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Seed water imbibition is critical to seedling establishment in tropical forests. The seeds of the neotropical tree Hymenaea courbaril have no oil reserves and have been used as a model to study storage cell wall polysaccharide (xyloglucan - XyG) mobilization. We studied pathways of water imbibition in Hymenaea seeds. To understand seed features, we performed carbohydrate analysis and scanning electron microscopy. We found that the seed coat comprises a palisade of lignified cells, below which are several cell layers with cell walls rich in pectin. The cotyledons are composed mainly of storage XyG. From a single point of scarification on the seed surface, we followed water imbibition pathways in the entire seed using fluorescent dye and NMRi spectroscopy. We constructed composites of cellulose with Hymenaea pectin or XyG. In vitro experiments demonstrated cell wall polymer capacity to imbibe water, with XyG imbibition much slower than the pectin-rich layer of the seed coat. We found that water rapidly crosses the lignified layer and reaches the pectin-rich palisade layer so that water rapidly surrounds the whole seed. Water travels very slowly in cotyledons (most of the seed mass) because it is imbibed in the XyG-rich storage walls. However, there are channels among the cotyledon cells through which water travels rapidly, so the primary cell walls containing pectins will retain water around each storage cell. The different seed tissue dynamic interactions between water and wall polysaccharides (pectins and XyG) are essential to determining water distribution and preparing the seed for germination.

RESUMO

Jatobá-do-cerrado fruit shells, archetypical of lignocellulosic-based biomass, were used as an adsorbent to remove crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) from water. The adsorbent was characterized using various techniques, and kinetic studies showed dye adsorption followed second-order kinetics. An experimental design investigated the effects of pH and temperature on removal efficiency, with a quadratic model fitting the data best. The results suggest pH influences MB's adsorption capacity more than temperature and at 25 °C and pH 8, MB had a desirability value of 0.89, with 95 % removal efficiency. For CV, temperature had a greater influence, with a desirability value of 0.874 at 25 °C and pH 10, and 95 % removal efficiency. Adsorption isotherm studies revealed maximum adsorption capacities of 123.0 mg·g-1 and 113.0 mg·g-1 for CV and MB, respectively. Experimental thermodynamic parameters indicated an endothermic and spontaneous process which it was supported by quantum chemistry calculations. The protocols developed confirmed the potential for adsorbing CV and MB dyes in water, achieving over 73.1 and 74.4 mg g-1 dyes removal.

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Severe loss of bone mass may require grafting, and, among the alternatives available, there are natural biomaterials that can act as scaffolds for the cell growth necessary for tissue regeneration. Collagen and elastin polymers are a good alternative due to their biomimetic properties of bone tissue, and their characteristics can be improved with the addition of polysaccharides such as chitosan and bioactive compounds such as jatoba resin and pomegranate extract due to their antigenic actions. The aim of this experimental protocol was to evaluate bone neoformation in experimentally made defects in the mandible of rats using polymeric scaffolds with plant extracts added. Thirty rats were divided into group 1, with a mandibular defect filled with a clot from the lesion and no graft implant (G1-C, n = 10); group 2, filled with collagen/chitosan/jatoba resin scaffolds (G2-CCJ, n = 10); and group 3, with collagen/nanohydroxyapatite/elastin/pomegranate extract scaffolds (G3-CHER, n = 10). Six weeks after surgery, the animals were euthanized and samples from the surgical areas were submitted to macroscopic, radiological, histological, and morphometric analysis of the mandibular lesion repair process. The results showed no inflammatory infiltrates in the surgical area, indicating good acceptance of the scaffolds in the microenvironment of the host area. In the control group (G1), there was a predominance of reactive connective tissue, while in the grafted groups (G2 and G3), there was bone formation from the margins of the lesion, but it was still insufficient for total bone repair of the defect within the experimental period standardized in this study. The histomorphometric analysis showed that the mean percentage of bone volume formed in the surgical area of groups G1, G2, and G3 was 17.17 ± 2.68, 27.45 ± 1.65, and 34.07 ± 0.64 (mean ± standard deviation), respectively. It can be concluded that these scaffolds with plant extracts added can be a viable alternative for bone repair, as they are easily manipulated, have a low production cost, and stimulate the formation of new bone by osteoconduction.

