RESUMO

Ethnobotany approached through ethnoeducation allows for the preservation of the cultural heritage of indigenous communities. In this way, the ethnobotanical knowledge of primary school students from the Paniquita Indigenous Community was recognized, regarding the cultural knowledge of medicinal plants and their significance in the conservation of the biocultural heritage. This research had a qualitative, ethnographic approach. The sample consisted of ten students who were part of a focus group, ethnobotanical walks, and participatory workshops with drawings since they stimulate students' creative and dynamic thinking and strengthen interculturality. Twenty-one plants were reported, which are used to relieve sore throats, headaches, and stomach aches, as well as to treat diarrhea and fever, to prevent flu, and as a purgative. All the medicinal plants mentioned grow in the community and are either cultivated or wild, which also shows the students' knowledge of the ir territory. These findings reflect the importance of ethno-education and ethnobotany at school and how historical reconstruction processes are generated from these settings, where indigenous ancestral knowledge is made visible.

La etnobotánica abordada desde la etnoeducación permite mantener el legado cultural de los pueblos originarios. De esta manera, se reconoció el conocimiento etnobotáni co de los estudiantes de primaria de la Comunidad Indígena Paniquita, sobre el conocimiento cultural de las plantas medicinales y su importancia para la conservación del patrimonio biocultural. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cualitativo y etnográfico. La muestra estuvo conformada por diez estudiantes que formaron parte de un grupo focal, caminatas etnobotánicas y talleres participativos con dibujos, ya que estimulan el pensamiento creativo y dinámico de los estudiantes y fortalecen la interculturalidad. Se reportaron 21 plantas que se utilizan para aliviar dolores de garganta, cabeza y estómago, así como para tratar la diarrea y la fiebre, para prevenir la gripe y como purgante. Todas las plantas medicinales mencionadas crecen en la comunidad y son cultivadas o silvestres, lo que también demuestra el conocimiento que los estudiantes tienen de su territorio. Estos hallazgos reflejan la importancia de la etnoeducación y la etnobotánica en la escuela y cómo se generan procesos de reconstrucción histórica desde estos escenarios, donde se visibiliza el conocimiento ancestral indígena.

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Chile es un país culturalmente diverso cuya población debe enfrentar dificultades relacionadas con la salud. Este ensayo tiene por objetivo reflexionar en torno a las competencias interculturales desde un enfoque ético intercultural, en la formación inicial de profesionales en ciencias de la salud. Se constata una salud carente y descontextualizada de la realidad cultural en la formación inicial en ciencias de la salud. Para evolucionar en esta área, se requiere imperiosamente formar a los profesionales en competencias interculturales desde un enfoque ético intercultural. Ello contribuirá al reconocimiento y comprensión de la otredad desde su propia cultura, a partir de la relación e intercambio de experiencias, conocimientos, saberes, entre otros. Para ello se requiere del diálogo intercultural entre profesionales y expertos pertenecientes a distintos sistemas de salud, con el fin de coconstruir desde la salud y enfermedad, para responder de forma oportuna y adecuada a las demandas de salud, y brindar un cuidado en salud digno y de calidad. En efecto, mitigará las desigualdades e injusticias, a la vez que proporcionará una vida más plena a las personas que conviven en una sociedad culturalmente diversa.

Chile is a culturally diverse country, and this population must face difficulties related to health. This essay aims to reflect on intercultural competencies from an intercultural ethical approach, in the initial training of professionals in health sciences. The initial training in health sciences shows that health is lacking and decontextualized from the cultural reality. In order to evolve in this area, it is imperative to train professionals in intercultural competencies from an intercultural ethical approach. This will contribute to the recognition and understanding of otherness from their own culture, based on the relationship and exchange of experiences, knowledge, wisdom, among others. This requires intercultural dialogue between professionals and experts belonging to different health systems, in order to co-construct from health and disease. This will allow a timely and adequate response to health demands. It will also provide quality and dignified health care and attention. In effect, it will mitigate inequalities and injustices, while providing a fuller life to people living in a culturally diverse society.

O Chile é um país culturalmente diverso, essa população deve enfrentar dificuldades relacionadas à saúde. Este ensaio tem como objetivo refletir sobre as competências interculturais a partir de uma abordagem ética intercultural, na formação inicial de profissionais em ciências da saúde. A saúde carente e descontextualizada da realidade cultural é verificada na formação inicial em ciências da saúde. Para evoluir nesta área, é imperativo formar profissionais em competências interculturais a partir de uma abordagem ética intercultural. Isso contribuirá para o reconhecimento e compreensão da alteridade a partir da própria cultura, do relacionamento e troca de experiências, saberes, saberes, entre outros. Para isso, é necessário o diálogo intercultural entre profissionais e especialistas pertencentes a diferentes sistemas de saúde; a fim de co-construir a partir da saúde e da doença. Isso permitirá uma resposta oportuna e adequada às demandas de saúde. Da mesma forma, prestará cuidados e atenção à saúde dignos e de qualidade. Com efeito, atenuará as desigualdades e as injustiças, ao mesmo tempo que proporcionará uma vida mais plena às pessoas que vivem numa sociedade culturalmente diversa.

