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Neuroimaging has continually advanced, playing a crucial role in the accurate diagnosis of various brain pathologies and disorders. This integrative review aimed to identify the main changes in brain connections found in fMRI scans of individuals with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). The data collection method involved searching for the terms "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Psychological Dependence" and "Internet Addiction Disorder" in the PubMed and Embase databases. Studies published between 2020 and January 2023 were included and manually analyzed through the virtual environment created in the "Rayyan" software, compiling a total of 18 scientific studies. The main findings reveal changes such as significant increases or decreases in functional connectivity in certain regions of the brain. Some potential negative impacts on the uncontrolled use of technologies among the young population were evaluated, such as the loss of inhibitory control in decision-making, transforming leisure into dependence, and although the IGD understands the associated risks and harms, it faces difficulties in resisting the desire to stop playing. This situation emphasizes the need for more long-term studies that can be comparative between different age groups. Conclusion, the brain regions with the most significant changes in functional connectivity in individuals with IGD symptoms are the prefrontal cortex, fronto-parietal regions, frontal gyrus, insula lobe, cingulate cortex and striatum. The lack of comprehensive knowledge about the effects of video game addiction across different age groups is a significant concern. Therefore, it is essential to carry out research that evaluates the impact of these technologies on different stages of human development.

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Objective Impulsivity has been robustly linked to various addictions, including behavioral addictions. This systematic review aimed to investigate possible relationships between impulsivity and gaming disorder. Method A total of 1,710 empirical studies, without date or language restrictions, were retrieved from Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, PsycNET, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. In total, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for extraction, quantitative analysis, and integrative synthesis. Results Overall, a positive association was observed between gaming disorder and both self-reported measures of impulsivity and behavioral measures of impulsivity. Gaming disorder was associated with the presence of high-risk trends, high sensitivity to rewards, reduced inhibitory control, and low self-control among video game players. Conclusion The present systematic review provides preliminary support for the robust association between impulsivity and gaming disorder. However, given the methodological heterogeneity in assessment instruments and statistical procedures, the identified association should be interpreted cautiously.

Objetivo A impulsividade tem estado fortemente ligada a vários tipos de dependência, incluindo as dependências comportamentais. Esta revisão sistemática visou investigar possíveis relações entre a impulsividade e o transtorno por jogos eletrônicos. Método Um total de 1.710 estudos empíricos, sem restrições de data ou linguagem, foram recuperados das bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, PsycNET, Scopus, e Web of Science. No total, 16 estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos para extração, análise quantitativa, e síntese integrativa. Resultados Observou-se uma associação positiva entre o transtorno por jogos eletrônicos e as medidas de impulsividade e de comportamento de impulsividade autorrelatadas. O transtorno por jogos eletrônicos foi associado à presença de tendências de alto risco, alta sensibilidade às recompensas, controle inibitório reduzido, e baixo autocontrole entre os jogadores. Conclusão A presente revisão fornece apoio preliminar para uma associação robusta entre a impulsividade e o transtorno por jogos eletrônicos. Contudo, dada a heterogeneidade metodológica nos instrumentos de avaliação e procedimentos estatísticos, esta associação deve ser interpretada com cautela.

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ntrodução: Os jogos eletrônicos são agora reconhecidos como um problema de saúde mental, especialmente entre a comunidade LGBTQIA+. Objetivo: explorar os efeitos do transtorno de jogo (gaming disorder) na população LGBTQIA+. Método: A revisão narrativa abordou hábitos de jogo e gaming disorder em minorias sexuais e de gênero, usando PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase e Web of Science. Das 1640 pesquisas, apenas 3 abordaram gaming disorder nessa população. Resultado: consumidores LGBTQ+ gastam mais em jogos digitais. Jogadores LGBTQIA+ consomem mais jogos de exploração de identidade, possivelmente relacionados ao estresse de minoria. Discussão: minorias sexuais têm maior risco de gaming disorder. Para indivíduos LGBTQIA+, os jogos podem servir como escape e plataforma de apoio, mas o uso problemático pode estar associado a desfechos psiquiátricos negativos. Conclusão: Os jogos online têm o potencial de serem ferramentas de apoio para minorias, no entanto, as evidências são limitadas. É necessária mais pesquisa para compreender melhor a relação entre o uso de jogos e a saúde mental da população LGBTQIA+.

