p = 0.33 respectivamente). Conclusão: Os níveis séricos de DHL têm alta sensibilidade para diagnosticar gravidade por COVID-19; e na ausência de TC simples de tórax, pode predizer danos pulmonares graves. Constitui um teste com alto poder de escrutínio em casos graves de COVID-19; com quase o dobro da probabilidade (LR + 1.6) de predizer uma condição grave.

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Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation has demonstrated to be safe and effective in primary and secondary CoQ10 deficiencies. Previously, we have designed a high-dose CoQ10 oleogel (1 g/disk) with excipients used in quantities that do not represent any toxic risk. However, it was necessary to demonstrate their safety in the final formulation. Following this purpose, an acute toxicity study of the oleogel in rats was performed. Furthermore, the genotoxic risk was evaluated in human volunteers after CoQ10 supplementation with oleogel and compared to the solid form (1 g/three 00-size-capsules). In addition, the general health status and possible biochemical changes of the participants were determined using serum parameters. Results suggested the absence of adverse effects caused by the interaction of the components in the oleogel formulation. Therefore, we conclude that the designed novel high-dose CoQ10 oleogel was safe for oral consumption.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: la Leucemia Mieloide Aguda es la neoplasia hematológica más común, caracterizada por una proliferación incontrolada de células madre hematopoyéticas. La mutación FLT3/ITD se presenta en aproximadamente el 30% de todos los pacientes con ésta patología, se asocia con mayor riesgo de recaída y menor supervivencia. El FLT3-ITD puede usarse como un factor pronóstico de la gravedad de ésta patología, importante para predecir los resultados clínicos en pacientes con LMA. OBJETIVO: el objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la mutación FLT3/ITD con variables hematológicas y clínicas en pacientes diagnosticados con Leucemia Mieloide Aguda atendidos en la Sociedad de Lucha contra el Cáncer (SOLCA) de la ciudad de Cuenca, periodo 2013 ­2020. MÉTODOS: se obtuvieron los datos a partir de registros secundarios registrados una base de datos del hospital, el universo de la muestra lo constituyeron 63 pacientes, diagnosticados con LMA, se les analizó la mutación FLT3/ITD por PCR Convencional. RESULTADOS: se encontró la presencia de la mutación en un 9.5% y una asociación significativamente estadística con alteraciones hematológicas relacionados con niveles de hemoglobina anormal (p=0,037) y ratio 6,63 y LDH elevada en 1,21 veces (p=0,024); recuento elevado de leucocitos y blastos (p=0,031). Los individuos portadores de la mutación se presentó con mayor incidencia en el sexo masculino y grupo etario adulto mediano (45-64 años). CONCLUSIONES: la literatura internacional afirma que la mutación FLT3/ITD en un importante marcador pronóstico; debido a su baja frecuencia, no se pudo determinar una relación estadísticamente significativa con otras variables clínicas en este estudio.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: acute Myeloid Leukemia is the most common hematological neoplasm, characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. The FLT3 / ITD mutation occurs in approximately 30% of all patients with this pathology, it is associated with a higher risk of relapse and lower survival. FLT3-ITD can be used as a poor prognostic factor, important for predicting clinical outcomes in patients with AML. OBJECTIVE: the objective of this study was to characterize the FLT3 / ITD mutation and its relationship with hematological and clinical variables in patients diagnosed with Acute Myeloid Leukemia treated at SOLCA in the city of Cuenca, period 2013-2020. METHODS: data were obtained from secondary records in a hospital database, the universe of the sample was made up of 63 patients, diagnosed with AML, and the FLT3 / ITD mutation was analyzed by Conventional PCR. RESULTS: the presence of the mutation was found in 9.5% and a statistically significantly association with hematological alterations related to abnormal hemoglobin levels (p = 0.037) and ratio 6.63 and LDH elevated in 1.21 times (p =0.024); Elevated leukocyte and blast count (p = 0.031). Individuals carrying the mutation had a higher incidence in males and in the middle adult age group (45-64 years). CONCLUSIONS: the international literature affirms that the FLT3 / ITD mutation is an important prognostic marker; Due to its low frequency, it was not possible to determine a statistically significant relationship with other clinical variables in our study, for which it is suggested to expand the unirverse of the sample.(AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: a Leucemia Mielóide Aguda é a malignidade hematológica mais comum, caracterizada pela proliferação descontrolada de células-tronco hematopoiéticas. A mutação FLT3/ITD está presente em aproximadamente 30% de todos os pacientes com esta patologia, e está associada a um maior risco de recaída e menor sobrevida. O FLT3-ITD pode ser usado como um fator prognóstico para a gravidade desta patologia, importante para prever os resultados clínicos em pacientes com LMA. OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar a mutação FLT3/ITD com variáveis hematológicas e clínicas em pacientes diagnosticados com leucemia mielóide aguda tratados na Sociedade de Luta contra o Câncer (SOLCA) na cidade de Cuenca, período 2013 - 202020. Métodos. Os dados foram obtidos de registros secundários registrados em um banco de dados hospitalar, o universo da amostra consistiu de 63 pacientes diagnosticados com AML, eles foram analisados para a mutação FLT3/ITD por PCR convencional. RESULTADOS: a presença da mutação foi encontrada em 9,5% e uma associação estatística significativa com alterações hematológicas relacionadas a níveis anormais de hemoglobina (p=0,037) e relação 6,63 e LDH elevada em 1,21 vezes (p=0,024); contagem elevada de leucócitos e explosões (p=0,031). Os individuos portadores da mutação ocorreram com maior incidência no sexo masculino e na faixa etária média adulta (45-64 anos). CONCLUSÕES: a literatura internacional afirma que a mutação FLT3/ITD em um marcador prognóstico importante; devido a sua baixa freqüência, uma relação estatisticamente significativa com outras variáveis clínicas não pôde ser determinada neste estudo.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Aerobic glycolysis has a pivotal role in the carcinogenic process. The current understanding of the functional role and mechanism of UCHL3-related aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer is far from comprehensive, therefore requires an in-depth analysis on this aspect. METHODS: In the present research, the expressions of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L3 (UCHL3), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) were detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The effects of UCHL3 knockdown or overexpression on pancreatic cancer cells were examined by determining cell viability and colony formation. Aerobic glycolysis was assessed according to glucose uptake, lactic acid production, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to detect LDHA promoter activity. RESULTS: The results showed that UCHL3 expression was significantly increased in the pancreatic cancer tissues and cells, and that knocking down UCHL3 noticeably inhibited cell viability and aerobic glycolysis. Further investigations revealed that LDHA expression was promoted by UCHL3 and could be reduced by shFOXM1, and that low-expressed LDHA partly reversed the inhibition of aerobic glycolysis induced by overexpressed UCHL3. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, this study demonstrates that UCHL3 plays a carcinogenic role by promoting aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer, suggesting that UCHL3 may be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Blood biomarkers are measurable metabolic products that allow objective monitoring of the training process, and their analysis provides an opportunity to improve athletic performance. Objective To evaluate blood lactate concentrations in a group of the Valle League weightlifting athletes as a tool to determine the effects of training and its direct relationship to performance during competition. Methods This is an observational cross-sectional study. Lactate levels of 32 weightlifting athletes belonging to the Valle Weightlifting League were evaluated. Blood samples were taken from the ear lobe to quantify the lactate concentration, using a Scout Lactate analyzer. Samples were taken before and after a high intensity training section consisting of four maximum repetition (MR) sports gestures, in which 5 series and 15 repetitions were performed for each sports gesture, with a rest period of 40 seconds between each exercise. The software program SPSS, version 25, was used to determine the lactate concentrations. Results An average lactate concentration 22.46 mg/dL was obtained for the athletes at rest, and an average of 98.30 mg/dL in the final lactate concentration, after high intensity exercise. Significant differences were found between the initial and final lactate concentrations. Conclusion Lactate concentration increases with physical activity; it varies from one individual to another; and it can be used as a biomarker of intensity of physical activity in the field of sports. Level of evidence; II type of study: Prognostic Studies Investigating the Effect of a Patient Characteristic on a disease outcome.