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The objective of the study was to specify an abbreviated model of the school coexistence questionnaire for non-violence (CENVI) for students from 5th to 8th grade (9 to 14 years old), in order to determine the perception of violence and management of school coexistence, and the differences between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students. A total of 1870 students from schools in the city of Temuco (Chile) responded to the CENVI questionnaire. There were two samples: (1) Pandemic, with online, face-to-face and hybrid classes; and (2) Post-pandemic, with face-to-face classes. Sample 1 consisted of 848 students aged 9 to 15 years (M = 11.90; SD = 1.27). Sample 2 consisted of 1022 students aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.46; SD = 1.14). The questionnaire was validated using expert inter-judgment and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A good fit of the proposed model to the data and good internal consistency measured according to the composite reliability were found, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Mapuche students perceived more physical violence and social exclusion. Cut-off points were proposed for the interpretation of the results. In the data, the effect of Coexistence Management on School Violence was null. The discussion approaches the findings from the literature on education in spaces of socio-cultural diversity in a Mapuche context.

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El objeto de representación es motivo del desafío que existe por la reivindicación y reconocimiento de las características socioculturales en el sistema educativo, que históricamente ha sido invisibilizado por un sistema caracterizado por sus prácticas monoculturales. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los significados sobre la educación intercultural en Chile según las representaciones sociales de estudiantes y profesores de educación física. El método consistió en un enfoque mixto, con un diseño de estudio de casos múltiples, no experimental y transversal. Los participantes estuvieron compuestos por estudiantes y profesores de Pedagogía en Educación Física. Los resultados indican que, a pesar de que existe un porcentaje considerable de participantes que tiene experiencia laboral como profesores en contextos rurales con altos porcentajes de estudiantes indígenas, existe la necesidad de que las instituciones de educación superior formen a sus estudiantes para desenvolverse de la mejor manera en contextos rurales e indígenas. Se concluyó que, existe el desafío de que las instituciones universitarias que se sitúan en contextos de mayor prevalencia de personas indígenas descontinúen el discurso y episteme monocultural eurocéntrica, rescatando las epistemologías indígenas, para integrarlas al currículum y a los procesos de formación inicial docente. Lo anterior, con la finalidad de desarrollar un genuino diálogo de saberes desde la formación inicial docente hacia las prácticas pedagógicas de los profesores.

Representation is important for the vindication and recognition of socio-cultural characteristics in the educational system, which, historically, has been made invisible by a system characterized by its monocultural practices. The aim of this research was to analyze the meanings of intercultural education in Chile according to the social representations of physical education students and teachers. The method consisted of a mixed approach, with a non-experimental and cross-sectional multiple case study design. Participants were students and teachers in Physical Education Pedagogy. The results indicate that although there is a considerable percentage of participants who have work experience as teachers in rural contexts with high percentages of indigenous students, there is a need for higher education institutions to train their students to perform at their best in rural and indigenous contexts. It was concluded that there is a challenge for university institutions located in contexts with a higher prevalence of indigenous people to discontinue the Eurocentric monocultural discourse and episteme, rescuing indigenous epistemologies to integrate them into the curriculum and initial teacher training processes. The above, with the aim of developing a genuine dialogue of knowledge from initial teacher training to the pedagogical practices of teachers.

O objecto de representação é uma razão para o desafio que existe para a reivindicação e reconhecimento das características socioculturais no sistema educativo, que historicamente tem sido invisibilizado por um sistema caracterizado pelas suas práticas monoculturais. O objectivo da investigação era analisar os significados da educação intercultural no Chile de acordo com as representações sociais dos estudantes e professores de educação física. O método consistia numa abordagem mista, com uma concepção de estudo de casos múltiplos, não experimental e transversal. Os participantes eram compostos por estudantes e professores de Pedagogia da Educação Física. Os resultados indicam que embora exista uma percentagem considerável de participantes que têm experiência de trabalho como professores em contextos rurais com elevadas percentagens de estudantes indígenas, existe a necessidade de as instituições de ensino superior formarem os seus estudantes para terem o melhor desempenho possível em contextos rurais e indígenas. Concluiu-se que existe um desafio para as instituições universitárias localizadas em contextos com maior prevalência de povos indígenas, no sentido de descontinuar o discurso e episteme monocultural eurocêntrico, resgatando as epistemologias indígenas de modo a integrá-las no currículo e nos processos de formação inicial de professores. O acima exposto, com o objectivo de desenvolver um verdadeiro diálogo de conhecimentos desde a formação inicial de professores até às práticas pedagógicas dos professores.

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This article will address the considerations that must be examined in the design of public policies and government programs to achieve an intercultural approach to the health of the Pu Mapuce Zomo (Mapuce women). In this sense, the proposed objective is to formulate three essential aspects that serve as a basis to promote adequate frameworks for public health policies oriented towards an intercultural approach. For this, methodologically, from a qualitative approach, the ethical, gender(s) and epistemic aspects that must be considered in the configuration of health programs that favor the health care of indigenous women will be investigated. With this purpose, it begins by delimiting the unavoidable ethical-normative and gender approach to highlight the basic needs of Mapuce women. This approach seeks to establish a parameter about the obligations that States have in relation to the development of human capabilities. Finally, three aspects will be presented that the State must replicate in its health proposals to guarantee the construction of an intercultural approach to health, appropriate to the basic needs of Mapuce women in Argentina.