ntroduction: Electronic games are now recognized as a mental health issue, especially within the LGBTQIA+ community. Objective: To explore the effects of gaming disorder in the LGBTQIA+ population. Method: The narrative review addressed gaming habits and gaming disorder in sexual and gender minorities, utilizing PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Web of Science. Out of 1640 studies, only 3 focused on gaming disorder in this population. Result: LGBTQ+ consumers spend more on digital games. LGBTQIA+ players engage more in identity exploration games, possibly linked to minority stress. Discussion: Sexual minorities face a higher risk of gaming disorder. For LGBTQIA+ individuals, games can serve as an escape and support platform, but problematic use may be associated with negative psychiatric outcomes. Conclusion: Online games have the potential as support tools for minorities, but evidence is limited. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between game use and mental health in the LGBTQIA+ population.

Introducción: Los videojuegos electrónicos son reconocidos actualmente como un problema de salud mental, especialmente dentro de la comunidad LGBTQIA+. Objetivo: Explorar los efectos del trastorno de juego (gaming disorder) en la población LGBTQIA+. Método: La revisión narrativa abordó los hábitos de juego y el gaming disorder en minorías sexuales y de género, utilizando PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase y Web of Science. De las 1640 investigaciones, solo 3 se centraron en el gaming disorder en esta población. Resultado: Los consumidores LGBTQ+ gastan más en juegos digitales. Los jugadores LGBTQIA+ consumen más juegos de exploración de identidad, posiblemente relacionados con el estrés de minoría. Discusión: Las minorías sexuales enfrentan un mayor riesgo de gaming disorder. Para los individuos LGBTQIA+, los juegos pueden servir como un escape y plataforma de apoyo, pero el uso problemático puede estar asociado con resultados psiquiátricos negativos. Conclusión: Los juegos en línea tienen el potencial como herramientas de apoyo para las minorías, pero la evidencia es limitada. Se requiere más investigación para comprender mejor la relación entre el uso de juegos y la salud mental en la población LGBTQIA+.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between internet addiction disorder (IAD) and anxiety and depressive symptomatology in high school students in two private schools in Chiclayo, Peru, during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional investigation of 505 adolescents from two private schools. The dependent variables were anxiety and depressive symptomatology, measured with the Beck Adapted Depression Questionnaire (BDI-IIA) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), respectively. The main independent variable was IAD, measured with the Internet Addiction Test instrument(IATI). Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. RESULTS: The average age was 14.16 years and 54.9% were women. 22.2% and 3.2% presented mild and moderate IAD; respectively. 9.3% presented severe anxiety and 34.3% severe depressive symptomatology. In the simple regression, adolescents with mild, moderate and severe IAD presented 19% (PR = 1.19; 95%CI: 1.05-1.35), 25% (PR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.02-1.53) and 53% (PR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.47-1.60) higher prevalence of depressive symptomatology; however, this association was not maintained in the multiple model. Anxiety increased 196% in adolescents with severe IAD (PR = 2.96; 95%CI: 1.86-4.71). CONCLUSION: We found that 2, 1, and 3 out of 10 students presented IAD, depressive symptomatology, and anxiety, respectively. We did not find an association between IAD and depressive symptomatology, but we did find an association with anxiety. Among the factors associated with the development of depressive symptomatology were the male sex, the presence of eating disorders, subclinical insomnia, using devices for more than 2 h, and using the Internet for academic activities. About anxiety, the associated factors are the female sex, the presence of eating disorders, subclinical insomnia, and the use of the Internet as social interaction. We recommend implementing counseling programs in view of the imminent introduction of the Internet as a pillar in education.

