RESUMO

El estado de Maranhão ocupa un escenario peculiar en el mercado cinematográfico brasileño. Las producciones de ficción en forma de largometrajes tuvieron sus primeras incursiones a mediados de la década de 2000. En un marco desarrollado por la investigadora en su disertación de maestría en curso de História (Silva, 2018), y actualizado hasta 2022, catalogamos veintidós películas, solo seis de los cuales fueron registrados en la Agencia Nacional de Cine. La principal metodología utilizada fue la recolección e interpretación de datos, además de entrevistas no estructuradas o no estructuradas (Lakatos y Marconi, 2003). Como principales resultados podemos señalar: en Maranhão, el mercado es predominantemente informal, con momentos ocasionales de formalidad. La conclusión inicial de nuestra investigación es que el factor económico asociado a la falta de políticas públicas, sumado a la falta de cursos de educación superior en la zona, son los principales impulsores de este incipiente escenario.

The State of Maranhão occupies a peculiar scenario in the Brazilian film market. Fiction productions in the form of feature films had their first forays in the mid-2000s. In a framework developed by the researcher in her masters dissertation in History (Silva, 2018), and updated up to 2022, we cataloged twenty-two films, only six of which were registered in the National Film Agency. The main methodology to be used will be the collection and interpretation of data, in addition to unstructured or unstructured interviews (Lakatos and Marconi, 2003). As main results, we can point out that, in Maranhão, the market is predominantly informal with occasional moments of formality. The initial conclusion of our research is that the economic factor associated with the lack of public policies, added to the lack of higher education courses in the area, are the main drivers of this incipient scenario.

RESUMO

This research aimed to find out the relationship between informality and the internalization of the rules of behavior required for complexity in the economic system, as better knowledge is required for formalization policy to have a greater impact. We use the economic complexity index (ECI) for 2018 at the regional level in Colombia, which combines the country's productive structure with the amount of knowledge and know-how embodied in the goods it produces. The informality measure we use is the individual's affiliation to social security (in particular health insurance), and we use a proxy of civic rule's internalization as an inverse relation with traffic tickets. This research aimed to shed new light on public policy to improve formalization and its economic impact. First, we include a theory that includes both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation types. The self-determination theory or organismic integration theory proposes this theory. Second, we have argued that the motivation to formalize is intrinsic to greater cultural capacity. Individuals gradually internalize rules of behavior that have repercussions on social dynamics. Third, the composition and characteristics of the families in the study sample seem to show that some factors increase the propensity for informality. Our empirical analysis reveals that group of people with a lower educational level are the ones who are more likely to belong to the informal labor market. These results are consistent with the literature. Multivariate Probit regression was used to examine these factors.

RESUMO

Latin America was one of the regions hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper analyses, from a dynamic and comparative perspective, labour transitions triggered by the pandemic in six Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru. Special attention is paid to transits around labour informality during this period. Unlike previous crises, the fall in informal occupations deepened the overall contraction in employment. This was explained by a significant increase in exit rates from these jobs and, to a lesser extent, by reductions in entry rates. Most of the informal workers who lost their jobs left the labour force. Contrary to this labour movement, transits from informal to formal jobs significantly dropped during the most critical phase in this crisis. Partial recovery in employment since mid-2020 has been led by an increase in informal jobs. The labour dynamic has been different between men and women. This study reveals the relevance of dynamic analysis to clearly identify labour transitions that occurred during a labour crisis of unprecedented intensity and characteristics in Latin America. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12651-023-00342-x.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To examine food and beverage purchasing patterns across formal and informal outlets among Mexican households' and explore differences by urbanicity and income. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of households. We calculated the proportion of total food and beverage expenditure in each household by food outlet type overall and by urbanicity and income. We defined informal outlets as those which are not registered or regulated by tax and fiscal laws. Since some of the outlets within community food environments do not fall in clear categories, we defined a continuum from formal to informal outlets, adding mixed outlets as a category. SETTING: Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Mexican households (n 74 203) from the 2018 National Income and Expenditure Survey. RESULTS: Of the total food and beverage purchases, outlets within the formal food sector (i.e. supermarkets and convenience stores) accounted for 15 % of the purchases, 13 % of purchases occurred in outlets within the informal food sector (i.e. street markets, street vendors and acquaintances) and 70 % in fiscally mixed outlets (i.e. small neighbourhood stores, specialty stores and public markets). Across levels of urbanicity and income, most food and beverage purchases occurred in mixed outlets. Also, purchases in informal and mixed outlets decreased as levels of urbanicity and income increased. In contrast to informal outlets, purchases in formal outlets were most likely from richer households and living in larger sized cities. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding where Mexican households shop for food is relevant to create tailored interventions according to food outlet type, accounting for regulatory and governance structures.