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El artículo expone las principales fortalezas, limitaciones y desafíos de la escuela multinivel en contexto indígena, desde las voces de los profesores en La Araucanía (Chile). La metodología es cualitativa, se aplicaron seis entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesores; la técnica de análisis de la información es el análisis de contenido en complementariedad con la teoría fundamentada. Los resultados revelan la persistencia de prejuicios hacia la familia indígena, el desconocimiento de los profesores sobre los saberes locales y la carencia de competencias para desarrollar una educación en perspectiva intercultural. Se concluye la necesidad de vinculación y diálogo entre escuela-familia-comunidad, lo que permita la revitalización de la identidad sociocultural en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje.

O artigo expõe as principais fortalezas, limitações e desafios da escola multinível em um contexto indígena, a partir das vozes de professores em La Araucanía, Chile. A metodologia é qualitativa, foram aplicadas seis entrevistas semiestruturadas, a técnica de análise da informação é a análise de conteúdo em complementaridade com a teoria fundamentada. Os resultados revelam a persistência de preconceitos em relação à família indígena, o desconhecimento dos professores sobre os saberes locais e a carência de competências para desenvolver uma educação com perspectiva intercultural. Concluímos sobre a necessidade de articulação e diálogo entre escola-família-comunidade, que permita a revitalização da identidade sociocultural nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem.

The article presents the main strengths, limitations and challenges of multilevel schools in an indigenous context, from the voices of teachers in La Araucanía, Chile. The methodology is qualitative and involved six semi-structured interviews with teachers. The technique for analyzing the information is content analysis in conjunction with grounded theory. The results reveal the persistence of prejudices towards indigenous families, the teachers' lack of knowledge about local ways of knowing and the lack of competencies to develop education in an intercultural perspective. We conclude that there is a need for engagement and dialogue between the school, family and community, which would enable a revitalization of the socio-cultural identity in the teaching and learning processes.

RESUMO

RESUMEN Uno de los desafíos más complejos que enfrenta la escuela es la articulación de los saberes culturales con los currículos escolares. De esta manera, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo reconocer la flora útil, las categorías etnobotánicas y de estimar si existe una diferencia entre las especies utilizadas, según su origen (silvestre o cultivado), en estudiantes de Grado 5° de la Escuela Rural Mixta El Colorado, del Resguardo Indígena de Cohetando, municipio de Páez, Cauca. El proceso metodológico se realizó bajo un enfoque mixto; lo cualitativo, desde el método etnográfico, haciendo uso de técnicas, como la observación participante, recorridos etnobotánicos y entrevista semiestructuradas; lo cuantitativo, se llevó a cabo a partir de un análisis multivariado, utilizando el índice de Jaccard, para estimar la similitud entre las categorías etnobotánicas; asimismo, se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA), para estimar si existe diferencias significativas entre el origen de las especies. A partir de lo anterior, los estudiantes reportaron 81 especies de plantas útiles, agrupadas en seis categorías etnobotánicas, siendo ornamentación y medicinal y alimenticia, las más relevantes, por número de especies. En cuanto al origen, se encontró una diferencia significativa, en cuanto al mayor número de usos para las especies cultivadas, respecto a las silvestres. Finalmente, se evidencia el alto grado de conocimiento que tienen los estudiantes sobre la flora, así como la importancia para su Resguardo Indígena, como un símbolo de resistencia, que permite salvaguardar la memoria histórica.

ABSTRACT One of the most complex challenges faced in the school is the articulation of cultural knowledge with school curricula. Thus, this research aimed to recognize the useful flora, the ethnobotanical categories, and to estimate if there is a difference between species according to their origin (wild and/or cultivated) according to the knowledge constructed by the 5th grade students of the Mixed Rural School El Colorado, of the Indigenous Resguardo of Cohetando, municipality of Páez, Cauca. The methodological process was carried out under a mixed approach, the qualitative from the ethnographic method, making use of techniques such as participant observation, ethnobotanical tours and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative part was carried out from a multivariate analysis, using Jaccard's index to estimate the similarity between the ethnobotanical categories; likewise, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to estimate if there are significant differences between the origin of the species and the origin of the species. From the above, students reported 81 useful plants grouped into six ethnobotanical categories, being ornamentation, and medicinal and food the most relevant by number of species. In terms of origin, a significant difference was found for the cultivated category with respect to the wild category. Finally, the high degree of knowledge that the students have about the useful flora is evident, as well as the importance for their Indigenous Reservation as a symbol of resistance that allows safeguarding the historical memory.

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Resumen (analítico) Se parte de la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo representan las y los escolares chilenos de educación básica de una escuela pública de Santiago a sus compañeras y compañeros migrantes haitianos? Se utiliza un enfoque cuantitativo que recurre a la encuesta como instrumento fundamental de estudio. Las variables examinadas son el género y el nivel escolar según la edad del estudiantado, dando como resultado, por un lado, que las estudiantes de género femenino y quienes cursan de 1º a 4º año básico tienden a representar socialmente al estudiantado haitiano de modo positivo y, por otro lado, que los estudiantes de género masculino y quienes cursan de 5º a 8º año básico tienden a generar representaciones prejuiciosas y desestimadas de las y los migrantes.