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INTRODUCTION: Nowadays a considerable population in the world uses the internet. Unfortunately, despite many interests and its specific advances in communication, the Internet is sentenced to have serious side effects. OBJECTIVE: To detect the percentage of internet addiction and its effect on academic performance among Medical and Paramedical students in some Iraqi universities. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 806 medical and paramedical students who were subjected to the online survey which includes demographic information associated with internet usage, and Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) was applied to survey the grade of internet addiction. RESULTS: Results reveal a moderate level of addiction among students without significant variations between genders, high significant relationship (p<0.01) between students concerning their housing area, and strong significant variations (p<0.01) in the time of using the internet, besides strong significant differences (p<0.01) between internet addiction and academic performance. CONCLUSION: Medical and paramedical students practice the internet for diverse activities including learning despite their moderate grade of addiction there are no significant differences between genders. They employ it over 5 h/day, which affects negative tasks on their academic performance.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the level of internet addiction and its impact on the academic performance of undergraduate dental students of Bhubaneswar. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was steered among 814 undergraduate dental students (representing first year through internship) in Bhubaneswar, India. Internet addiction was assessed with the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) developed by Young, which consisted of 20 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Google Forms were used to collect the data. Statistical tests like Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to analyze the qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively, with the significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The prevalence of Internet Addiction was found to be 27.5%. Interns showed the highest mean Internet Addiction (57.91±10.71) score. The proportion of addicted students was higher in males, 74 (31.4%), than in females, 150 (26%). The mean scores for individual domains were overuse (16.31±3.64), non-restraints (7.77±2.66), inhibiting the flow of life (9.52±3.05), emotional state (11.25±2.86), and dependence (10.47±2.53). A correlation coefficient (Spearman's rho value of -.167) indicates a negative correlation between internet addiction and academic scores, which was statistically significant (p=0.001). Conclusion: This study revealed that internet use for varying purposes eventually leads to addiction and affects students' academic performance. The affected students need early intervention and control over internet usage.

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Resumo: Introdução: Apesar das facilidades proporcionadas pela internet, seu uso inadequado e excessivo pode gerar Transtorno de Uso de Internet, principalmente entre os universitários que a utilizam para entretenimento, comunicação e atividades acadêmicas, como ocorreu durante a pandemia de Covid-19, quando o ensino ficou on-line. Esse transtorno culmina em prejuízos, como a redução no desempenho estudantil e a exacerbação ou o aparecimento de doenças psiquiátricas. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presença do transtorno de uso de internet entre estudantes de Medicina em universidades do estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Método: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal e analítico realizado com estudantes de Medicina de duas instituições de ensino superior do estado de Alagoas durante o primeiro ano de pandemia de Covid-19. A coleta foi feita por um instrumento on-line com uma avaliação sociodemográfica, o Teste de Dependência de Internet e as variáveis sexo, idade, período, cidade de origem e coeficiente acadêmico de rendimento. Os dados foram analisados nos programas SPSS 24 e JASP 0.14. Resultado: Participaram da pesquisa 325 estudantes, dos quais 97,2% afirmaram ter aumentado o consumo da internet durante o período da pandemia. A média de pontuação no teste foi de 32,5, no qual 80,6% apresentaram algum grau de transtorno de uso de internet, sendo 66,8% leve e 13,8% moderado. Constatou-se maior prevalência da dependência no sexo masculino, com achado entre eles de criar novas amizades pela internet, de ocultar revelar o que faz on-line e gastar mais tempo que o planejado navegando. Houve maior gravidade de compulsão nos estudantes de classes sociais mais baixas, em períodos iniciais do curso, provenientes de instituição pública, oriundos de cidades com até 50 mil habitantes e nos imigrantes. Houve uma relação negativa significativa entre menor coeficiente do último período cursado e maior nota no teste (Pearson -0,121, valor de p: 0,045). Conclusão: Os dados apontaram que os estudantes de Medicina estão propensos a desenvolver transtorno de uso de internet e que houve maior gravidade entre o sexo masculino, em classes sociais mais baixas, nos períodos iniciais do curso, nos procedentes de instituição pública, de cidades com até 50 mil habitantes e nos imigrantes. A presença do transtorno foi inversamente proporcional à performance acadêmica.