Assuntos

RESUMO

We sought to develop a typology describing structural, production, and socioeconomic characteristics of dairy systems that produce artisanal cheese and compare it with that of systems that produce only raw milk. Data on 204 raw milk producers and 58 artisanal cheese producers in Paraná State, Brazil, were collected through on-site surveys and subjected to descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and means tests. Descriptive analyses were applied to characterize the sample and artisanal cheese production processes. Factor analysis identified the following three typological components: system production capacity, herd breed and milking characteristics, and farmer social characteristics. Farmers were divided into two groups, as follows: non-cheese producers (NCP) and artisanal cheese producers (ACP). Groups of farmers were compared in terms of typological components. It was found that ACP have smaller structure and production scale and focus less on herd breed and practices for improving milk quality than NCP. These results suggest that artisanal cheese production is a strategy to add value to milk that does not meet institutional or market requirements for transactions with the dairy industry, providing a foothold for producers to remain in the dairy business. Groups of farmers (ACP and NCP) do not differ in social indicators of typology.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Em um quadro em que se constata a ampliação exponencial da exploração do trabalho por plataformas digitais e de discussões sobre a relação de funcionalidade entre os mercados centrais e periféricos de trabalho, propõe-se aqui uma análise do trabalho de entregadores/as e motoristas por aplicativos no contexto social, político e econômico brasileiro. O objetivo é identificar normas e valores em circulação nas experiências dos trabalhadores no entrecruzamento de seus contextos de vida e trabalho. Com base no referencial teórico da Ergologia, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com vistas à aproximação das vivências e atividades dos sujeitos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados apontam valores em circulação nos debates de normas que entram em conflito entre o ideal de liberdade anunciado pelas empresas-plataformas, o controle e o direcionamento do trabalho operado por elas via gerenciamento algorítmico e a iminência de perda da fonte de sustento. Afirma-se, a importância da construção de caminhos coletivos de produção da saúde, seja no âmbito macrossocial ou na experiência concreta e cotidiana de trabalho

In a context in which the exponential growth of the exploitation of work by digital platforms and the discussion on the relation of functionality between central and peripheral labor markets, the authors propose an analysis of the work of delivery workers and app drivers in the Brazilian social, political, and economic context. They aimed to identify norms and values in workers' experiences at the intersection between the contexts of their life and work. Based on the theoretical framework of Ergology, a qualitative research was carried out to approach subjects' experiences and activities using semi-structured interviews. Results point to values found in the norms that conflict with the ideal of freedom heralded by online platform companies, the control and directing of the work operated by these companies via algorithmic management, and the imminence of loss of source of livelihood. We stress the importance of building collective paths to produce health, whether in the macro-social context or in the concrete, daily experience of work

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo socioeconómico en las zonas rurales está impulsado por los programas de Protección Social y Seguridad Social, los cuales ayudan a las sociedades con altos índice de desigualdades e inequidades, protegiendo a los individuos más vulnerables de la sociedad. Objetivo: Analizar la participación de la población rural del municipio de Filandia a programas de Seguridad Social para el año 2020. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un muestreo estratificado con nivel de confianza del 90 % y un error muestral del 5 % a las 24 veredas del municipio. Se empleó una muestra de 239 predios y se utilizó el programa Stata® para analizar las variables identificadas en el estudio. Resultados: Se encontró que la zona rural del municipio de Filandia es altamente informal, ya que el 74,06 % de la población no cotiza a pensión, el 71,55 % no cotiza a salud y el 81,59 % no está afiliado a riesgos laborales. Adicionalmente, se evidencia una relación inversa entre la educación y la informalidad; igualmente, entre menos nivel de ingresos perciba una persona y pertenezca a un nivel bajo del SISBEN mayor es la probabilidad de no cotizar. Conclusiones: Los individuos de la zona rural del municipio son vulnerables a debacles económicos y sanitarios, aumentando su probabilidad de caer en trampas de pobreza. Así mismo, las malas condiciones laborales limitan el acceso a buenos servicios de salud y educación, la competitividad en relación con otros sectores, y profundizan la desigualdad en la sociedad.

