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BACKGROUND: With the COVID-19 pandemic, social isolation, and information search have increased dramatically. This increased search for information about the Coronavirus, called infodemic, was greatly affected by fake news and information without scientific evidence. This article aimed to assess the infodemic amid the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables, as well as describe the main sources from which people obtained information about COVID-19. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study was performed in Criciúma, Brazil. All individuals aged 18 years or older, residing in the 607 households systematically selected, were invited to answer the questionnaire. Infodemic and sources to seek information about COVID-19 were evaluated, as well as sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables. Adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance was used to evaluate associations. RESULTS: A total of 863 individuals participated in the study. The prevalence of infodemic was 22.1%, and television was the main source of information (58.9%). Three groups presented a higher prevalence of infodemic: older adults (PR: 1.65), individuals with low income (PR: 2.97), and those who had had contact with someone infected (PR: 2.20). CONCLUSIONS: The findings reflect how some groups are more exposed to infodemic, and underline the responsibility and importance of intersectoral actions for dissemination of information about COVID-19.

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Abstract In the era of ultra-connectivity, the proliferation of speculative notions driven by personal emotions eclipses the credibility of scientific evidence. This trend has led to an alarming surge in information pollution, particularly by the pervasive influence of social media platforms. Consequently, this overflow of falsehoods poses a significant threat to public health and overall societal well-being. In this sense, this critical review aims to present the harmful impacts of the health information pollution on society, health professionals, and health science, as well as strategies for their mitigation. The management of information pollution requires coordinated efforts to develop and implement multiple effective preventive and debunking strategies, such as the regulation of big tech companies' actions and algorithm data transparency, the education of health professionals on responsible social media use, and the establishment of a novel academic culture, shifting from the valorization of productivism to socially relevant scientific production. By acknowledging the complexities of this contemporary issue and drawing insights from distinct perspectives, it is possible to safeguard the integrity of information dissemination and foster a more informed and resilient community.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the profile of older adults who access the internet to search for health information and identify the factors that can influence older adults' decisions about their health based on information collected online. Methods: 391 older adults answered an online questionnaire regarding habits and satisfaction with information about health collected on the internet. Data processing involved Logistic Regression. Results: higher education reduces by 44% the likelihood of an older adult following the health recommendations on internet sites. However, social activities and self-perceived health increase the possibility of following the recommendations by 83% and 71%, respectively. The belief that the internet promotes healthy habits increases by 29.2 times the probability of an older adult following the advice. Final Considerations: knowing the profile of older adults who use the Internet can help professionals formulate public policies and build good information platforms on health and well-being.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever o perfil dos idosos que acessam a internet para buscar informações sobre saúde e identificar os fatores que podem influenciar as decisões dos idosos sobre sua saúde com base nas informações coletadas online. Métodos: 391 idosos responderam a um questionário online sobre hábitos e satisfação com informações sobre saúde coletadas na internet. Processamento dos dados envolveu regressão logística. Resultados: ensino superior reduz em 44% a probabilidade de idosos seguirem recomendações de saúde em sites da internet. Porém, atividades sociais e autopercepção de saúde aumentam a possibilidade de seguir as recomendações em 83% e 71%, respectivamente. A crença de que a internet promove hábitos saudáveis aumenta em 29,2 vezes a probabilidade de idosos seguirem os conselhos. Considerações Finais: conhecer o perfil dos idosos que utilizam a internet pode auxiliar os profissionais na formulação de políticas públicas e na construção de boas plataformas de informação sobre saúde e bem-estar.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir el perfil de los ancianos que acceden a internet para buscar información de salud e identificar los factores que pueden influir en las decisiones de los ancianos sobre su salud a partir de la información recopilada en línea. Métodos: 391 ancianos respondieron a un cuestionario online sobre hábitos y satisfacción con la información de salud recogida en internet. El procesamiento de datos implicó regresión logística. Resultados: la educación superior reduce en un 44% la probabilidad de que un anciano siga las recomendaciones de salud en los sitios web. Sin embargo, las actividades sociales y la salud autopercibida aumentan la posibilidad de seguir las recomendaciones en un 83% y un 71%, respectivamente. La creencia de que internet promueve hábitos saludables aumenta 29,2 veces la probabilidad de que un anciano siga un consejo. Consideraciones Finales: conocer el perfil de los ancianos que utilizan internet puede ayudar a los profesionales a formular políticas públicas y construir buenas plataformas de información sobre salud y bienestar.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The search for medical information on the internet is a part of people's daily lives. Exponential volumes of data are available through various media and platforms. There are several problems related to the ease of creating and accessing medical information on the internet, as evidenced by the quantity of false content and increasing anxiety due to the consumption of these data. In light of this accessibility, it is necessary to understand how people use internet-based medical information and its impact on specific populations. This prospective study aimed to analyze pregnant women's behavior when searching for health-related information on the internet, and how they were influenced by the information. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to the participants during their immediate puerperium, and their answers were tabulated. Results: Three hundred and two patients answered the questionnaires. We observed that internet use was frequent, and most patients discussed the findings with their physicians. However, this did not affect the delivery routes. Conclusion: The search for health information by pregnant women is very prevalent but does not interfere with the delivery route.

