RESUMO
Palaemonid shrimps inhabit osmotic niches from marine to continental waters. They hyper-regulate hemolymph osmolality and ionic concentrations in dilute media, hypo-regulating in concentrated media. Their gill epithelia express ion transporters like the Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter (NKCC) thought to play a role in salt secretion. To examine Cl- hypo-regulatory capability and phylogenetic correlations between gill NKCC mRNA levels and protein expression, we used palaemonids ranging from marine tide pools through estuaries (Palaemon) to coastal and continental fresh waters (Macrobrachium). We established the species' upper critical salinity limits (UL50) and short- (24 h) and long-term (120h) hypo-regulatory abilities at salinities of 80% of their UL50's (80%UL50). The Palaemon species exhibited the highest UL50's and greatest hypo-regulatory capabilities; among the Macrobrachium species, UL50's were higher in the diadromous than in the hololimnetic species. While basal transcript levels of gill NKCC mRNA were highest in P. pandaliformis, levels were unaffected by salinity or exposure time in all species. However, gill NKCC protein abundance increased after 120-h exposure at the 80%UL50 in all Macrobrachium species, except M. potiuna. Unexpectedly, hemolymph hyper-osmoregulatory capability in acclimatization media correlated with gill NKCC protein synthesis, while gill NKCC mRNA expression correlated with hemolymph hyper-Cl- regulation in Macrobrachium. These findings, together with the evolutionary history of osmoregulation in this shrimp clade, suggest a role for the gill NKCC symporter in both salt uptake and secretion. The evolution of NKCC protein expression responsiveness, unlike hemolymph hypo-regulation and NKCC mRNA expression, may have been driven by environmental salinity during niche radiation. SUMMARY STATEMENT: While mRNA expression of the gill Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter is unchanged during acclimation of palaemonid shrimps to saline media, protein expression is up regulated, revealing a role in chloride secretion.
Assuntos
Brânquias/fisiologia , Palaemonidae/genética , Palaemonidae/fisiologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Aclimatação , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Ecossistema , Feminino , Água Doce , Hemolinfa/metabolismo , Íons , Cinética , Masculino , Concentração Osmolar , Osmorregulação , Osmose , Filogenia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Salinidade , Sódio/metabolismo , Especificidade da Espécie , Simportadores/genética , Simportadores/metabolismo , Resultado do Tratamento , Equilíbrio Hidroeletrolítico/fisiologiaRESUMO
Waterlogging and salinity impair crop growth and productivity worldwide, with their combined effects being larger than the additive effects of the two stresses separately. Here, a common forage tetraploid Lotus corniculatus (cv. San Gabriel) and a diploid L. corniculatus accession, collected from a coastal area with high frequency of waterlogging-saline stress events, were evaluated for tolerance to waterlogging, salinity and these two stresses combined. We hypothesize that, due to its environmental niche, the diploid accession would show better adaptation to combined waterlogging-saline stress compared to the tetraploid L. corniculatus. Plants were evaluated under control conditions, waterlogging, salinity and a combined waterlogging-saline treatment for 33 days. Shoot and root growth were assessed, together with chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange measurements. Results showed that salinity and waterlogging effects were more severe for the tetraploid accession, with a larger effect being observed under the combined stress condition. Concentrations of Na+ , Cl- and K+ were measured in apical and basal leaves, and in roots. A larger accumulation of Na+ and Cl- was observed under both saline and combined stress treatments for the tetraploid L. corniculatus, for which ion toxicity effects were evident. The expression of CLC gene, coding for a Cl- transporter, was only increased in diploid L. corniculatus plants in response to the combined stress condition, suggesting that ion compartmentalization mechanisms were induced in this accession. Thus, this recently characterized L. corniculatus could be used for the introduction of new tolerance traits in other Lotus species used as forage.
Assuntos
Lotus , Cloreto de Sódio , Estresse Fisiológico , Lotus/efeitos dos fármacos , Lotus/genética , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Salinidade , Cloreto de Sódio/toxicidade , Estresse Fisiológico/genética , Água/farmacologiaRESUMO
Physiological data showed that T. molitor midgut is buffered at pH 5.6 at the two anterior thirds and at 7.9 at the posterior third. Furthermore, water is absorbed and secreted at the anterior and posterior midgut, respectively, driving a midgut counter flux of fluid. To look for the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena and nutrient absorption as well, a transcriptomic approach was used. For this, 11 types of transporters were chosen from the midgut transcriptome obtained by pyrosequencing (Roche 454). After annotation with the aid of databanks and manual curation, the sequences were validated by RT-PCR. The expression level of each gene at anterior, middle and posterior midgut and carcass (larva less midgut) was evaluated by RNA-seq taking into account reference sequences based on 454 contigs and reads obtained by Illumina sequencing. The data showed that sugar and amino acid uniporters and symporters are expressed along the whole midgut. In the anterior midgut are found transporters for NH3 and NH4+ that with a chloride channel may be responsible for acidifying the lumen. At the posterior midgut, bicarbonate-Cl- antiporter with bicarbonate supplied by carbonic anhydrase may alkalinize the lumen. Water absorption caused mainly by an anterior Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter and water secretion caused by a posterior K+-Cl- may drive the midgut counter flux. Transporters that complement the action of those described were also found.