Abstract Introduction: Socio Economic development in rural areas is enhanced by the social security systems. These help societies with a high inequality index, protecting the most vulnerable individuals in a society. Objective: Analyze the participation of the rural population of the municipality of Filandia in the social security systems for the year 2020. Materials and methods: A stratified sample was carried out with a 90 % of confidence level and a sampling error of 5 % to the municipality's 24 rural communities. The sample was 239 estates and the software Stata® was used to analyze the different variables identified in this study. Results: It was found that the rural areas of the municipality of Filandia are highly informal: 74.06% of the population does not contribute to social security, 71.55 % participate in subsidized health, and 81.59 % are not protected from occupational hazards. Additionally, it was found an inverse relationship between education and informality. Moreover, the lower the income level a person has, together with a low SISBEN level, the greater the probability of not contributing to the social security systems. Conclusions: the individuals in the rural areas of this municipality are vulnerable to economic and sanitary debacles; increasing the probability to fall into poverty traps. Likewise, poor labor conditions limit access to high-quality health and educational services, competitiveness in relation to other sectors, and deepen social inequalities.

Resumo Introdução: O desenvolvimento socioeconómico em áreas rurais é impulsionado por programas de Proteção Social e Previdência Social, que auxiliam sociedades com altos índices de desigualdades e iniquidades, protegendo os indivíduos mais vulneráveis da sociedade. Objetivo: Analisar a participação da população rural do município de Filândia nos programas da Previdência Social para o ano de 2020. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada amostragem estratificada com nível de confiança de 90 % e erro amostral de 5 % nas 24 aldeias do município. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 239 fazendas e o programa Stata® foi utilizado para analisar as variáveis identificadas no estudo. Resultados: Se encontró que la zona rural del municipio de Filandia es altamente informal, ya que el 74,06 % de la población no cotiza a pensión, el 71,55 % no cotiza a salud y el 81,59 % no está afiliado a riscos laborais. Além disso, há evidências de uma relação inversa entre educação e informalidade; da mesma forma, quanto menor a faixa de renda que uma pessoa recebe e pertence a uma faixa baixa do SISBEN, maior a probabilidade de não contribuir. Conclusões: Os indivíduos da área rural do município são vulneráveis a desastres económicos e de saúde, aumentando sua probabilidade de cair na armadilha da pobreza. Da mesma forma, as más condições de trabalho limitam o acesso a bons serviços de saúde e educação, a competitividade em relação a outros setores e aprofundam as desigualdades na sociedade.

RESUMO

Peru has one of the highest informal employment rates in Latin America (73%). Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of poor self-perceived health (P-SPH) in informal than in formal workers. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of working conditions in the association between informality and SPH in an urban working population in Peru. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on 3098 workers participating in the working conditions survey of Peru 2017. The prevalence of P-SPH and exposure to poor working conditions were calculated separately for formal and informal employment and were stratified by sex. Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between P-SPH and informal employment, with crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) for working conditions. Informal employment affected 76% of women and 66% of men. Informal workers reported higher exposition to poor working conditions than formal workers and reported worse SPH. Informal workers had a higher risk of P-SPH than formal workers: PR 1.38 [95% CI: 1.16-1.64] in women and PR 1.27 [95% CI: 1.08-1.49] in men. Adjustment by working conditions weakened the association in both sexes. In women, this association was only partially explained by worse working conditions; PR 1.23 [95% CI: 1.04-1.46]. Although some of the negative effect of informal employment on workers´ health can be explained by the characteristics of informality per se, such as poverty, a substantial part of this effect can be explained by poor working conditions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This paper aims at identifying the Covid-19 infection and mortality risk factors in Brazil during the pandemic's first wave. Three groups of variables are considered: socioeconomic and health vulnerabilities, factors related to the virus transmission channels (mobility and density) and the effects of the policy responses. The analysis at the level of all 5,570 municipalities, drawing on a matching of different statistical and administrative databases, returns three main results. First, structurally vulnerable populations are hardest hit-non-white, poor, in poor health, favela residents and informal workers-showing the impact of socioeconomic inequalities. Second, we highlight some policy repercussions. The Auxilio Emergencial (emergency cash transfer) has had a mitigating effect in communities with relatively more informal workers. Finally, Covid-19 has hit hardest in municipalities that are more pro-Bolsonaro. The president's rhetoric and attitudes may have prompted his supporters to adopt more risky behaviour, suffer the consequences and infect others. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1057/s41287-021-00487-w.