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The present study aims to evaluate the nutritional value of different tree and shrub leaves in Brazilian ruminant production systems. Eight potentially edible trees and shrubs were identified from interviews with 30 ruminant producers: Aroeira (ARO; Lithraea molleoides), Black Mulberry (BMU; Morus nigra), Candeia (CAN; Eremanthus erythropappus), Jatobá (JAT; Hymenaea courbaril), Gliricídia (GLI; Gliricidia sepium), Santa Bárbara tree (SBT; Mélia azedarach), Tithonia (TIT; Tithonia diversifolia), and White Mulberry (WMU; Morus alba). Four leaf samples of each edible tree were sampled, and chemical analyses and in vitro assays were performed. Edible trees (except CAN and JAT) had lower neutral detergent fiber content than Mombasa grass. In addition, SBT, BMU, WMU, and TIT had lower fiber content than the other evaluated edible trees. Consequently, SBT, TIT, BMU, and WMU had improved dry matter degradation. Among the edible trees and shrubs, SMW and WMU increased the potential for gas production (a parameter). On the other hand, CAN decreased the estimated gas production 48 h after incubation. Furthermore, TIT decreased methane production up to 24 h after in vitro fermentation. Thus, except ARO, CAN, and JAT, the edible trees evaluated in the present study are potential feeds in moderate- to high-producing animals. Additionally, TIT fermentation reduces in vitro methane production.

RESUMO

One of the largest accidents with mine tailings happened in Brazil in 2015, with the rupture of the Fundão dam, and the physical characteristics of these tailings make it difficult to recover degraded areas. Hymenaea courbaril is a tree species native to Brazil that has low nutritional and water requirements, besides its capacity for survival in contaminated environments. In this study we hypothesized that inoculation with diazotrophs would improve the growth and physiology of H. courbaril in tailings, favoring the reforestation process aiming the recovery of the accident site. Every 20 days for 60 days, we investigated the morphophysiology of H. courbaril grown in iron mine tailings or soil, with the addition of nitrate (N-positive control), non-inoculation (negative control) or inoculation with native diazotrophic bacteria previously isolated from the tailings (UNIFENAS100-569; UNIFENAS100-654 and UNIFENAS100-638). We found that H. courbaril has survival capacity under mine tailings, with no growth alteration in the tailings, although there were signs of reduced ability for photoprotective responses. Inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria improved physiological aspects of H. courbaril and strain UNIFENAS100-638 was the most effective in favoring total growth of plants, net photosynthetic rate and root morphology under mine tailings. The survival capacity and growth of H. courbaril indicates the possibility of its use for reforestation in areas degraded by mine tailings. Further studies are necessary in field conditions and with a larger experimental period to more thoroughly understand H. courbaril tolerance.

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The shell surrounding fruits of the jatobá-do-cerrado tree, in its natural state, was modified by the addition of HNO3 and NaOH and used as an adsorbent in the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. The untreated (JIN) and chemically modified (JCT) fruit shell samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction. Their efficiency as adsorbents in the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions was studied under different conditions of pH (2-9) and it was observed that the optimal pH for Cu (II) adsorption was 5.5 and for Ni (II) it was 6.0. The adsorption isotherms were obtained at different temperatures (298, 308, 318 K) and the qmax values ranged from 33.96 to 41.00 mg g-1. The adsorbents presented higher selectivity toward Cu ions (II). The thermodynamic analysis results suggest that the adsorption process studied is of a physical nature. Supported by quantum mechanical calculations, the interaction sites of the ion-cellulose and ion-lignin complexes were identified, evidencing the central role of water molecules in stabilization of the complexes. The experimental and theorical results indicate that JIN and JCT have good potential for the adsorption of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions and are thus promising materials for the removal of other metal ions in aqueous systems.