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BACKGROUND: During health crisis, individuals need information to comprehend their circumstances. Channel complementarity theory posits that in meeting their informational needs, people will use different sources in a complementary fashion. This paper puts to test the main tenet of channel complementarity theory by focusing on information scanning (i.e. routine health information exposure) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. METHOD: A survey was conducted among a sample of Chilean adults (N = 2,805). The questionnaire addressed information scanning across six sources (television, radio, internet, social media, family, and friends or coworkers) and explores how socioeconomic and demographic variables, as well as COVID-19 perceived risk related to scanning. Latent class analysis was employed to identify patterns of complementarity across channels. RESULTS: The analysis yielded a solution of five classes, namely 'high complementarity and high frequency' (21%), 'high complementarity and low frequency' (34%), 'high frequency on television and digital media' (19%), 'mass media predominant' (11%), and 'no scanning' (15%). Educational attainment, age, and COVID-19 perceived risk were associated with scanning. CONCLUSIONS: Television was a central channel for information scanning during the pandemic in Chile and more than half of participants scanned COVID-19 information complementarily. Our findings expand channel complementarity theory to information scanning in a non-US context and provide guidelines for designing communication interventions aiming at informing individuals during a global health crisis.

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RESUMO Uma doença ou condição de saúde pode ser entendida enquanto um estímulo que produz uma Necessidade de Informação (NI). Cada vez mais, indivíduos recorrem a comunidades on-line de saúde para solucionar suas dúvidas sobre sua situação de saúde. A pandemia da Covid-19 configurou-se como um evento singular para a produção de NI. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar as NI sobre Covid-19 em uma comunidade on-line organizada no Facebook. Foi realizada uma análise temática das postagens feitas no grupo 'EU JÁ TIVE COVID-19' entre maio de 2021 e janeiro de 2022. Foram identificados sete temas de NI relacionados com a Covid-19, sendo que 'Pós-Covid', 'Vacinação' e 'Infecção' se destacaram. O tema 'Pós-Covid' se manteve frequente na maior parte dos meses analisados. A comunidade on-line investigada passou a exercer o papel de apoio informacional, sendo um meio para participantes tentarem suprir suas NI sobre Covid-19.

ABSTRACT An illness or health condition can be understood as a stimulus that produces an Information Need (IN). More and more individuals resort to online health communities to solve their doubts about their health situation. The COVID-19 pandemic was configured as a unique event to produce IN. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify the information needs about COVID-19 in an on-line community organized on Facebook. A thematic analysis of the posts made in the 'EU JÁ TIVE COVID-19' ('I'VE HAD COVID-19') group between May 2021 and January 2022 was performed. Seven IN themes related to COVID-19 were identified, with 'Post-COVID', 'vaccination', and 'infection' standing out. The theme 'Post-COVID' remained frequent most of the months analyzed. The investigated on-line community played the role of informational support, being a means for participants to try to fulfill their IN about COVID-19.