Abstract (analytical) This research begins with the following question: How do Chilean school children in a public primary school in Santiago represent their Haitian migrant classmates? A quantitative approach was with a survey selected as the main data collection tool. The variables included gender and year level. The results show that female students and those aged between 6 and 9 tend to socially represent Haitian students in an evaluative manner while male students and those aged between 10 and 15 tend to generate prejudiced and dismissive representations of migrants.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo parte da seguinte pergunta: Como os escolares chilenos do ensino básico de uma escola pública de Santiago representam seus companheiros migrantes haitianos? É utilizada uma abordagem quantitativa que utiliza a pesquisa como um instrumento de estudo fundamental. As variáveis examinadas são gênero e nível escolar de acordo com a idade do corpo discente, resultando, por um lado, que estudantes do sexo feminino e entre 6 e 9 anos tendem a representar socialmente os alunos haitianos de forma avaliativa e, por outro lado, que estudantes do sexo masculino e entre 10 e 15 anos tendem a gerar representações preconceituosas e subestimadas dos migrantes.

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The current social and political scenario in Chile has opened up the debate on two centuries of usurpation and discrimination towards the Mapuche people. Educational centers are not oblivious to the social exclusion faced by indigenous children and young people, and this forms part of the phenomenon of school violence. This study explores the differences in perception between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students regarding school violence. The issue is the lack of knowledge regarding cultural variations in the perception of school violence in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context. This study describes the characteristics of school violence perceived by students in relation to differences based on ancestry and characterizes the variations in perception. A total of 1404 students participated from urban schools in the city of Temuco, Chile, aged 10 to 13 (M = 11.4; SD = 1.1) who completed the CENVI questionnaire. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the total sample and categories provides indexes that fit the proposed model. The omega coefficients provide internal reliability guarantees. This study tests configural, metric and scalar invariance for all the categories explored, and statistically significant differences are found between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students in the perception of physical and verbal violence, where the Mapuche student perceives more violence. Results are discussed based on existing research on education in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context, with research into elements that can help explain the findings.

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Diversos estudios internacionales muestran dificultades en el aprendizaje de la matemática en estudiantes indígenas. Dichas dificultades también se han observado en el contexto de la educación intercultural mapuche chilena. Lo anterior podría relacionarse con una falta de compromiso escolar. En esta investigación se busca describir el compromiso escolar en estudiantes mapuche. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, basado en la fenomenología y etnografía, que incluyó entrevistas y observaciones de clases de dos asignaturas: Beyentun (cosmovisión y espiritualidad mapuche) y Matemáticas. Participaron 10 estudiantes de un liceo ubicado en la región del Biobío (Chile), quienes cursaban primer ciclo de enseñanza secundaria. Los datos se analizaron mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido. Los resultados muestran altos niveles de compromiso. Sin embargo, existen diferencias dentro de las asignaturas: los estudiantes presentan mayores niveles de compromiso emocional en beyentun y mayores niveles de compromiso cognitivo en clases de matemáticas. Asimismo, los resultados muestran una alta promoción de la necesidad de pertenencia y autonomía en las clases de beyentun, mientras que en las de matemática se observa una promoción del desarrollo de la necesidad de competencia. Se discuten estos hallazgos en relación con el compromiso escolar y la educación intercultural.

Vários estudos internacionais mostram dificuldades na aprendizagem de matemática entre alunos indígenas. Essas dificuldades também foram observadas no contexto da educação intercultural do povo Mapuche do Chile. Isso pode estar relacionado à falta de engajamento escolar dos alunos. Este estudo busca descrever o engajamento escolar dos estudantes Mapuche. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo de base fenomenológica e etnográfica, que incluiu entrevistas e observações de aulas de duas disciplinas escolares: cosmovisão e espiritualidade mapuche (beyentun) e matemática. O estudo contou com a participação de 10 alunos de uma escola pública localizada na região de Biobío (Chile), que estavam cursando o primeiro ano do ensino médio. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados mostram altos níveis de engajamento escolar. Contudo, esses níveis variam dependendo da disciplina: os estudantes apresentam maiores níveis de engajamento emocional durante beyentun e maiores níveis de engajamento cognitivo durante matemática. Além disso, observou-se uma alta promoção da necessidade de pertencimento e autonomia indígenas durante as aulas de beyentun, ao passo que, durante as aulas de matemática, enfatizou-se a necessidade de competência. Essas descobertas são discutidas em relação ao engajamento escolar e à educação intercultural.

Several international studies show math learning difficulties for indigenous students. These difficulties have also been seen in the context of Chilean Mapuche intercultural education. This could be related to a lack of school engagement. This study seeks to describe school engagement in Mapuche students. A qualitative study based on phenomenology and ethnography was carried out, which included interviews and class observations of two school subjects: beyentun (Mapuche worldview and spirituality), and mathematics. 10 students from a public school located in the Biobío Region, in Chile, took part in the study. They were in the first two years of high school. The resulting data was analyzed using content analysis. The results show high levels of engagement. However, there are differences between the subjects: students have higher levels of emotional engagement in the beyentun class and higher levels of cognitive engagement in mathematics. Additionally, the results suggest that beyentun classes strongly promote belonging and autonomy needs, while mathematics focuses on competence. These findings are discussed regarding school engagement and intercultural education.

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Resumen (analítico) Este artículo presenta el resultado de una metasíntesis cualitativa de experiencias educativas de la niñez migrante en Chile, realizada a partir del análisis de los principales estándares de cumplimiento de los derechos de los niños y niñas, específicamente de los principios derivados del derecho a la educación. Durante septiembre de 2019 se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos en las bases de datos Ebscohost, SciELO, Dialnet y Redalyc, principalmente. Se incluyeron artículos originales derivados de investigaciones realizadas en Chile sobre niñez migrante y educación. Los resultados indican que, si bien los principios de acceso y disponibilidad están más bien resueltos en materia de educación, los desafíos radican en fortalecer procesos de inclusión educativa desde una perspectiva intercultural.