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The production of quality forest seedlings in large quantities is essential for the restoration of environments that have been deforested and degraded. However, obtaining seeds with high vigor is a challenge for several tree species native to Brazil. The objective of this work was to verify the germination potential of jatobá-damata seeds at different stages of maturation, in order to favor the production of seedlings of this species in nurseries. The seeds were extracted from green and ripe fruits detached from the mother plant and ripe fruits collected from the ground. The germination percentage, average germination time, emergence speed index, average speed, relative frequency, leaf area of the seedling, and length of the aerial part and root were measured. The planting was carried out with mechanically scarified and intact seeds from each maturation group. The results indicated that non-scarified green seeds can be used for planting and seedling production, as they do not require pre-germination treatment and have a favorable germination percentage (79%). Fruit seeds harvested from the ground, on the other hand, needed a method to overcome integumentary dormancy, such as mechanical scarification, obtaining a germination rate of 85%. The seeds of ripe fruits harvested in the matrix showed greater vigor, with a higher percentage of germination (96 to 100%), a higher emergence speed index, shorter average germination time, and seedlings with greater leaf area and greater length of shoot.(AU)

A produção de mudas florestais com qualidade e em quantidade é essencial para a restauração de ambientes outrora desmatados e degradados. Todavia, a obtenção de sementes com alto vigor é um desafio para diversas espécies arbóreas nativas do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial germinativo de sementes de jatobá-da-mata em diferentes estádios de maturação, de modo a favorecer a produção de mudas dessa espécie em viveiros. As sementes foram extraídas de frutos verdes e maduros destacados da planta mãe e frutos maduros coletados no chão. Foram mensurados o percentual de germinação, o tempo médio de germinação, o índice de velocidade de emergência, a velocidade média, a frequência relativa, área foliar da plântula e comprimento de parte aérea e raiz. A semeadura foi realizada com sementes escarificadas mecanicamente e intactas de cada grupo de maturação. Os resultados indicaram que as sementes verdes não escarificadas podem ser utilizadas para semeadura e produção de mudas, por dispensarem tratamento pré-germinativo e possuírem percentual de germinação favorável (79%). Já as sementes de frutos colhidos no chão necessitaram de um método para superar a dormência tegumentar, como a escarificação mecânica, obtendo a germinação de 85%. As sementes de frutos maduros colhidos na matriz apresentaram maior vigor, com maior percentual de germinação (96 a 100%), maior índice de velocidade de emergência, menor tempo médio de germinação, plântulas com maior área foliar e maior comprimento de parte aérea.(AU)

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The recovery of degraded areas led to an increase of native forest seedlings production. Jatobado- cerrado (Hymenaea stignocarpa Mart.) and jatoba-da-mata (Hymenaea courbaril L.), native species of the Brazilian Cerrado, are widely used for the recovery of this biome. Although forest species present a diversity of pathogens disseminated by seeds, few studies have been published and no study was found for jatoba. Because the seed is one of the main forms of pathogen dissemination, the aim of our work was to evaluate the natural incidence of fungi in seed lots of jatoba-do-cerrado and jatoba-da-mata and the performance of different fungicides for seed treatment recommendation. The experiment was carried out at the Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory of the University Center of Patos de Minas. Two chemical treatments were submitted in the seeds and then divided into seven replicates of 15 seeds for each species. The first treatment was with the active principle thiophanate-methyl and fluazine, commercial name Certeza®, in the dose of 145 mL of the product in 100 kg of seeds. The second treatment was with fludioxonil, commercial name Maxim® XL, in the dose of 100 mL of the product in 100 kg of seeds. There was a third treatment corresponded to the control (without seed treatment). The visual analyzes were performed after eight days on each seed with a magnifier to verify the presence of developing fungal colonies. The growth fungi fructifications were observed using a stereomicroscope. The found fungi species were: Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phomopsis sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp. and Trichoderma sp. It occurred interaction between seed treatment and species for Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Phomopsis sp., Rhizoctonia sp. and Trichoderma sp. For Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp. and Rhizopus sp., only the isolated factors were significant. Jatoba-do-cerrado seeds had a higher incidence than jatoba-da-mata seeds in all the found fungi. Certeza® and Maxim® XL have potential in seed treatment for the species. The fungicide Certeza® was more efficient to control the pathogenic fungi in seed treatment.