Cet article cherche à identifier les facteurs de risque de contracter le COVID-19 et d'en mourir durant la première vague de la pandémie au Brésil. Trois groupes de variables sont considérés : les facteurs socio-économiques et sanitaires, ceux liés aux canaux de transmission du virus (la mobilité et la densité) et les effets des réponses politiques. Réalisée sur l'ensemble des 5 570 municipalités et basée sur l'appariement de différentes bases de données statistiques et administratives, l'analyse fait ressortir trois principaux résultats. En premier lieu, les populations structurellement vulnérables sont les plus touchées ­ non-blancs, pauvres, de santé précaire, habitants des favelas, informels - renforçant l'effet des inégalités socioéconomiques. En deuxième lieu, nous mettons en évidence l'influence des politiques. L'Auxilio emergencial (transfert monétaire d'urgence) a un effet atténuateur dans les localités ayant relativement plus de travailleurs informels. Enfin, le CoVid-19 fait plus de ravages dans les municipalités plus favorables à Bolsonaro. Le discours du président induit ses partisans à adopter plus souvent des comportements à risque et à en subir les conséquences.

RESUMO

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar o comportamento da informalidade no Brasil e na Argentina, no período de 2012 a 2019. A definição conceitual de informalidade tem como base a legislação e as relações trabalhistas. Fundamentado nas informações das pesquisas domiciliares oficiais, explorou-se o comportamento da informalidade segundo os distintos setores de atividade econômica e a classificação dos trabalhadores por faixas de rendimentos. O período em questão foi caracterizado por transformações que ampliaram a flexibilização das relações de trabalho, em um processo de reconfiguração do mercado de trabalho impulsionado por reformas trabalhistas que, em teoria, proporcionariam uma redução do peso do emprego informal na estrutura ocupacional, à medida que essa flexibilização avançasse. Os resultados não sugerem mudanças significativas no comportamento da informalidade, e corroboram que esse fenômeno continua afetando negativamente, com mais intensidade, os trabalhadores que mais necessitam de proteção social e garantia de direitos. Desse modo, as medidas de flexibilização das relações de trabalho, ao menos considerando o período em análise, não produziram os resultados prometidos. Destaca-se, ainda, uma relativa convergência nos resultados encontrados para os dois países.