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Objectives: This study was aimed at describing the patterns of searches for information on the prevention and treatment of psychoactive drug use in Mexico, among both the general population and the personnel dedicated to the prevention and treatment of this type of substance use in Mexico. Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional quantitative study was performed with a validated online questionnaire to collect sociodemographic information, background information and self-reported internet search patterns on psychoactive substance use prevention. A chi-square test was used to identify differences between groups, and a classification tree was used to analyze the search patterns. The combinations of the search criteria with the search topics were entered into Google Trends to validate the information. Results: The participants (n = 544 adults) were mostly women (65%), 18-30 years of age and bachelor's degree holders (57%). A total of 32% were students, 59% searched the Internet for drug use prevention or treatment, and 12% professionally engaged in drug use prevention or treatment. Conclusions: Statistically significant differences were found between the general population and professionals dedicated to drug dependency services. We identified six search patterns used in the decision-making process by people seeking information on drug prevention and treatment on the Internet. These patterns were graphically visualized with a classification tree, although, this method did not allow clear differentiation of patterns between groups. The search patterns were successfully validated with Google trends.

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Abstract Considering the unfavorable implications of health falsehoods and the lack of dental research into information disorder, this study aimed to identify and characterize online oral health misinformation. A total of 410 websites published in English were retrieved using Google Advanced Search and screened by two independent investigators to compile falsehoods through thematic content analysis. Afterward, 318 pieces of misinformation were consensually divided into four groups concerning their informational interest (G1), financial, psychological, and social interests produced/disseminated by non-dental professionals (G2) or by dental professionals (G3), and political interests (G4). Social media (Facebook and Instagram) and fact-checking tool (Snopes) were also screened to determine the spread of falsehoods by identifying corresponding posts and warnings. As a result, misinformation was mainly associated with gum diseases (12.0%), root canal treatment (11.6%), toothache (10.4%), fluoride (10.4%), and dental caries (9.8%), with a special highlight on recommendations for the usage of natural products, toxicity concerns, and anti-fluoridation propaganda. Additionally, most misinformation was allocated in G3 (41.9%), which presented a statistically higher frequency of financial interests than G4. Finally, falsehoods were considerably identified on Facebook (62.9%) and Instagram (49.4%), especially G3 and G4. Nevertheless, Snopes has debunked only 5.9% of these content items. Therefore, misinformation was predominantly produced or disseminated by dental professionals mainly motivated by financial interests and usually linked to alternative/natural treatments. Although these items were shared on social media, fact-checking agencies seemed to have limited knowledge about their dissemination.

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Introdução: Durante a pandemia, o acesso às informações digitais sobre cuidados com a saúde se ampliou. Objetivo: Evidenciar as temáticas de atividades de educação em saúde mais acessadas pelos brasileiros no período pandêmico. Método: Estudo descritivo, exploratório, retrospectivo e misto, realizado em janeiro de 2021. Os dados foram coletados através de questionário remoto com os enfermeiros, e posteriormente aplicados no Google Trends (GT), referente ao período de abril a agosto de 2020. Os temas foram distribuídos em três dimensões, medidas de prevenção, sinais e sintomas, e cuidados pós testagem positiva. A análise ocorreu conforme a metodologia GT, baseado na distribuição geográfica. Resultados: Sobre as medidas de prevenção, houve maior tendência de acesso ao tema máscaras, com destaque para o estado do Amazonas. Quanto aos sinais e sintomas, o tema febre foi o mais acessado, especialmente na Bahia. E sobre os cuidados pós testagem positiva para COVID-19, prevaleceu quarentena, concentrando no estado de São Paulo. Conclusão: A identificação dos temas de educação em saúde mais acessados pelos brasileiros durante a pandemia fornece subsídios para pensar planos estratégicos. Além disso, os profissionais devem dialogar com as diversas tecnologias digitais disponíveis da sociedade contemporânea, para que tais temas repercutam positivamente na saúde da população.