A recuperação de áreas degradas levou ao aumento da produção de mudas de espécies florestais nativas. Jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stignocarpa Mart.) e jatobá-da-mata (Hymenaea courbaril L.), espécies nativas do Cerrado brasileiro, são amplamente utilizadas na recuperação deste bioma. Apesar da diversidade de fungos encontrada em sementes de espécies florestais, poucos são os estudos publicados, e não nenhum relato para o jatobá. Por a semente ser um dos principais meios de disseminação de patógenos, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a incidência natural de fungos em lotes de semente de jatobá-do-cerrado e jatobá-da-mata, e a performance de diferentes fungicidas para a recomendação do tratamento de sementes. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Genética e Biotecnologia do Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas. Dois tratamentos químicos foram realizados nas sementes, que então foram divididas em sete repetições com 15 sementes cada. O primeiro tratamento foi realizado com o princípio ativo tiofanato-metílico e fluazinam, nome comercial Certeza®, na dose de 145 mL do produto para 100 kg de sementes. O segundo tratamento foi realizado com fludioxonil, nome comercial Maxim® XL, na dose de 100 mL do produto para 100 kg de sementes. O terceiro tratamento correspondeu a testemunha (sem tratamento de sementes). Após oito dias, a análise visual foi realizada com o auxílio de uma lupa para verificar a presença de colônias de fungos. As frutificações dos fungos foram observadas com o auxílio de um microscópio óptico. Após as avaliações, os seguintes fungos foram encontrados: Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phomopsis sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp. e Trichoderma sp. Ocorreu interação entre o tratamento de sementes e as espécies para Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Phomopsis sp., Rhizoctonia sp. e Trichoderma sp. Para Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp. e Rhizopus sp., apenas os fatores isolados foram significativos. Sementes de jatobá-do-cerrado possuíram maior incidência do que as sementes de jatobá-damata para todos os fungos encontrados. Certeza® e Maxim® XL possuem potencial para o tratamento de sementes de jatobá. O fungicida Certeza® foi mais eficiente para o controle de fungos patogênicos no tratamento de sementes.

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In this study, the biosorption properties of Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) fruit shell for removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions, and its potential as a low-cost biosorbent for water treatment, were investigated. The Jatoba fruit shell (JBin) was subjected to different treatments with heated water (JBH2O) and sodium hydroxide (JBNaOH) to modify its surfaces and improve its adsorption properties. The chemical modification of the surfaces of the resulting materials was confirmed by analyzing the compositions and structural features of the raw material and the chemically treated materials using SEM, FTIR, 13C NMR, and pHpzc. The ability of the biosorbents to remove the metal ions was investigated with batch adsorption procedures. The adsorption data were then examined in detail by applying adsorption models of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich. The results showed that the experimental data were best described by the Langmuir model for the Pb-JBin and Cd-JBNaOH systems, the Freundlich model for the Pb-JBH2O and Pb-JBNaOH systems, and the Dubinin-Radushkevich model for Cd-JBin and Cd-JBH2O systems. The maximum adsorption capacities of JBNaOH obtained using the Langmuir model reached values of 30.27 and 48.75 mg g-1 for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The adsorption kinetic studies showed that the pseudo-second-order model was the best fitted to the experimental data, and adsorptions for Pb-JBH2O and Cd-JBH2O are controlled by intraparticle diffusion mechanism.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of Hymenaea stigonocarpa bark hydroalcoholic extract against a mutagenic compound using A. cepa meristematic root cells as a test system. The treatment groups were: Negative Control (NC) distilled water; Positive Control (PC) paracetamol at a concentration of 0.008 mg/mL, Jatoba Control (JC) aqueous fraction jatobá-do-cerrado at 0.5 or 1.0 or 1.5 mg/mL, and Simultaneous Treatment (ST) - jatobá-do-cerrado aqueous fraction at a concentration of 0.5 or 1.0 or 1.5 mg/mL associated with paracetamol solution at a concentration of 0.008 mg/mL. All groups were analyzed at 24 and 48 h. Five onion bulbs (five replications) were used for each treatment group. The root tips were fixed in Carnoy and slides prepared by the crush technique. Cells were analyzed throughout the cell cycle, totaling 5,000 for each treatment group at each exposure time. Mitotic indices were subjected to statistical analysis using the chi-square test (p 0.05). From the results it was found that the ST group, at the three concentrations, significantly potentiated the antiproliferative effect of the test system cells when compared to PC, NC and TJ at the three concentrations. Furthermore, the three ST concentrations significantly reduced the number of cell aberrations when compared to the number of aberrant cells obtained for the PC, demonstrating antimutagenic action on the A. cepa test system cells.(AU)