Assuntos
Tenebrio/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Transporte Biológico , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Larva/metabolismo , Monossacarídeos/metabolismo , Tenebrio/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Água/metabolismoRESUMO
Abstract Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that results in considerable crop yield losses worldwide. However, some plant genotypes show a high tolerance to soil salinity, as they manage to maintain a high K+/Na+ ratio in the cytosol, in contrast to salt stress susceptible genotypes. Although, different plant genotypes show different salt tolerance mechanisms, they all rely on the regulation and function of K+ and Na+ transporters and H+ pumps, which generate the driving force for K+ and Na+ transport. In this review we will introduce salt stress responses in plants and summarize the current knowledge about the most important ion transporters that facilitate intra- and intercellular K+ and Na+ homeostasis in these organisms. We will describe and discuss the regulation and function of the H+-ATPases, H+-PPases, SOS1, HKTs, and NHXs, including the specific tissues where they work and their response to salt stress.
RESUMO
Os sistemas biológicos são governados pela soma de todos os genes expressos, proteínas, metabólitos e elementos de um organismo. A análise do ionoma de um tecido auxilia a identificar, entre outros aspectos, genes que contribuam para maior ou menor acúmulo de elementos essenciais e metais pesados, bem como a interação entre processos metabólicos. O conhecimento do ionoma, aliado ao uso de técnicas de biologia molecular, formam um sistema muito eficiente para mapeamento gênico, para estudos de genômica funcional e para caracterização geral do estado fisiológico das plantas em uma determinada condição. Além disso, o estudo do ionoma permite avaliar as interações existentes entre os mais diversos íons das plantas e como a disponibilidade de um íon afeta a absorção e uso de outros. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar e discutir o ionoma como uma ferramenta importante na elucidação dos mais diversos mecanismos envolvidos na absorção, translocação e acúmulo de elementos essenciais e não-essenciais em plantas e sua relação com o metabolismo delas.
Biological systems are governed by the sum of all expressed genes, proteins, metabolites and components of an organism. The analysis of a tissue ionome helps to identify, among others, genes that contribute to a greater or lesser accumulation of essential elements and heavy metals, as well as interaction between metabolic processes. The ionome knowledge, coupled with the use of molecular biology techniques, form a very efficient system for gene mapping, and functional genomic studies, and general characterization of plants physiological status in a given condition. Another interesting process that the ionome study allows to analyse is the interactions among plants' ions and how such ion availability can affect the absorption and use of others. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the ionome as an important tool in the elucidation of several mechanisms involved in absorption, translocation and accumulation of essential and nonessential elements in plant and its relation with their metabolism.
RESUMO
Biological systems are governed by the sum of all expressed genes, proteins, metabolites and components of an organism. The analysis of a tissue ionome helps to identify, among others, genes that contribute to a greater or lesser accumulation of essential elements and heavy metals, as well as interaction between metabolic processes. The ionome knowledge, coupled with the use of molecular biology techniques, form a very efficient system for gene mapping, and functional genomic studies, and general characterization of plants physiological status in a given condition. Another interesting process that the ionome study allows to analyse is the interactions among plants' ions and how such ion availability can affect the absorption and use of others. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the ionome as an important tool in the elucidation of several mechanisms involved in absorption, translocation and accumulation of essential and nonessential elements in plant and its relation with their metabolism.
Os sistemas biológicos são governados pela soma de todos os genes expressos, proteínas, metabólitos e elementos de um organismo. A análise do ionoma de um tecido auxilia a identificar, entre outros aspectos, genes que contribuam para maior ou menor acúmulo de elementos essenciais e metais pesados, bem como a interação entre processos metabólicos. O conhecimento do ionoma, aliado ao uso de técnicas de biologia molecular, formam um sistema muito eficiente para mapeamento gênico, para estudos de genômica funcional e para caracterização geral do estado fisiológico das plantas em uma determinada condição. Além disso, o estudo do ionoma permite avaliar as interações existentes entre os mais diversos íons das plantas e como a disponibilidade de um íon afeta a absorção e uso de outros. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar e discutir o ionoma como uma ferramenta importante na elucidação dos mais diversos mecanismos envolvidos na absorção, translocação e acúmulo de elementos essenciais e não-essenciais em plantas e sua relação com o metabolismo delas.
RESUMO
Biological systems are governed by the sum of all expressed genes, proteins, metabolites and components of an organism. The analysis of a tissue ionome helps to identify, among others, genes that contribute to a greater or lesser accumulation of essential elements and heavy metals, as well as interaction between metabolic processes. The ionome knowledge, coupled with the use of molecular biology techniques, form a very efficient system for gene mapping, and functional genomic studies, and general characterization of plants physiological status in a given condition. Another interesting process that the ionome study allows to analyse is the interactions among plants' ions and how such ion availability can affect the absorption and use of others. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the ionome as an important tool in the elucidation of several mechanisms involved in absorption, translocation and accumulation of essential and nonessential elements in plant and its relation with their metabolism.
Os sistemas biológicos são governados pela soma de todos os genes expressos, proteínas, metabólitos e elementos de um organismo. A análise do ionoma de um tecido auxilia a identificar, entre outros aspectos, genes que contribuam para maior ou menor acúmulo de elementos essenciais e metais pesados, bem como a interação entre processos metabólicos. O conhecimento do ionoma, aliado ao uso de técnicas de biologia molecular, formam um sistema muito eficiente para mapeamento gênico, para estudos de genômica funcional e para caracterização geral do estado fisiológico das plantas em uma determinada condição. Além disso, o estudo do ionoma permite avaliar as interações existentes entre os mais diversos íons das plantas e como a disponibilidade de um íon afeta a absorção e uso de outros. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar e discutir o ionoma como uma ferramenta importante na elucidação dos mais diversos mecanismos envolvidos na absorção, translocação e acúmulo de elementos essenciais e não-essenciais em plantas e sua relação com o metabolismo delas.