Introducción: Durante la pandemia, se amplió el acceso a información digital sobre los cuidados de la salud. Objetivo: Destacar los temas de las actividades de educación en salud más accedidos por la población brasileña en el período de la pandemia. Metodo: Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, retrospectivo y mixto, realizado en enero de 2021. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de cuestionario a distancia con profesionales en enfermería, y posteriormente, aplicados a Google Trends (GT), para el período de abril a agosto de 2020. Los temas fueron distribuidos en tres dimensiones: medidas de prevención, signos y síntomas, y atención posprueba positiva. El análisis se realizó según la metodología GT, basada en la distribución geográfica. Resultados: En cuanto a las medidas de prevención, hubo una mayor tendencia a acceder al tema de las mascarillas, especialmente en el estado de Amazonas. En cuanto a signos y síntomas, el tema de la fiebre fue el más visitado, especialmente en Bahía. Finalmente, con respecto a la atención después de la prueba positiva de COVID-19, predominó la cuarentena, concentrándose en el estado de São Paulo. Conclusión: La identificación de los temas de educación para la salud a los que más ha accedido la población brasileña brasileños durante la pandemia proporciona información para pensar en planes estratégicos. Además, las personas profesionales deben dialogar con las distintas tecnologías digitales disponibles en la sociedad contemporánea, para que estos temas tengan un impacto positivo en la salud de la población.

Introduction: During the pandemic, access to digital healthcare information expanded. Objective: To evidence the themes related to health education activities most accessed by Brazilians during the pandemic. Method: This was a descriptive, exploratory, retrospective, and mixed study carried out in January 2021. The data were collected through a remote questionnaire with nurses and later applied via Google Trends (GT) for the April to August 2020 time period. The themes were distributed in three dimensions: prevention measures, signs and symptoms, and post-positive testing care. The analysis took place according to the GT methodology based on geographic distribution. Results: Regarding prevention measures, there was a greater tendency to access the masks' theme, especially in the state of Amazonas. As for signs and symptoms, the topic of fever was the most accessed, especially in Bahia. Regarding care after COVID-19 positive testing, the theme of quarantine prevailed, concentrating on the state of São Paulo. Conclusion: The identification of the health education themes most accessed by Brazilians during the pandemic provides subsidies to think about strategic plans. In addition, professionals must dialogue with the various digital technologies available in contemporary society, so that such themes have a positive impact on the population's health.

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BACKGROUND: Online false or misleading oral health-related content has been propagated on social media to deceive people against fluoride's economic and health benefits to prevent dental caries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize the false or misleading fluoride-related content on Instagram. METHODS: A total of 3863 posts ranked by users' total interaction and published between August 2016 and August 2021 were retrieved by CrowdTangle, of which 641 were screened to obtain 500 final posts. Subsequently, two independent investigators analyzed posts qualitatively to define their authors' interests, profile characteristics, content type, and sentiment. Latent Dirichlet allocation analysis topic modeling was then applied to find salient terms and topics related to false or misleading content, and their similarity was calculated through an intertopic distance map. Data were evaluated by descriptive analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Cramer V test, and multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: Most of the posts were categorized as misinformation and political misinformation. The overperforming score was positively associated with older messages (odds ratio [OR]=3.293, P<.001) and professional/political misinformation (OR=1.944, P=.05). In this context, time from publication, negative/neutral sentiment, author's profile linked to business/dental office/news agency, and social and political interests were related to the increment of performance of messages. Although political misinformation with negative/neutral sentiments was typically published by regular users, misinformation was linked to positive commercial posts. Overall messages focused on improving oral health habits, side effects, dentifrice containing natural ingredients, and fluoride-free products propaganda. CONCLUSIONS: False or misleading fluoride-related content found on Instagram was predominantly produced by regular users motivated by social, psychological, and/or financial interests. However, higher engagement and spreading metrics were associated with political misinformation. Most of the posts were related to the toxicity of fluoridated water and products frequently motivated by financial interests.

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BACKGROUND: People base their health decisions on the information they obtained from their environment, which includes health care providers, the media, and interpersonal networks. Learning about patterns of information acquisition allows the identification of people's preferred sources. Aim: To report the results of a survey about health information seeking, source trust, and routine exposure to health information. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A health information trend survey, modeled after the U.S. National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey was answered by 1411 Chilean participants aged over 25 years. Results: Seventy six percent of respondents sought general health information at least once. Internet (32%) and the health care center (30%) were the most common sources. One fourth of respondents sought, during the last 30 days, information about physical activity, and one third about fruit and vegetable consumption. Physicians and other healthcare workers were the most trusted sources, but only half of participants recalled having received a recommendation from them regarding the practice of healthy behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: This survey about health information seeking is a valuable tool to learn about people's health information environments and how these contents can influence their practices.