Abstract The objective of the study was to identify the behavior of informality in Brazil and Argentina, from 2012 to 2019. The conceptual definition of informality is based on legislation and labor relations. Based on information from official household surveys, the behavior of informality was explored according to the different sectors of economic activity and the classification of workers by income bracket. The period in question was characterized by transformations that increased the flexibility of labor relations, in a process of reconfiguration of the labor market driven by labor reforms that, in theory, would provide a reduction in the weight of informal employment in the occupational structure, as this flexibility to advance. The results do not suggest significant changes in the behavior of informality, and corroborate that this phenomenon continues to negatively affect, with greater intensity, the workers who most need social protection and guarantee of rights. Thus, the measures to make labor relations more flexible, at least considering the period under analysis, did not produce the promised results. There is also a relative convergence in the results found for the two countries.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar el comportamiento de la informalidad en Brasil y Argentina, de 2012 a 2019. La definición conceptual de informalidad se basa en la legislación y las relaciones laborales. Con base en informaciones procedentes de las encuestas oficiales de hogares, se exploró el comportamiento de la informalidad según los diferentes sectores de la actividad económica y la clasificación de los trabajadores por rango de ingreso. El período en cuestión se caracterizó por transformaciones que ampliaron la flexibilización de las relaciones laborales, en un proceso de reconfiguración del mercado de trabajo impulsado por reformas laborales que, en teoría, propiciarían una reducción del peso del empleo informal en la estructura ocupacional, a medida que esta flexibilización avanzase. Los resultados no sugieren cambios significativos en el comportamiento de la informalidad, y corroboran que este fenómeno continúa afectando negativamente, con mayor intensidad, a los trabajadores que más necesitan protección social y garantía de derechos. Así, las medidas de flexibilización de las relaciones de trabajo, al menos considerando el período bajo análisis, no produjeron los resultados prometidos. También se destaca que hay una relativa convergencia en los resultados encontrados para los dos países.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Decorridos 177 anos da publicação dos artigos de Marx (2017), na Gazeta Renana, no contexto europeu, sua contribuição segue não só atual, mas necessária para compreendermos os processos sociais no contexto latino-americano e periférico. Situando a historicidade da obra e da realidade brasileira, o fito de resgatá-la é justamente para que se mostre a face bárbara da acumulação capitalista, ainda mais agudizada no que se refere às pessoas em situação de criminalização por parte do Estado. Isso porque, na condição de infratora da lei, a mulher passa a ser objeto de sanção e pena, e dela não é suprimido somente o direito à liberdade, mas também o direito de ser protagonista de resistência, de pulsão antagônica ao modo de produção capitalista. Essas mulheres correspondem a uma massa de desempregadas informais, constituindo-se nas despossuídas do século XXI.

177 years after the publication of Marx's articles (2017), in Gazeta Renana, in the European context, his contribution is not only current, but necessary for us to understand social processes in the Latin American and peripheral context. Situating the historicity of the work and the Brazilian reality, the purpose of rescuing it is precisely to show the barbaric face of capitalist accumulation, which is even more acute with regard to people in a situation of criminalization by the State. This is because, as a lawbreaker, women become the object of sanction and penalty, and from it not only the right to freedom is suppressed, but also the right to be the protagonist of resistance, of antagonistic drive to the capitalist mode of production. These women correspond to a mass of informal unemployed, constituting the dispossessed of the century XXI.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This research seeks to understand how COVID-19 has affected access to healthcare among migrants in Latin American cities. Using ethnographic research methods, we engaged with Venezuelans living in conditions of informality in four Colombian cities-Barranquilla, Cucuta, Riohacha, and Soacha-and three Peruvian cities-Lima, Trujillo, and Tumbes. We conducted 130 interviews of both Venezuelan migrants and state and non-governmental actors within the healthcare ecosystems of these cities. We found that forced migrants from Venezuela in both Colombia and Peru face common obstacles along their access trajectories to healthcare, which we summarize as legal, financial, and relating to discrimination and information asymmetry. By limiting effective access to care during the pandemic, these obstacles have also affected migrants' ability to cover the costs of basic needs, particularly food and housing. Our study also found a prevalent reliance on alternative forms of care, such as telemedicine, easy-to-access pharmacies, and extralegal care networks. We conclude that COVID-19 has exacerbated preexisting conditions of informality and health inequities affecting Venezuelan migrants in Colombia and Peru.

RESUMO

Resumen La flexibilidad laboral y la disminución de la participación del Estado han tenido efectos negativos en el bienestar de la población, y más en los jóvenes, porque mantienen empleos inestables e inseguros, con bajos salarios y sin prestaciones sociales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las variables que determinan el proceso de exclusión laboral de los jóvenes en España y México en el periodo de 2005 a 2017, para comparar su situación. Se construyó un índice, que se denomina índice de exclusión laboral, de ambos países. La metodología utilizada fue el análisis factorial por componentes principales con series de tiempo. De acuerdo a los resultados, se observó que los jóvenes están en riesgo de exclusión laboral en ambos países. En España mantienen trabajos a tiempo parcial involuntarios, mientras que en México presentan condiciones de informalidad laboral aún más severas. En ambos países, para no excluir del mercado laboral a los jóvenes, se les ha incluido en trabajos donde no cuentan con protección social ni certidumbre en el empleo.