Abstract (analytical) This article presents a study based on a qualitative metasynthesis of educational experiences of migrant children in Chile using a children's rights perspective based on compliance with these rights, specifically the right to education. A systematic review of articles was carried out in September 2019 using the EBSCOhost, SciELO, Dialnet and Redalyc databases. This literature review focused on original articles describing research in on migrant children and education in Chile. The results indicate that although the principles of access and availability are considered an educational issue, challenges involve strengthening educational inclusion processes using an intercultural perspective.

Resumo (analítico) Este artigo apresenta um estudo baseado em uma metassíntese qualitativa de experiências educacionais de crianças migrantes no Chile sob uma perspectiva de direitos, com base nos principais padrões de cumprimento dos direitos das crianças, especificamente nos princípios derivados da lei para a educação. Uma revisão sistemática dos artigos foi realizada em setembro de 2019 nas bases de dados EBSCOhost, SciELO, Dialnet e Redalyc, principalmente artigos originais derivados de pesquisas realizadas no Chile sobre crianças e educação migrantes. Os resultados indicam que, embora os princípios de acesso e disponibilidade sejam bastante resolvidos na educação, os desafios estão no fortalecimento dos processos de inclusão educacional a partir de uma perspectiva intercultural.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: La práctica de la educación intercultural en Cuba es un campo disciplinar que demanda mayor preparación en el modo de actuación profesional de los docentes universitarios. Objetivo: Construir un programa de preparación, centrado en la solución de conflictos, para perfeccionar el modo de actuación profesional de los docentes universitarios para la educación intercultural. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación en la Universidad de Sancti Spíritus José Martí Pérez, en la que se utilizó la metodología cualitativa basada en el estudio de caso del modo de actuación profesional de los docentes para la educación intercultural. Resultados: El diagnóstico pedagógico integral no se tuvo en cuenta para la identificación y solución de los conflictos interculturales, dependiendo del estatus de igualdad grupal alcanzado. La preparación en educación intercultural, centrada en la solución de conflictos, demostró la efectividad de trabajar en correspondencia al sistema de acciones propias de la dirección del proceso pedagógico. Conclusiones: El programa de preparación permitió reconocer la validez de la experiencia pedagógica practicada, así como la pertinencia de otras perspectivas foráneas compatibles y el manejo conceptual de los principios y competencias para la educación intercultural.

ABSTRACT Background: The practice of intercultural education in Cuba is a disciplinary field that requires greater preparation in the professional way of acting of university teachers. Objective: To build a preparation program, focused on conflicts resolution, to improve the professional performance of university teachers for intercultural education. Methodology: An investigation was carried out at the University of Sancti Spíritus José Martí Pérez, using the qualitative methodology based on the case study of the professional performance of teachers for intercultural education. Results: The comprehensive pedagogical diagnosis was not taken into account for the identification and solution of intercultural conflicts, depending on the group equality status achieved. The preparation in intercultural education, focused on conflict resolution, demonstrated the effectiveness of working in correspondence with the system of actions proper to the direction of the pedagogical process. Conclusions: The preparation program allowed to recognize the validity of the pedagogical experience practiced, as well as the relevance of other compatible foreign perspectives and the conceptual handling of the principles and competences for intercultural education.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: La práctica de la educación intercultural en Cuba es un campo disciplinar que demanda mayor preparación en el modo de actuación profesional de los docentes universitarios. Objetivo: Construir un programa de preparación, centrado en la solución de conflictos, para perfeccionar el modo de actuación profesional de los docentes universitarios para la educación intercultural. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación en la Universidad de Sancti Spíritus José Martí Pérez, en la que se utilizó la metodología cualitativa basada en el estudio de caso del modo de actuación profesional de los docentes para la educación intercultural. Resultados: El diagnóstico pedagógico integral no se tuvo en cuenta para la identificación y solución de los conflictos interculturales, dependiendo del estatus de igualdad grupal alcanzado. La preparación en educación intercultural, centrada en la solución de conflictos, demostró la efectividad de trabajar en correspondencia al sistema de acciones propias de la dirección del proceso pedagógico. Conclusiones: El programa de preparación permitió reconocer la validez de la experiencia pedagógica practicada, así como la pertinencia de otras perspectivas foráneas compatibles y el manejo conceptual de los principios y competencias para la educación intercultural.

ABSTRACT Background: The practice of intercultural education in Cuba is a disciplinary field that requires greater preparation in the professional way of acting of university teachers. Objective: To build a preparation program, focused on conflicts resolution, to improve the professional performance of university teachers for intercultural education. Methodology: An investigation was carried out at the University of Sancti Spíritus José Martí Pérez, using the qualitative methodology based on the case study of the professional performance of teachers for intercultural education. Results: The comprehensive pedagogical diagnosis was not taken into account for the identification and solution of intercultural conflicts, depending on the group equality status achieved. The preparation in intercultural education, focused on conflict resolution, demonstrated the effectiveness of working in correspondence with the system of actions proper to the direction of the pedagogical process. Conclusions: The preparation program allowed to recognize the validity of the pedagogical experience practiced, as well as the relevance of other compatible foreign perspectives and the conceptual handling of the principles and competences for intercultural education.