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Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de las fuentes de información sobre COVID-19, los beneficios y las barreras percibidas de la vacunación, y la actitud hacia la vacunación sobre la intención de vacunarse contra COVID-19 en la población de 40 años en adelante en México. Métodos Se desarrolló una investigación cuantitativa, transversal y explicativa. Se aplicó una encuesta electrónica a 703 personas de 40 años en adelante que residen en México. El análisis de resultados se realizó a través de la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales por medio del método de mínimos cuadrados parciales. Resultados Las fuentes de información sobre COVID-19 influyen positivamente sobre los beneficios percibidos de la vacuna y disminuyen las barreras percibidas. Además, los beneficios percibidos influyen positivamente sobre la actitud hacia la vacunación de COVID-19; sin embargo, las barreras no afectan la actitud. Adicionalmente, esta última influye en la intención de vacunarse contra COVID-19 e, indirectamente, las fuentes de información y los beneficios percibidos influyen sobre la intención a vacunarse mediados por la actitud.

Objective To evaluate the effect of information sources on COVID-19, the benefits and perceived barriers of vaccination, and the attitude towards vaccination on the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in the population aged 40 and over in Mexico. Methods A quantitative, cross-sectional and explanatory investigation was developed. An electronic survey was applied to 703 people aged 40 and over who reside in Mexico. The analysis of results was carried out through the technique of structural equations by means of the method of partial least squares. Results The sources of information on COVID-19 positively influence the perceived benefits of the vaccine and reduce the perceived barriers. Furthermore, the perceived benefits positively influence the attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination; however, barriers do not affect attitude. Additionally, the latter influences the intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and indirectly the sources of information and the perceived benefits influence the intention to be vaccinated mediated by the attitude.

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This study evaluated the behavior of Internet users from seven countries through the analysis of the monthly variation of the Relative Search Volume (RSV) for queries related to early childhood caries (ECC), retrieved by Google Trends application programming interface between January 2004 to December 2020. The association of RSV with years lived with disability (YLDs) for untreated dental caries in deciduous teeth and Internet penetration were tested by regression models. Forecasting models were developed to predict the interests until December 2021. Relevant topics linked to searches were assessed qualitatively. Increasing levels of interests were observed in most countries, regarding the comparison of periods 2004-2012 and 2013-2021, without influence of seasonality. These results were associated with YLDs only in France and with the Internet penetration in Mexico and France. Searches were mostly related to the definition, risk factors, and preventive care of ECC. The interests of Internet users in ECC-related information increased in the last years in all seven countries, although it was maintained low over time. It might indicate a lack of awareness about the negative consequences of the disease in the early stages of life. Specific policies should be developed toward the dissemination of oral health information and the prevention of the disease.

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Resumo Este artigo parte de uma abordagem qualitativa em páginas no Facebook (FB) para analisar sentidos do consumo de informações sobre alimentação saudável e dietas atribuídos por internautas. Foram realizadas observações com registro em diário de campo durante oito meses e entrevistas semiestruturadas com 10 internautas, norteadas por roteiro específico. As páginas refletem um mercado de emagrecimento que não é explícito para os consumidores. Todos os entrevistados acessam o FB diariamente, sendo que o consumo de informações variou entre os que buscam "o tempo todo", "às vezes" e "quando aparece na timeline". As informações são submetidas a processos de filtragem e validação mediados por experiências, por pares ou comparações em fontes diversas da Web- de modo a fazerem sentido. Internautas agenciam seus cuidados alimentares a partir de novos elementos "garimpados" na rede - as comunidades virtuais fazem parte de itinerários de autocuidado alimentar pautados no autocontrole e disciplinarização dos corpos. As análises podem contribuir para a compreensão e perspectivas de utilização das redes social por comunicadores em saúde e debates sobre o papel das mídias sociais no âmbito sanitário e sobre possibilidades de conciliação da lógica da mídia com a lógica da promoção da saúde.

Abstract This article starts from a qualitative approach on Facebook pages (FB) to analyze the meanings of consumption of information about healthy eating and diets attributed by Internet users. Observations were carried out with a field diary for eight months and semi-structured interviews were carried out with 10 internet users, guided by a specific script. The pages reflect a weight-loss market that is not explicit for consumers. All respondents access FB daily, and the consumption of information varied between those seeking "all the time", "sometimes" and "when it appears on the timeline". The information is subjected to filtering and validation processes mediated by experiences, pairs or comparisons in different sources on the Web - in order to make sense. Internet users organize their dietary care from new elements "mined" in the network - virtual communities are part of self-care itineraries based on self-control and discipline of bodies. The analyzes can contribute to the understanding and perspectives of the use of social networks by health communicators and debates on the role of social media in the health field and on possibilities for reconciling the logic of the media with the logic of health promotion.