Abstract: Introduction: Although the internet provides various facilities, its inadequate and excessive use can cause Internet Addiction Disorder, especially among university students, who browse the web for entertainment, communication and academic activities, and even more so during the COVID-19 pandemic, when education switched to online. This disorder results in several detrimental consequences such as diminished student performance and aggravation or triggering of other psychiatric conditions. Objective: To evaluate the presence of Internet Addiction Disorder in medical students at the state of Alagoas, Brazil. Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional and analytic study conducted among medical students from two universities in the state of Alagoas during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was gathered through an online form with a social-demographic questionnaire, the Internet Addiction Test, and variables (sex, age, semester of study, city of birth, grade point average). The data was analysed in the SPSS 24 and JASP 0.14 programs. Results: The survey was applied to 325 students, 97.2% of whom affirmed to have increased their internet usage during the pandemic. The average score in the Internet Addiction Test was 32.5, with 80.6% displaying some degree of disorder, 66.8% a mild dependence, and 13.8% moderate dependence. A higher prevalence of the disorder was found among males, who were also shown to be more used to making new friendships through the internet, to hide what they are doing online, and to spend more time logged in than planned. The compulsion was more severe in lower social classes, initial semester and those who came from public university, cities with a population of less than 50.000, and immigrants. There was a negative correlation between lower final semester grades and higher grades in the Internet Addiction Test (Pearson -0,121, p-value: 0,045). Conclusions: The data of this study point to a major possibility of medical students developing Internet Addiction Disorder, with more severe dependence among those who are males, from lower social classes, in earlier periods of study, students from public universities, from cities with a population of less than 50.000 inhabitants and immigrants. The presence of Internet Addiction Disorder was inversely proportional to academic performance.

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We aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with gaming disorder (GD) in the population of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). A systematic review was performed (PROSPERO protocol registration: CRD42021230565). We included studies that identified participants with GD and/or factors associated with this condition, reported the prevalence of GD, or contained data that assisted in its estimation, were published after 2013 (the year of inclusion of GD in the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and were carried out in a population residing in an LAC country. Evaluation of the quality of the studies was carried out using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical appraisal checklist tool. A qualitative synthesis of the data was performed. Of the total of 1567 records identified, 25 passed the full-text review phase, and 6 met the selection criteria. These studies were published between 2018 and 2021 and had a cross-sectional design (three in Brazil, one in Ecuador, Mexico, and the other was multi-country, including a LAC country [Peru]). The prevalence of GD ranged from 1.1% to 38.2%. The three studies in Brazil had the highest figures of GD prevalence (20.4-38.2%). Four studies evaluated factors associated with GD. Characteristics regarding the game (type), pattern of use (hours played), as well as gender (higher in men), tobacco and alcohol consumption, poor interpersonal relationships, and the presence of mental disorders were found to be associated with GD in LAC. Evidence on the prevalence and factors associated with GD in LAC is limited. Studies on GD in LAC evaluate different population subgroups, describing a wide prevalence of this condition (present in up to 38 out of 100 evaluated). Characteristics such as the type and hours of use of the games, sociodemographic data, lifestyles, interpersonal relationships, and the presence of mental disorders increase the probability of presenting GD.

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Using smartphones during a task that requires an upright posture can be detrimental for the overall motor performance. The aim of this study was to determine the risks of accidents caused by the use of smartphones by pedestrians while walking in a controlled (laboratory) and a non-controlled (public street) environment. Two hundred and one participants, 100 men and 101 women, all young adults, were submitted to walking activities while texting messages and talking on the phone. The risk of accident was measured by the time and the number of steps necessary to walk a 20 ft distance. Assessments were performed with no external distractors (laboratory) and on a public street with vehicles, pedestrians, lights, and noises. Multivariate analysis of variance tests provided the main effect of task (using × not using smartphone), environment (laboratory × street), sex (men × women), and interactions. Significance was set at 5%. The results showed that using a smartphone while walking demanded a greater number of steps and time to perform the task (main effect of task: 0.84; p = 0.001). The risk of accident was higher on the streets where, due to traffic hazards, pedestrians performed the task faster and with a lower number of steps (the main effect of environment: 0.82; p = 0.001). There was no difference of risks between men and women (main effect of sex: 0.01; p = 0.225), whether in the laboratory or on the street (main effect of sex × environment: 0.01; p = 0.905). The task × environment interaction showed that using a smartphone on the street potentiates risks of accidents of pedestrians (main effect of task × environment: 0.41; p = 0.001). In conclusion, using a smartphone while walking can be risky for pedestrians, especially in a traffic environment. People should avoid using their smartphone while crossing streets.