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a ação do extrato hidroalcólico do ritidoma de Hymenaea stigonocarpa frente a um composto mutagênico, utilizando como sistema teste as células meristemáticas de raízes de A. cepa. Os grupos tratamentos avaliados foram: Controle Negativo (CN) água destilada; Controle Positivo (CP) paracetamol na concentração de 0,008 mg/mL, Controle Jatobá (CJ) fração aquosa de jatobá-do-cerrado na concentração de 0,5 ou 1,0 ou 1,5 mg/mL, e Tratamento Simultâneo (TS) fração aquosa de jatobá-do-cerrado na concentração de 0,5 ou 1,0 ou 1,5 mg/mL associada a solução de paracetamol na concentração de 0,008 mg/mL. Todos os grupos foram analisados nos tempos de 24 e 48 h. Para cada grupo tratamento cinco bulbos de cebolas (cinco repetições) foram utilizados. As radículas foram fixadas em Carnoy e as lâminas preparadas pela técnica de esmagamento. Analisaram-se células em todo ciclo celular, totalizando 5.000 para cada grupo tratamento em cada tempo de exposição. Os índices mitóticos obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística do Qui-quadrado (p 0,05). A partir dos resultados verificou-se que o grupo TS, nas três concentrações, potencializou o efeito antiproliferativo significativo as células do sistema teste quando comparado ao CP, CN e TJ nas três concentrações. Ainda, o TS nas três concentrações reduziu de forma significativa o número de aberrações celulares quando comparado com o número de células aberrantes obtidas para o CP, demonstrando ação antimutagênica as células do sistema teste A. cepa.(AU)