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La infodemiología e infovigilancia son métodos informáticos para el análisis y seguimiento de los datos de Internet, y permiten tomar conciencia de las situaciones y crear políticas sanitarias. Este estudio se propuso analizar las tendencias de búsqueda de dióxido de cloro y términos equivalentes en Internet (chlorine dioxide solution, CDS; miracle mineral solution, MMS), en relación con la morbilidad y mortalidad por COVID-19 en ocho países de Latinoamérica. Para ello se utilizó Google Trends; el período examinado fue del 1ro de marzo al 25 de noviembre de 2020. Se calculó la media móvil por 7 días para el volumen relativo de búsqueda (VRB), la tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad. Para la asociación de las variables cuantitativas, se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman con un nivel de significancia p < 0,05. El país con mayor interés de búsqueda fue Bolivia; el de menor interés, Brasil. El análisis del VRB con la tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad fue diferente entre países. Los picos máximos de VRB de Colombia y Chile, en abril, y de México, Ecuador y Bolivia, en julio, coincidieron con la emisión de alertas sanitarias sobre dióxido de cloro. La mayoría mostró una correlación significativa moderada y baja entre el VRB y el número de casos confirmados y muertes diarias por COVID-19. El comportamiento de las búsquedas, diferenciado entre países, podría indicar mayor interés por el tema dióxido de cloro en pandemia; lo cual se explicaría por la difusión de alertas sanitarias de organismos de salud internacionales, regionales y locales(AU)

Infodemiology and infovigilance are computer methods for the analysis and monitoring of Internet data, and allow awareness of situations and creation of health policies. This study aimed to analyze the search trends for chlorine dioxide and equivalent terms on the Internet (chlorine dioxide solution, CDS; miracle mineral solution, MMS), in relation to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in eight Latin American countries. Google Trends was used for this purpose; the period reviewed was from March 1st to November 25th 2020. The 7-day moving average for relative search volume (VRB), morbidity and mortality rate were calculated. For the association of quantitative variables, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used with a significance level p < 0.05. The country with the highest search interest was Bolivia; the one with the least interest, Brazil. The analysis of the VRB with the morbidity and mortality rate was different between countries. The maximum VRB peaks of Colombia and Chile, in April, and of Mexico, Ecuador and Bolivia, in July, coincided with the issuance of health alerts on chlorine dioxide. Most showed a moderate and low significant correlation between VRB and the number of confirmed cases and daily deaths from COVID-19. The behavior of the searches, differentiated between countries, could indicate greater interest in the topic of chlorine dioxide during the pandemic; this would be explained by the dissemination of health alerts from international, regional and local health agencies(AU)

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Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate where Brazilian dental students seek information about COVID-19 by a self-administered web-based questionnaire. Methods: A social network campaign on Instagram was raised to approach the target population. The dental students responded to a multiple-response question asking where or with whom they get information about COVID-19. The possible answers were government official websites or health and education institutions websites, TV Programs, professors, social media, scientific articles, health professionals, and family members. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, and the frequency distributions of responses were evaluated by gender, age, type of institution, and year of enrollment. Results: A total of 833 valid responses were received. The main source of information used by the dental students were government official websites or health and education institutions websites, which were reported by 739 (88.7%) participants. In the sequence, 477 (57.3%) participants chose health professionals while 468 (56.2%) chose scientific articles as information sources. The use of social media was reported by 451 (54.1%) students, while TV programs were information sources used by 332 (39.9%) students. The least used information sources were professors, reported by 317 (38.1%) students, and family members, chosen only by 65 (7.8%) participants. Conclusion: Brazilian dental students rely on multiple information sources to stay informed about COVID-19, mainly focusing their information-seeking behavior on governmental and health professional's websites