Abstract Labor flexibility and the reduction of State participation have had negative effects on the well-being of the population, and more on youth people, because they maintain unstable and insecure jobs, with low salaries and no social benefits. The objective of this work was to analyze the variables that determine the process of labor exclusion of youth people in the countries of Spain and Mexico between 2005 and 2017, in order to compare the situation in both countries. For this purpose, the Labor Exclusion Index was developed. The methodology used was the Principal Component Factor Analysis with time series. According to the results, it was observed that youth people are at risk of labor exclusion in both countries. In Spain, youth people maintain involuntary part-time jobs, while in Mexico, they have even more severe informal labor conditions. In both countries, youth people have been included in jobs where they do not have social security or job certainty in order to avoid excluding them from the labor market.

RESUMO

This paper explores the meaning of the concept of informality as applied to the waste management sector, by presenting the case of municipal waste collection in a neighbourhood of Mexico City called Tepito. Tepito's municipal service of waste collection is intricately related to informal activities of waste collection and management. This paper focuses on the work of informal street sweepers, who collect waste in certain streets of the neighbourhood, replacing the municipal collection service; and on that of "volunteers", unwaged informal workers recruited by the garbage-men to help on the municipal collection route. The informal cash flows resulting from the work of the volunteers are also described. The case of Tepito illustrates two formal-informal arrangements in the provision of the waste collection service: the coordination of independent services, and a relation of interdependence where the formal system is sustained by informal work. By exploring the scale of informality, the actors involved, and its governance system, this paper suggests that informality exists not as a particular sector of waste management, but rather as unregulated practices carried out by governmental and non-governmental actors, which are enabled by an informal governance system, and which (in Tepito) play a crucial role in sustaining the municipal waste collection service. As different systems of service provision are co-constructed by both formal and informal elements, informality may best be identified at the level of practices that occur within such systems. Conclusions discuss policy implications and avenues for future research.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este estudo objetiva descrever a situação de trabalho de feirantes que atuam na informalidade em uma feira de roupas no centro da cidade de Fortaleza, bem como levantar indícios de impactos dessa realidade na saúde desses trabalhadores, especificamente relatos de dor. Foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa do tipo exploratória e qualitativa, com o uso das técnicas de observação direta e entrevista com roteiro estruturado, realizadas no ambiente de trabalho dos feirantes. Para tratamento dos dados, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo com as seguintes categorias: situações de trabalho (condições e organização do trabalho), relatos de dor e o trabalho como feirante. Entre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se que: (a) o grupo de trabalhadores entrevistados é muito diversificado no que se refere à idade, escolaridade e renda; (b) os feirantes apresentam categorias de trabalho distintas; (c) o espaço de trabalho influencia a forma como a atividade é organizada cotidianamente; e (d) os relatos dos feirantes indicam a presença de dor osteomuscular, mas a necessidade de não interromper o trabalho prevalece em relação aos cuidados com a saúde. Conclui-se que a construção de determinadas formas de ordenamento do trabalho no ambiente da feira indica uma capacidade de autonomia e organização efetivada pelos trabalhadores, mas que não suprimem a condição de precariedade e de informalidade em que estão inseridos.

This study aims to describe work situations among market stallholders operating informally in a clothing fair in the city center of Fortaleza, and to identify signs of health related issues linked to this reality. A qualitative exploratory research study was conducted, using direct observation and structured interview techniques, performed in the working environment of the stallholders. The data were analyzed by means of a content analysis of interviews and observations. The categories used were: work situations, containing work and organizational conditions, and reports on pain and merchant work. The results pointed out that: (a) the group of workers interviewed is very diverse in terms of age, education, and income; (b) the stallholders present distinct informality categories; (c) the place where they work influences the way the work is organized on a daily basis; and (d) the discourses indicate the presence of musculoskeletal pain, but the necessity of not interrupting the work prevails over health concerns. It is concluded that the construction of specific forms of work organization in the fair environment indicates worker capacity for autonomy and effective organization, but does not reduce the precarious and informal conditions in which they are placed.