RESUMO Introdução Os biomarcadores sanguíneos são produtos metabólicos mensuráveis que permitem a monitorização objetiva do processo de treino, e sua análise é uma oportunidade para melhorar o desempenho atlético. Objetivos Avaliar as concentrações de lactato no sangue de um grupo de atletas de halterofilismo da Liga Valle como ferramenta para determinar os efeitos do treino e sua relação direta com o desempenho durante a competição. Métodos Este é um estudo transversal e observacional. Foram avaliados os níveis de lactato em 32 atletas da Liga de Halterofilismo Valle. A amostra de sangue foi retirada do lóbulo da orelha com o intuito de quantificar a concentração de lactato com o analisador Scout Lactate. As amostras foram colhidas antes e depois de uma seção de treino de alta intensidade, que consistiu em quatro gestos esportivos de repetição máxima (RM), nos quais foram realizadas 5 séries e 15 repetições para cada gesto esportivo, com um período de repouso de 40 segundos entre cada exercício. O software SPSS, versão 25 foi usado para determinar as concentrações de lactato. Resultados A concentração média de lactato nos atletas em repouso foi 22,46 mg/dl e a concentração média final foi de 98,30 mg/dl depois de exercício de alta intensidade. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas ao comparar a concentração inicial com a concentração final de lactato. Conclusões A concentração de lactato aumenta com a realização da atividade física, é variável de um indivíduo para outro e pode ser usada como biomarcador de intensidade da atividade física na área dos esportes. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos prognósticos - Investigação do efeito de característica de um paciente sobre o desfecho da doença.

RESUMEN Introducción Los biomarcadores sanguíneos son productos metabólicos mensurables que permiten la monitorización objetiva del proceso de entrenamiento, y su análisis es una oportunidad para mejorar el desempeño atlético. Objetivos Evaluar las concentraciones de lactato en la sangre de un grupo de atletas de halterofilia de la Liga Valle como herramienta para determinar los efectos del entrenamiento y su relación directa con el desempeño durante la competición. Métodos Este es un estudio transversal y observacional. Fueron evaluados los niveles de lactato en 32 atletas de la Liga de Halterofilia Valle. La muestra de sangre fue retirada del lóbulo de la oreja con el objetivo de cuantificar la concentración de lactato con el analizador Scout Lactate. Las muestras fueron tomadas antes y después de una sección de entrenamiento de alta intensidad, que consistió en cuatro gestos deportivos de repetición máxima (RM), en los que se realizaron 5 series y 15 repeticiones para cada gesto deportivo, con un período de descanso de 40 segundos entre cada ejercicio. El software SPSS versión 25 fue usado para determinar las concentraciones de lactato. Resultados La concentración promedio de lactato en los atletas en reposo fue 22,46 mg/dl y la concentración promedio final fue de 98,30 mg/dl después del ejercicio de alta intensidad. Fueron encontradas diferencias significativas al comparar la concentración inicial con la concentración final de lactato. Conclusiones La concentración de lactato aumenta con la realización de actividad física, es variable de un individuo para otro, y puede ser usada como biomarcador de intensidad de la actividad física en el área de los deportes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios pronósticos - Investigación del efecto de característica de un paciente sobre el resultado de la enfermedad

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