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Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir el diseño, la validación y la implementación de un entorno virtual de enseñanza-aprendizaje como recurso didáctico de la alfabetización informacional. Se realizó una investigación aplicada, de innovación tecnológica, y con un estudio descriptivo en el Hospital Provincial General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola, de Ciego de Ávila. Se utilizó el soporte tecnológico de la plataforma Moodle. La investigación se realizó en tres fases (facto perceptible, construcción de los aportes y validación y aplicación de los aportes); se validó por criterios de expertos el entorno virtual de aprendizaje y se aplicó en 55 participantes. El diseño del EVEA-salud posibilitó la autogestión y el aprendizaje desarrollador de los participantes en calidad de estudiantes. La validación por criterio de expertos no solo permitió evaluar la factibilidad y la pertinencia científico-metodológica del entorno virtual de enseñanza aprendizaje, sino también su enriquecimiento. El alto porcentaje de aprobados con calificación de bien y excelente demostró que los participantes desarrollaron competencias informacionales en torno al adecuado manejo de las fuentes de información y el uso de la información científica. Esta investigación aporta un conocimiento nuevo sobre la utilidad de la implementación de un entorno virtual de enseñanza aprendizaje como recurso didáctico de la alfabetización informacional para el desarrollo de competencias informacionales en salud(AU)

The purpose of the study was to describe the design, validation and implementation of a virtual teaching-learning environment as a didactic resource for information literacy training. An applied descriptive technological innovation analysis was conducted at Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola Provincial General University Hospital in Ciego de Avila. Use was made of the technological support in the Moodle platform. The research developed along three stages: facto-perceptible, development and validation of contributions, and application of contributions). The virtual learning environment was validated by expert criteria and applied to 55 participants. The EVEA-health design fostered self-management and skill-developing learning among student participants. Validation by expert criteria not only made it possible to evaluate the feasibility and scientific-methodological relevance of the virtual teaching-learning environment, but also its enrichment. The high percentage of good and excellent scores showed that participants developed information competencies related to the appropriate management of information sources and the use of scientific data. The study contributes new knowledge about the usefulness of implementing a virtual teaching-learning environment as a didactic resource for information literacy training and the development of health information competencies(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of trust when adolescents search for and appraise online health information. STUDY DESIGN: A systematic search of online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and ERIC) was performed. Google Scholar and reference lists for included studies were manually searched for additional articles. Studies were included if they examined the role of trust when adolescents (in the 13- to 18-year-old age range) searched for and/or appraised online health information. Findings were synthesized using thematic analysis. RESULTS: There were 22 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Four key themes were identified: adolescents generally distrust the Internet but use it anyway (subthemes were why adolescents distrust online health information; why adolescents still use online health information), adolescents use heuristics to appraise the trustworthiness of online health information (subthemes were different heuristics used by different adolescents, range of heuristics used by adolescents), adolescents trust websites more than social media or social networking sites, and adolescents' level of trust in online health information guides their actions and responses. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents often distrust health information from the Internet, but continue to use it. Adolescents are aware of the need to evaluate the trustworthiness of online health information; however, their approaches vary in sophistication. As the reach and content of the Internet expands, it is important to equip adolescents with effective eHealth literacy to assess the trustworthiness of online health information.

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El desarrollo de la investigación consiste en un proceso secuencial y sistemático, en el cual para validar o sustentar alguna afirmación se necesita de información confiable que respalde las afirmaciones de forma oportuna y pertinente. Esa no es una tarea sencilla, ya que se debe contar con una serie de habilidades en el uso de la información, a fin de acceder a la mejor evidencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue medir la influencia de la aplicación del programa de alfabetización informacional Tecnologías de la Información para la investigación en salud, para el desarrollo de habilidades informativas en los profesionales de un instituto pediátrico. Se realizó un diseño experimental, con un enfoque cuantitativo, a un nivel cuasi-experimental, con pre-prueba-pos-prueba. La población estuvo conformada por los profesionales del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, de Lima, Perú. La muestra fue no probabilística por conveniencia; el instrumento fue una ficha de observación de 14 ítems. Al aplicar la prueba de chi cuadrado se evidenció que el programa de Alfabetización Informacional influyó significativamente en el desarrollo de habilidades informativas en los profesionales de la salud de un instituto pediátrico. El programa de alfabetización informacional es un medio para que los profesionales desarrollen habilidades informacionales que permitan la identificación de la necesidad de información, la selección de la fuente, la formulación de la estrategia de búsqueda, el uso ético de la información y el uso adecuado de los gestores de referencias bibliográficas para el desarrollo de las investigaciones, para lo cual es necesaria la aplicación de este en los distintos niveles de atención(AU)