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RESUMO

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of Hymenaea stigonocarpa bark hydroalcoholic extract against a mutagenic compound using A. cepa meristematic root cells as a test system. The treatment groups were: Negative Control (NC) – distilled water; Positive Control (PC) – paracetamol at a concentration of 0.008 mg/mL, Jatoba Control (JC) – aqueous fraction jatobá-do-cerrado at 0.5 or 1.0 or 1.5 mg/mL, and Simultaneous Treatment (ST) - jatobá-do-cerrado aqueous fraction at a concentration of 0.5 or 1.0 or 1.5 mg/mL associated with paracetamol solution at a concentration of 0.008 mg/mL. All groups were analyzed at 24 and 48 h. Five onion bulbs (five replications) were used for each treatment group. The root tips were fixed in Carnoy and slides prepared by the crush technique. Cells were analyzed throughout the cell cycle, totaling 5,000 for each treatment group at each exposure time. Mitotic indices were subjected to statistical analysis using the chi-square test (p<0.05). From the results it was found that the ST group, at the three concentrations, significantly potentiated the antiproliferative effect of the test system cells when compared to PC, NC and TJ at the three concentrations. Furthermore, the three ST concentrations significantly reduced the number of cell aberrations when compared to the number of aberrant cells obtained for the PC, demonstrating antimutagenic action on the A. cepa test system cells.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a ação do extrato hidroalcólico do ritidoma de Hymenaea stigonocarpa frente a um composto mutagênico, utilizando como sistema teste as células meristemáticas de raízes de A. cepa. Os grupos tratamentos avaliados foram: Controle Negativo (CN) – água destilada; Controle Positivo (CP) – paracetamol na concentração de 0,008 mg/mL, Controle Jatobá (CJ) – fração aquosa de jatobá-do-cerrado na concentração de 0,5 ou 1,0 ou 1,5 mg/mL, e Tratamento Simultâneo (TS) – fração aquosa de jatobá-do-cerrado na concentração de 0,5 ou 1,0 ou 1,5 mg/mL associada a solução de paracetamol na concentração de 0,008 mg/mL. Todos os grupos foram analisados nos tempos de 24 e 48 h. Para cada grupo tratamento cinco bulbos de cebolas (cinco repetições) foram utilizados. As radículas foram fixadas em Carnoy e as lâminas preparadas pela técnica de esmagamento. Analisaram-se células em todo ciclo celular, totalizando 5.000 para cada grupo tratamento em cada tempo de exposição. Os índices mitóticos obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística do Qui-quadrado (p<0,05). A partir dos resultados verificou-se que o grupo TS, nas três concentrações, potencializou o efeito antiproliferativo significativo as células do sistema teste quando comparado ao CP, CN e TJ nas três concentrações. Ainda, o TS nas três concentrações reduziu de forma significativa o número de aberrações celulares quando comparado com o número de células aberrantes obtidas para o CP, demonstrando ação antimutagênica as células do sistema teste A. cepa.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of Hymenaea stigonocarpa bark hydroalcoholic extract against a mutagenic compound using A. cepa meristematic root cells as a test system. The treatment groups were: Negative Control (NC) distilled water; Positive Control (PC) paracetamol at a concentration of 0.008 mg/mL, Jatoba Control (JC) aqueous fraction jatobá-do-cerrado at 0.5 or 1.0 or 1.5 mg/mL, and Simultaneous Treatment (ST) - jatobá-do-cerrado aqueous fraction at a concentration of 0.5 or 1.0 or 1.5 mg/mL associated with paracetamol solution at a concentration of 0.008 mg/mL. All groups were analyzed at 24 and 48 h. Five onion bulbs (five replications) were used for each treatment group. The root tips were fixed in Carnoy and slides prepared by the crush technique. Cells were analyzed throughout the cell cycle, totaling 5,000 for each treatment group at each exposure time. Mitotic indices were subjected to statistical analysis using the chi-square test (p 0.05). From the results it was found that the ST group, at the three concentrations, significantly potentiated the antiproliferative effect of the test system cells when compared to PC, NC and TJ at the three concentrations. Furthermore, the three ST concentrations significantly reduced the number of cell aberrations when compared to the number of aberrant cells obtained for the PC, demonstrating antimutagenic action on the A. cepa test system cells.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a ação do extrato hidroalcólico do ritidoma de Hymenaea stigonocarpa frente a um composto mutagênico, utilizando como sistema teste as células meristemáticas de raízes de A. cepa. Os grupos tratamentos avaliados foram: Controle Negativo (CN) água destilada; Controle Positivo (CP) paracetamol na concentração de 0,008 mg/mL, Controle Jatobá (CJ) fração aquosa de jatobá-do-cerrado na concentração de 0,5 ou 1,0 ou 1,5 mg/mL, e Tratamento Simultâneo (TS) fração aquosa de jatobá-do-cerrado na concentração de 0,5 ou 1,0 ou 1,5 mg/mL associada a solução de paracetamol na concentração de 0,008 mg/mL. Todos os grupos foram analisados nos tempos de 24 e 48 h. Para cada grupo tratamento cinco bulbos de cebolas (cinco repetições) foram utilizados. As radículas foram fixadas em Carnoy e as lâminas preparadas pela técnica de esmagamento. Analisaram-se células em todo ciclo celular, totalizando 5.000 para cada grupo tratamento em cada tempo de exposição. Os índices mitóticos obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística do Qui-quadrado (p 0,05). A partir dos resultados verificou-se que o grupo TS, nas três concentrações, potencializou o efeito antiproliferativo significativo as células do sistema teste quando comparado ao CP, CN e TJ nas três concentrações. Ainda, o TS nas três concentrações reduziu de forma significativa o número de aberrações celulares quando comparado com o número de células aberrantes obtidas para o CP, demonstrando ação antimutagênica as células do sistema teste A. cepa.