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Abstract In this article we reflect on Education in Natural Sciences, from our educational experiences with teachers in the public system, social movements and political organizations. These experiences serve as a base from which we can glimpse new paths, in a dialogue with a diversity of theoretical references from different disciplines and areas. We intend to continue thinking about a critical pedagogy in the natural and technological worlds with the objective of strengthening processes of social transformation.

Résumé Cet article aborde l'Éducation en sciences à partir de nos expériences éducatives auprès des professeurs de l'enseignement public, des mouvements sociaux et d'organisations politiques. Ces expériences nous ont servi de base pour déceler, en dialogue avec une diversité de références théoriques issues de différentes disciplines et d'espaces disctincts.de nouvelles voies de travail. Nous avons essayé de penser toujours à une pédagogie critique concernant les mondes sociaux, naturels et technologiques dont l'objectif est de renforcer les processus de transformation sociale.

Resumo Neste artigo refletimos sobre a Educação em Ciências a partir das nossas experiências educativas com professores do sistema público, movimentos sociais e organizações políticas. Essas experiências representam uma base da qual vislumbramos novos caminhos, ao dialogar com uma diversidade de referências teóricas de diferentes disciplinas e espaços. Tentamos continuar pensando em uma pedagogia crítica sobre os mundos sociais, naturais e tecnológicos cujo objetivo seja o fortalecimento de processos de transformação social.

Resumen En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la Educación en Ciencias a partir de nuestras experiencias educativas junto con docentes en el sistema público, movimientos sociales y organizaciones políticas. Estas experiencias nos sirven de suelo desde donde vislumbrar nuevos caminos en diálogo con una diversidad de referencias teóricas de distintas disciplinas y espacios. Buscamos seguir pensando una pedagogía crítica sobre los mundos sociales, naturales y tecnológicos que tenga como objetivo el fortalecimiento de procesos de transformación social.

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RESUMEN La finalidad del presente artículo consiste en describir los componentes de educación y sensibilidad intercultural que se evidencian en la práctica docente con el estudiante sordo en la escuela especial. Se destaca el principio sobre estudiantes sordos estipulado en el documento de la UNESCO (2006) en pro de los aprendizajes en educación, que debe asumir los deberes y derechos inherentes al sujeto sordo en su particularidad lingüística: "La educación intercultural respeta la identidad cultural del educando impartiendo a todos una educación de calidad que se adecúe y adapte a su cultura". De acuerdo con ello, los principios de educación intercultural deben construirse considerando que: I) Se respete la identidad cultural del educando impartiendo a todos [as] una educación de calidad que se adecúe y se adapte a su cultura; II) Se enseñe a cada educando los conocimientos, las actitudes y las competencias culturales necesarias para que pueda participar plena y activamente en la sociedad; III) La elaboración de programas propios de estudio. Esto exige que la institución promueva el acercamiento a la asociación y a la comunidad sorda, para que los estudiantes la conozcan e interactúen en etapas tempranas y así propendan hacia la negociación simétrica de las culturas para reconocer a un Otro diverso en las prácticas docentes del aula.

Abstract This paper aims to describe the components on intercultural sensitivity education, evident in teaching process to deaf learners of a "special school". To respect deaf learners' cultural identity through high quality education adapted to their culture, is the principle of this intercultural education, as per (UNESCO, 2006) for Deaf students, in favor of learning-education, which must assume duties and rights related to their linguistic features, inherent to the deaf learner. Intercultural education principles are based on I) To respect deaf learner cultural identity, not only giving them a high-quality education but also adapted to their culture. II) To teach deaf learners: necessary knowledge, attitudes and cultural skills to participate fully and actively in society. III) To develop study programs by the special school; these programs include : as a contribution, a theoretical revision, based on the construction of sensibility patterns to develop the intercultural education principles actively. Also, it implies that the "special school" must promotes the approaching to the association and the Deaf community, so that means, the students are able to know it and interact with other deaf student in early stages in order to recognize a diverse Other, tending towards the symmetrical negotiation of the cultures in teaching practices, conducted through communicative process in the classroom.

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Resumen (descriptivo): La presente revisión del tema es de carácter descriptivo, con la cual buscamos discutir sobre la transposición didáctica de los saberes culturales mapuche que realizan los profesores y profesoras en contextos interculturales. Para llevar a cabo la revisión teórica, utilizamos las fuentes y bases de datos WOS, Thomson Reuters, SciELO, Scopus, Eric, Redalyc, Dianlet, Doaj y OEI, además de libros especializados en el tema. La revisión evidencia que los sujetos docentes requieren conocimientos pedagógicos para romper con la hegemonía de la enseñanza cultural occidental. Por lo tanto, es necesaria la utilización de procesos de transposición didáctica contextualizados, para movilizar la enseñanza de saberes científicos occidentales y saberes culturales mapuche. Esto, con el fin de favorecer la mejora continua de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje y la convivencia social de los individuos estudiantes mapuches y no mapuches en contextos interculturales.

Abstract (descriptive): The present review of the topic is of a descriptive nature, which seeks to discuss the didactic transposition of Mapuche cultural knowledge carried out by teachers in intercultural contexts. To carry out the theoretical review, the sources and databases used were WOS, Thomson Reuters, SciELO, Scopus, Eric, Redalyc, Dianlet, Doaj and OEI, in addition to specialized books on the subject. The review shows that teachers require pedagogical knowledge to break with the hegemony of Western cultural education. Therefore, it is necessary to use contextualized didactic transposition processes to mobilize the teaching of Western scientific knowledge and Mapuche cultural knowledge. This, in order to favor the continuous improvement of the teaching-learning processes and the social coexistence of Mapuche and non-Mapuche students in intercultural contexts.