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El abuso del uso de las redes sociales genera dificultades en los individuos para las relaciones interpersonales, laborales y académicas. Se desarrolló una investigación con el objetivo de determinar la relación entre adicción a redes sociales y la procrastinación académica en estudiantes de una universidad privada de la selva peruana, durante el segundo período académico de 2021. El diseño metodológico fue no experimental con alcance correlacional y corte transversal. La población estuvo compuesta por universitarios matriculados en el período académico 2021-II, a partir de la cual se seleccionaron 304 alumnos mediante muestreo no probabilístico por sujetos voluntarios. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron: el Cuestionario de Adicción a Redes Sociales y la Escala de Procrastinación Académica. El 78,6% de la muestra tenía edades entre 18 y 26 años y el 62,2% correspondió al sexo femenino. La mayoría estaba matriculada en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (50%) y el 27,6% cursaban el cuarto año. La distribución de los datos no resultó normal (p<0,05). Los valores globales de adicción a redes sociales y procrastinación académica no se correlacionaron estadísticamente (p>0,05). En las dos variables: adicción a las redes sociales y procrastinación, además de sus correspondientes dimensiones, la mayoría de los estudiantes involucrados se catalogaron en el nivel medio. No existió correlación estadística entre las dos variables principales del estudio; sin embargo, sí existió en lo referente a la adicción a las redes sociales en relación con la autorregulación académica y la postergación de actividades

The abuse of the use of social networks generates difficulties in people for interpersonal, work, and academic relationships. This research aimed to determine the relationship between addiction to social networks and academic procrastination in students at a private university from the Peruvian jungle, during the second academic period of 2021. The methodological design was non-experimental with a correlational scope, and cross-sectional. The population was constitu-ted by university students enrolled in the academic period 2021-II. 304 students were selected through non-probabilistic sampling by volunteer subjects. The instruments applied were the Social Network Addiction Questionnaire and the Academic Procrastination Scale. 78.6% of the sample were between 18 and 26 years of age and 62.2% were female. Most of them were enro-lled in the Faculty of Health Sciences (50%) and 27.6% were in their fourth year. The data distri-bution was not normal (p<0.05). The global values of addiction to social networks and academic procrastination were not statistically correlated (p>0.05). In the two variables (addiction to social networks and procrastination), most of the students involved were classified in the medium level. There was no statistical correlation between the two main variables of the study; however, it did exist in relation to addiction to social networks in relation to academic self-regu-lation and the postponement of activities.

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Nomophobia is the discomfort caused by not being in contact with a cell phone. Few studies have addressed nomophobia in university students. The study aimed to evaluate nomophobia and its associated factors in Peruvian medical students. We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study on Peruvian medical students between June 2020 and March 2021, using an online survey disseminated through social networks. We analyzed 3139 responses (females: 61.1%, median age: 22 years): 25.7% presented moderate nomophobia and 7.4% severe nomophobia. In the adjusted model, the nomophobia score was lower in students ≥24 years (ß: −4.1, 95% CI: −7.2 to −1.0) and was higher in those who had a mobile internet data plan (ß: 2.9, 0.8 to 5.0), used the cell phone >4 h (ß: 4.5, 2.3 to 6.7), used a smartphone mainly for education (ß: 2.5, 0.2 to 4.8), social networks (ß: 8.2, 5.8 to 10.6) and entertainment (ß: 3.3, 0.5 to 6.1), and those who presented possible anxious (ß: 6.6, 4.3 to 8.9) or depressive (ß: 19.5, 5.2 to 9.6) symptomatology. In conclusion, nomophobia in university students is a frequent and emerging problem, present mainly at younger ages and associated with symptoms of anxiety or depression. Implementing evaluation and early intervention strategies would favor the mental health of university students.

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