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The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions of the Etanolic Extract from Hymenaea courbaril L. (EEHC) were evaluated for the first time in animal models. The extract was produced using the stem bark. The preparation was administered to rodents per oral. EEHC has efficiently reduced the abdominal contortions induced by acetic acid; time of paw licking in formalin test; paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran; leukocyte migration after intraperitoneal injection of carrageenan and myeloperoxidase expression on peritoneal exsudate. EECH also improved the histophatologycal damages in the rat paw after carrageenan inflammation as well as reduced TNF-α expression in the same tissue. Doses varying from 1 to 400 mg/kg were tested. The dose of 100 mg/kg presented significant results in all experiments (p < 0.05). The data suggest intense anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects associated to extract from Hymenaea courbaril. Further studies must be carried out to elucidate all mechanisms involved.

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The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions of the Etanolic Extract from Hymenaea courbaril L. (EEHC) were evaluated for the first time in animal models. The extract was produced using the stem bark. The preparation was administered to rodents per oral. EEHC has efficiently reduced the abdominal contortions induced by acetic acid; time of paw licking in formalin test; paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran; leukocyte migration after intraperitoneal injection of carrageenan and myeloperoxidase expression on peritoneal exsudate. EECH also improved the histophatologycal damages in the rat paw after carrageenan inflammation as well as reduced TNF-α expression in the same tissue. Doses varying from 1 to 400 mg/kg were tested. The dose of 100 mg/kg presented significant results in all experiments (p < 0.05). The data suggest intense anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects associated to extract from Hymenaea courbaril. Further studies must be carried out to elucidate all mechanisms involved. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Foram estudadas as comunidades de ácaros em indivíduos de Hymenaea martiana Hayne (Leguminosae) com diferentes tamanhos, localizados em fragmento de Mata Estacional Semidecidual com transição para o Cerrado. As plantas analisadas foram selecionadas com base no gradiente de altura e perímetro do tronco a 10 cm acima do solo. Foram realizadas coletas quinzenais no período de março de 2007 a março de 2008. Em cada amostragem foram retiradas três folhas dos ramos externos e três dos ramos internos, ao redor da região mediana da copa de cada planta selecionada. Para comparar os padrões ecológicos das comunidades de ácaros entre as plantas, foram aplicados índices descritores da diversidade. Em H. martiana, foram registrados 109.445 ácaros pertencentes a 28 espécies de 14 famílias. Nove espécies de ácaros, dentre as 19 classificadas como frequentes e acessórias, tiveram sua densidade populacional influenciada pelo tamanho da planta. Enquanto a densidade populacional de Chiapacheylus edentatus De Leon, 1962, Euseius cf. errabundus, Pronematus sp., Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) e Tarsonemus sp., apresentou correlação positiva com a altura da planta, a de Aberoptus aff. cerostructor, Euseius sibelius (De Leon, 1962), Typhlodromalus aripo De Leon, 1967 e Phytoseius nahuatlensis De Leon, 1959, apresentou correlação negativa. Não houve influência da altura da planta sobre a riqueza de espécies e densidade total de ácaros entre ramos internos e externos das plantas com diferentes alturas. As variações fisiológicas entre os indivíduos de diferentes estágios ontogenéticos de H. martiana, juntamente com fatores abióticos, podem ter influenciado a ocorrência e a distribuição dessas espécies de ácaros sobre essa planta.