Este estudio pretende describir la situación de trabajo de los vendedores que actúan en la informalidad en un mercado de ropa en el centro de la ciudad de Fortaleza, así como hacer un levantamiento de indicios de impactos de esta realidad en su salud, específicamente lo que dice respecto a los relatos de dolor. Se desarrolló un estudio de tipo exploratorio y cualitativo, con el uso de las técnicas de observación directa y entrevista estructurada, realizadas en el entorno de trabajo de esos profesionales. Para el tratamiento de los datos, se utilizó el análisis de contenido con las siguientes categorías: situaciones de trabajo (condiciones y organización del trabajo), relatos de dolor y el trabajo realizado. Entre los resultados observados se destaca que: (a) el grupo de los trabajadores entrevistados es muy variado en cuanto a su edad, nivel de escolaridad e ingresos; (b) los vendedores cuentan con categorías distintas de informalidad; (c) el local de trabajo influencia la forma como la actividad es organizada cotidianamente; (d) los relatos de los vendedores indican la presencia de dolor músculo-esquelético, pero prevalece la necesidad de no interrumpir el trabajo en relación con la atención a la salud. Se concluye que la construcción de determinadas formas de organización del trabajo en el entorno del mercado indica una capacidad de autonomía y organización efectuada por los trabajadores, pero no elimina la condición de precariedad y de informalidad en las que están inseridos.

RESUMO

Over the last decade, there has been a sharp increase in drug addiction in Mexico, especially among the urban poor. During the same period, unregulated residential treatment centers for addiction, known as anexos, have proliferated throughout the country. These centers are utilized and run by marginalized populations and are widely known to engage in physical violence. Based on long-term ethnographic research in Mexico City, this article describes why anexos emerged, how they work, and what their prevalence and practices reveal about the nature of recovery in a context where poverty, drugs, and violence are existential realities. Drawing attention to the dynamic relationship between violence and recovery, pain, and healing, it complicates categories of violence and care that are presumed to have exclusive meaning, illuminating the divergent meanings of, and opportunities for, recovery, and how these are socially configured and sustained.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A partir de um relato de experiência sobre o trabalho de campo em uma unidade prisional feminina, o presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir o lugar ocupado pela informalidade no processo de pesquisa. O argumento central é que as orientações do método científico - especialmente sobre a neutralidade e a objetividade necessárias à condução de protocolos rígidos de coleta e análise de dados - têm recorrentemente se configurado em obstáculos à consecução da pesquisa social qualitativa. Para além da rigidez das diretrizes metodológicas apontadas como adequadas ao referido método, a informalidade das relações estabelecidas no campo nos convida igualmente ao debate acerca das questões éticas que envolvem a pesquisa com seres humanos. O presente relato ilustrará a forma como a abertura à informalidade e ao imprevisto próprios do campo se configura em ferramenta essencial para a realização de pesquisas sensíveis às realidades concretas dos indivíduos investigados.

From one experience report about the field work in a female prison institution, this article aims at discussing the role played by informality in the research process. The main argument is that the guidelines provided by the scientific method - especially regarding the need for neutrality and objectivity in order to follow rigid protocols for data collection and analysis - have recurrently been configured as obstacles to the conduction of social qualitative research. In addition to the rigidity of methodological guidelines indicated as appropriate to the particular method, the informality of relations established in the field also invites us to debate the ethical issues surrounding the research with human beings. The current report will illustrate the ways in which openness to informality and to unpredictability specific of the field constitutes an essential tool to conduct researches which are sensitive to the concrete realities of the investigated individuals.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A informalidade no trabalho, que marca a realidade da maioria das relações de trabalho brasileiras, somada às características encontradas na população de rua, constituem o pano de fundo social propenso à geração de formas alternativas de organização do trabalho. A informalidade no trabalho, assim como a população de rua, tem composição e origem acentuadamente heterogênea; assim, torna-se fundamental que qualquer política pública destinada a estes aspectos considere suas especificidades. Neste contexto, surgem as cooperativas de catadores de resíduos sólidos, formadas por antigos catadores de lixo e ex-moradores de rua, como alternativa à informalidade no trabalho e busca pela cidadania, dentro da perspectiva da autogestão. Por meio de uma análise atual e de uma caracterização histórica sobre experiências de cooperativas de catadores brasileiras, buscou-se mostrar a capacidade inclusiva do modelo cooperativista e da relevância das parcerias destas com o poder público e com outros atores sociais. Neste escopo, é fundamental a abordagem de experiências bem sucedidas de catadores que, unidos sob a égide do cooperativismo, com a participação do poder público e/ou independentemente dele – puderam lograr a inclusão social. A autogestão desponta, assim, como alternativa real de trabalho àqueles que se encontram marginalizados pelo sistema formal de trabalho...