Resumo (descritivo): A presente revisão do tema é de natureza descritiva, que busca discutir a transposição didática do conhecimento cultural mapuche realizado por professores em contextos interculturales. Para realizar a revisão teórica, as fontes e bases de dados foram utilizadas WOS, Thomson Reuters, SciELO, Scopus, Eric, Redalyc, Dianlet, Doaj e OEI, além de livros especializados sobre o assunto. A revisão mostra que os professores precisam de conhecimento pedagógico para romper com a hegemonia da educação cultural ocidental. Portanto, o uso de processos contextualizados de transposição didática é necessário para mobilizar o ensino do conhecimento científico ocidental e do conhecimento cultural mapuche. Isto, a fim de favorecer a melhoria contínua dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem e a coexistência social dos estudantes mapuche e não mapuches em contextos interculturais.

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Se presentan los resultados de una evaluación de las operaciones matemáticas de adición y sustracción, en un grupo de niños de enseñanza primaria (5 niñas y 2 niños) de 7, 9 y 11 años, de una comunidad nativa Shipibo-Konibo de la región Ucayali, en la Amazonía del Perú. Se realizó con dos métodos distintos, la Entrevista Clínico-crítica de Piaget, que incluyó problemas culturalmente contextualizados y material representativo y manipulable como figuras de animales y bolitas para armar collares, y una prueba tradicional de lápiz y papel. Ambas pruebas evaluaron el mismo tipo de operaciones, extraídas de lo que propone el diseño curricular nacional para esos grados. Los resultados muestran que los niños tienen dificultades tanto en la adición como en la sustracción y no logran resolver con éxito todas las tareas. Sin embargo, se pueden observar mejores resultados con la evaluación cualitativa por medio de la entrevista clínico-crítica, en contraste con la evaluación tradicional de lápiz y papel que evidencia resultados mucho más pobres. La primera otorga además mayor información sobre el proceso operativo de los niños y muestra que los niveles de desarrollo de sus competencias matemáticas van de la mano con lo que plantea la teoría piagetiana. Los resultados se discuten señalando la universalidad del conocimiento lógico-matemático y su pertinencia para comprender los procesos de aprendizaje en contextos de diversidad cultural y analizando críticamente el modo en que la evaluación constructivista ofrece mayor información y recursos para los docentes de educación intercultural bilingüe de comunidades amazónicas del Perú.

Elementary-school children from a Shipibo-Konibo indigenous community in the Ucayali region, in the Amazonian rainforest of Perú, were evaluated regarding their abilities to solve addition and subtraction problems. These operations were assessed by two means: through Jean Piaget's clinical-critical method (using culturally contextualized problems and concrete materials such as pictures of Amazonian fish, pictures of arrows, or beads and thread to make necklaces), and by a traditional pencil-and-paper test. Both the clinical interview and the pencil-and-paper test evaluated the same type of operations, which were taken from the national curricular program for these school grades. The Shipibo-Konibo people are an Amazonian indigenous group that speaks a native language in the Panoan family; since most members of this group are fluent in Spanish, however, no translator was needed and the assessments were conducted in Spanish. The Shipibo-Konibo people are principally settled along the Ucayali River in the Amazon rainforest in Perú, although currently many of them have relocated to other areas of the country, including Lima the capital city, in search of better work or education opportunities. After the Asháninka and the Awajún, the Shipibo-Konibo is the third largest Amazonian indigenous group in Perú. Informed consent was obtained following the guidelines of Frisancho, Delgado, and Lam (2015), which are based on previous experience working with Amazonian indigenous communities in the Ucayali region of Peru. As research has shown that individuals from cultural diverse backgrounds may have different expectations for the research process, and may perceive it in a different way than people from industrialized nations (Lakes, Vaughan, Jones, Burke, Baker, & Swanson 2012), informed consent included both individual consent and a communitarian meeting. It also included the donation of gifts (tools, groceries, and other useful items) for the community, and a debriefing meeting with the community's school teachers. The assessment was conducted by two researchers in a school classroom. It took around 30 minutes with the older children and 45 with the younger ones. In all cases the clinical-critical interview was applied first (addition and then subtraction), and finally the pencil-and-paper test. Although a native speaker of shipibo was present during the evaluation, his services were not needed as children were fluent in Spanish. Results show that children have difficulties in the development of both addition and subtraction. They make counting mistakes and have trouble understanding the logic of subtraction (taking a number from another, larger one). Some do not conceptualize subtraction as the opposite of addition and, in consequence, cannot foresee that joining two numbers that were previously separated will result in the same original quantity. Children aged seven were unable to solve any of the operations in the pencil-and-paper test. However, better results were obtained through qualitative, Piagetian assessments, in contrast to the quantitative, pencil-and-paper assessments. During the interviews, children were able to show their cognitive processes and ways of thinking while solving the problems, and with scaffolding, the use of concrete materials such as pictures or beads, and strategic help from the evaluators (Parrat, 2016a, 2016b), many of them were also able to develop a better comprehension of the problem and self-correct their initial answers. Developmental levels for addition and subtraction consistent with Piagetian theory were identified. These levels show a progression from the impossibility of grasping logical addition or subtraction, to the capabilities of psychological reversibility and logical composition of inverse and direct operations. The results are discussed using Piaget's theory and the problem of particulars and universals in cognitive development, and analyzing critically how this kind of assessment can help elementary school teachers respond to the needs of intercultural bilingual education in Peru's Amazonian indigenous communities.