The mite communities on plants with different sizes of Hymenaea martiana Hayne (Leguminosae) were studied in a remnant of Mata Estacional Semidecidual in transition to Cerrado forest. The plants were selected according to the height and perimeter of trunk at 10 cm from the soil. Biweekly samples from March 2007 to March 2008 were performed, with three leaves collected from the outer and three from the inner branches at level of median canopy region for each plant selected. Diversity indexes were applied in order to verify the ecological patterns of mite community among the plants. We recorded 109,445 mites belonging to 28 species and 14 families on H. martiana. The population density of nine species of mites, among 19 classified as frequent and accessory, varied according to the plant size. While the population densities of Chiapacheylus edentatus De Leon, 1962, Euseius cf. errabundus, Pronematus sp., Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) and Tarsonemus sp. had positive correlation with the plant size, the densities of Aberoptus aff. cerostructor, Euseius sibelius (De Leon, 1962), Typhlodromalus aripo De Leon, 1967 and Phytoseius nahuatlensis De Leon, 1959 had negative correlation. There was no influence of the plant height on the species richness and total density of mites between leaves from the inner and outer branches sampled in plants with different sizes. The physiological variations between individuals of H. martiana in different ontogenetic stages, in addition to abiotics traits, might have influenced the occurrence and distribution of mites on this plant.

RESUMO

Species from the Leguminosae family are used in Agroforestry Systems. Their successful implementation depends on basic information about the species that constitute each extract. Hymenaea intermedia var. adenotricha is a specie from the leguminosae family with potential to be used in agroforestry in the Amazon region. The seeds were harvested from plants found in the natural forest of Petroleum Province Urucu Harbor. The studies were carried out under laboratory and nursery conditions at the Agrarian Sciences College the Amazonas University. H. intermedia var. adenotricha seeds are eurispermic, the tegument showed stone consistency when dehydrated and soft consistency when hydrated. The seed tegument showed four cellular strata, the first layer was formed by thin cells organized in a palissade. The embryon axis was yellow green. The cotyledons were fleshy with a hidden radicle. The plumule is rudimentary. The seed germination is phanero-epigeal, showing curved body during its emergency. The seedling showed tap-root root system, the axial primary root was woody grooved and glabrous. The secondary roots were resinous, short, slightly ramified but interlaced and showed no nodules. The protophyll exhibited compound asymmetric leaflets which were slightly falcade and oblonge. The first metaphyll presented compound asymmetric leaflets with slightly falcade-oblonge shape.

As leguminosas são usadas para compor Sistemas Agroflorestais, cujo sucesso de implantação depende de informações básicas sobre as espécies que compõem os diferentes extratos. Hymenaea intermedia var. adenotricha é uma leguminosa com potencial para aproveitamento agroflorestal na região. As sementes foram coletadas de matrizes na área de floresta natural da Província Petrolífera de Porto Urucu - Amazonas. O estudo foi realizado em condições de viveiro e laboratório da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias (UFAM). A semente de Hymenaea intermedia var. adenotricha é eurispérmica, com testa de consistência pétrea (desidratada) e cartácea (hidratada). O tegumento apresenta quatro estratos celulares com o primeiro formado por células finas e longas em paliçada, sendo visível a "linha lúcida". O embrião é axial, total, de cor amarelo-esverdeado. Os cotilédones são carnosos, inteiro com radícula escondida. A plúmula é rudimentar. A germinação é epígea fanerocotiledonar, com emergência curvada. A plântula apresenta sistema radicular pivotante com raiz primária axial, sub-lenhosa, estriada, glabra. As raízes secundárias são curtas, pouco ramificadas, porém entrelaçadas, resinosas e sem nódulos. O protófilo é composto, com folíolos opostos, sésseis. O primeiro metáfilo apresenta-se composto, bifoliolado, com folíolos assimétricos levemente falcado-oblongo.