Research is a sequential, systematic process in which validation or substantiation of a given statement requires reliable information supporting the affirmations in a timely, relevant manner. The task is not a simple one, for researchers should be skilled in the use of information to be able to access the best evidence. The purpose of the study was to gauge the impact of the implementation of the information literacy program Information technologies for health research aimed at developing information skills among professionals from a pediatric institute. A quantitative, quasi-experimental study was conducted based on an experimental design and a pre-test / post-test probability approach. The study population was the professionals at the National Children's Health Institute in San Borja, Lima, Peru. A nonprobability convenience sample was used; the tool employed was a 14-item observation card. Chi-squared testing revealed that the Information Literacy program had a significant impact on the development of information skills among the health professionals from a pediatric institute. The information literacy program is a means by which professionals may develop information skills allowing them to identify information needs, select the appropriate sources, formulate the search strategy, make an ethical use of information and adequately use bibliographic reference managers to carry out research tasks, hence the advisability of its implementation on the various health care levels(AU)

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ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate coronavirus disease 2019-related information consumption and related implications for health care professionals (medical and nonmedical personnel) during the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional on-line survey was distributed to employees of a major health care institution located in São Paulo, Brazil between April 3 and April 10, 2020. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The sample comprised 2,646 respondents. Most participants (44.4%) reported excessive or almost excessive access to information about the novel coronavirus and 67.6% reported having increased their average time spent on social media. When asked how frequently they consider it was easy to determine the reliability of information, "sometimes" corresponded to 43.2% of the answers in contrast to 14.6% responding "always". Answers related to potential signs of information overload associated with the pandemic indicated that 31% of respondents felt stressed by the amount of information they had to keep up with almost every day or always. Overall, 80.0% of respondents reported having experienced at least one of the following symptoms: headache, eye twitching, restlessness or sleeping difficulty. The frequency of symptoms was higher among participants with a more negative information processing style regarding when dealing with large volumes of information relative to those with a positive information processing style. Likewise, symptoms were more frequently reported by participants who had increased their social media access relative to those reporting reduced access during the pandemic. Conclusion: Our survey provides a description of how health professionals consume COVID-19 related information during the pandemic, and suggests that excessive information exposure and high processing demands may impose psychological distress and affect mental health.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar o consumo de informações relacionadas com doença do novo coronavírus e seus efeitos em profissionais do setor da saúde durante a pandemia. Métodos: Um questionário on-line foi distribuído para funcionários de uma instituição de saúde em São Paulo, Brasil, entre 3 e 10 de abril de 2020. Os dados foram analisados com estatísticas descritivas. Resultados: Foram incluídos nas análises 2.646 participantes. A maioria (44,4%) reportou ter acessado uma quantidade excessiva ou próxima de excessiva sobre o novo coronavírus, e 67,6% reportaram ter aumentado seu tempo médio em mídias sociais. Quando perguntados se era fácil determinar o que era informação confiável, 43,2% responderam "às vezes", comparados com 14,6% que responderam "sempre". Sobre os possíveis sinais de sobrecarga de informação associada com a pandemia, 31% sempre ou quase todos os dias se sentiram estressados com a quantidade de informações que tinham que acompanhar. Entre os respondentes, 80,0% reportaram sentir pelo menos um sintoma como dor de cabeça, espasmos oculares, inquietação ou dificuldade para dormir. Participantes com um estilo mais negativo de lidar com muitas informações também reportaram maior proporção de sintomas que os participantes com estilo positivo. De forma semelhante, participantes que aumentaram seu acesso a mídias sociais reportaram maior proporção de sintomas do que os que diminuíram seu acesso durante a pandemia. Conclusão: Nossa pesquisa fornece uma descrição de como os indivíduos consomem informações relacionadas com a doença do novo coronavirus durante a pandemia e sugere que a exposição a uma quantidade excessiva de informações e as elevadas demandas podem impor sofrimento psicológico e afetar a saúde mental.

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