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No contexto italiano, a pesquisa no âmbito da educação e a prática intercultural estão estruturadas, essencialmente, ao longo de dois eixos principais: a) em primeiro lugar, uma abordagem de educação intercultural visa identificar, planejar e experimentar as estratégias mais adequadas para promover uma inserção efetiva dos alunos estrangeiros na escola e na sociedade. Isso também exige a consecução das condições para assegurar que todos os indivíduos (autóctones e imigrantes) alcancem os mesmos níveis de sucesso escolar; b) em segundo lugar, uma vez que a educação intercultural se estende a todos e, especialmente, aos autóctones, assumir essa perspectiva significa atuar na tarefa fundamental de incentivar hábitos de acolhida entre os italianos. Isso pode e deve ter consequências na revisão e na reformulação do sistema educacional, que não deve estar voltado somente para a formação do cidadão italiano, mas, acima de tudo, do cidadão do mundo, que vive e trabalha em um contexto global interdependente.(AU)

In the Italian context, educational research and intercultural practice move substantially along two main axes: a) in the first place, engaging in intercultural education means working to identify, design and test the most appropriate strategies for encouraging a positive insertion of foreign students in schools and, therefore, in society. This involves provision of the necessary conditions to ensure that all individuals (natives and immigrants) obtain the same rates of academic success; b) in the second place, because intercultural education is aimed at everyone and especially at native people, taking a perspective with an intercultural connotation means engaging in the objective of encouraging habits of reception in Italians. This can and must be reflected in the review and refoundation of the training axis of the school which must not aim only at the formation of the Italian citizen, but above all at the formation of a citizen of the world, who lives and acts in an interdependent global world.(AU)

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Las relaciones entre empatia y conducta prosocial han estado ampliamente estudiadas desde hace años. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que utilicen estudiantes indígenas y mestizos de una universidad intercultural. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue analizar la tolerancia a la diversidad en relación a la empatia. La muestra estaba formada por 534 indígenas y mestizos, de edades comprendidas entre los 17 y los 22 años. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes con una alta capacidad empática eran también más tolerantes. Las chicas puntuaron significativamente superior en tolerancia y empatia que los chicos. Se encuentran diferencias entre indígenas y mestizos y entre universidad intercultural y universidad pública en relación a áreas especificas de la tolerancia a la diversidad.

The relationship between empathy and prosocial behaviour has been an area of research for many years. Nevertheless, to this day, there is a lack of studies using indigenous and mestizos sample from intercultural university. The main aim of this research was to analyze tolerance of diversity in relation to empathy. The sample consisted of 534 indigenous and mestizos, aged between 17 to 22 years. The results showed that students with high empathic capacity were also more tolerant. Girls scored significantly higher in tolerance and empathy than boys. Differences were found between indigenous and mestizos and between intercultural university and public university regarding tolerance attitudes in specific areas of diversity.

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RESUMEN El artículo tiene como propósito, en primer lugar, describir cómo influye en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje la diversidad cultural, identificar las propuestas educativas, los modelos y enfoques que esta diversidad ha generado como respuesta pedagógica. En segundo lugar, se define la Educación Intercultural como el modelo idóneo para trabajar la diversidad cultural en los Centros Educativos, por su enfoque holístico que a la vez reconoce las aportaciones de cada una de las culturas presentes en las escuelas y promueve actitudes de colaboración y la estimulación positiva de cada una de ellas. Finalmente, se presenta la investigación realizada en un Instituto de Educación Secundaria de Málaga (España), sobre las percepciones y expectativas de docentes y estudiantes con respecto a la interculturalidad. La metodología utilizada fue de tipo mixto y se utilizaron diferentes técnicas como la encuesta, test sociométrico, análisis de documentos y observación participante. Producto de la triangulación de las diferentes técnicas de recogida de información, se elaboran las conclusiones y recomendaciones, entre las que destacan la necesidad de abordar la educación intercultural desde el currículum, la importancia del trabajo colaborativo, la creación de un clima empático que favorezca la interacción entre las diferentes culturas presentes y permita el diseño e implementación de estrategias y métodos acordes con la realidad intercultural en el Instituto.

ABSTRACT Educational models versus cultural diversity: intercultural education The purpose of this article is, first of all, to describe how cultural diversity influences the teaching - learning processes in order to identify educational proposals, models and approaches this diversity has generated as pedagogical response. Secondly, Intercultural education is defined as the suitable model for working cultural diversity in schools, thanks to its holistic approach which simultaneously recognizes the contributions of each of the cultures present in the schools and promotes collaboration attitudes and positive stimulation for all of them. Finally, we present the research carried out in a Secondary School in Malaga (Spain), concerning the perceptions and expectations of teachers and students about interculturality. A mixed methodology was used and different techniques such as survey, sociometric test, document analysis, and participants observation were used. As a product of the triangulation of the different data collection techniques, conclusions and recommendations are developed, among which the need to address intercultural education from the curriculum, the importance of collaborative work, the creation of an empathetic environment that encourages the interaction between the different cultures and allows the design and implementation of strategies and methods according to the intercultural reality in the Secondary School are emphasized.

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