Informal employment, which marks the reality of most Brazilian working relationships, plus the characteristics of the homeless population, constitute a social background prone to producing alternative forms of organizing work. Informal employment, as well as the homeless population, has a markedly heterogeneous composition and origin; thus, it becomes essential that any public policy related to these aspects consider their specificities. In this context, waste pickers’ co-operatives appeared, consisting of ex-waste pickers and ex-homeless people, as an alternative to informality in the search for work and citizenship, within the perspective of self-management. Through an analysis of current and historical characterization experiments on waste pickers’ co-operatives in Brazil, this article aims to show the capacity of the inclusive cooperative model and the relevance of these partnerships with government and with other players in society. For this purpose, it is essential to approach the successful experiences of waster pickers who, united through the co-operatives, with the participation of public and /or independently of it – were able to achieve social inclusion. Self-management is emerging as well, providing a real alternative to those who are marginalized by the formal system of work...

Assuntos

RESUMO

O leite é um alimento de elevado valor nutricional e considerado um dos principais produtos de origem animal consumidos nos dias de hoje. O Brasil destaca-se como um dos principais produtores de leite do mundo e desde 2006 vem apresentando aumento crescente em sua produção. Por outro lado, também se observa desde o início da década de 1990, crescimento do chamado leite e produtos lácteos informais (alimentos comercializados sem qualquer tipo de inspeção), representando desafio a ser vencido com relação à segurança alimentar. Muitas são as enfermidades que podem ser transmitidas por esses alimentos, como por exemplo, a tuberculose e a brucelose e poucos são os consumidores que estão atentos a essas informações. O fato agrava-se ao pensar que o leite e os produtos lácteos compõem a dieta de muitas crianças, idosos e pessoas imunocomprometidas, o que pode tornar esse quadro mais grave. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio da aplicação de questionários em 23 bairros do município de São José do Rio Preto, o perfil de 805 entrevistados, que consomem ou não leite e produtos lácteos, o conhecimento que os mesmos apresentavam sobre as doenças transmitidas pelo leite e seus derivados e o significado dos selos dos Serviços de Inspeção. Como resultado, observou-se que 97,76% (787/805) dos entrevistados consomem leite ou seus derivados, e aproximadamente 30% são obtidos por meios informais de comércio. A forma de consumo desse produto é bastante variável, mas 3,93% (31/787) dos consumidores do município ainda ingerem leite cru sem a fervura ou pasteurização e 65,96% (531/805) dos consumidores desconhecem a possível transmissão de doenças através da ingestão do leite. Além disso, 80,24% (646/805) dos consumidores não procuram nas embalagens se o produto passou por algum tipo de fiscalização antes de chegar ao comércio - identificação através dos selos dos órgãos de inspeção sanitária. A obtenção desses dados visou...(AU)

Milk is a food of high nutritional value and is considered one of the main animal products consumed today. At the same time, Brazil stands out as one of the leading milk producers in the world and, since 2006 has been showing growing increase in its production. On the other hand, it is observed from the beginning of the 1990s, the growth of so-called informal milk and milk products (foods marketed without any kind of inspection), representing a challenge to be overcome related to food security. There are many diseases that can be transmitted by such foods, as tuberculosis and brucellosis, and there are few consumers who are aware of such information. The fact worsens the thought that milk and dairy products make up the diet of many children, elderly and weakened persons, which may make it more severe. Thus, this study aims to evaluate, through the use of questionnaires in 23 districts of São José do Rio Preto, the profile of 805 consumers or not, of milk and dairy products, the knowledge that they have about the diseases transmitted by milk and dairy products and the significance of the seals from Inspection Services. As a result, it was found that 97.76% (787/805) respondents consume milk or its derivatives, and about 30% are obtained by informal means of commerce. The form of consumption of this product is quite variable, but the work shows that 3.93% (31/787) of the consumers still ingest raw milk without boiling or pasteurization and 65.96% (531/805) of consumers are unaware of the possible transmission of disease by the ingestion of milk. Furthermore 80.24% (646/805) of consumers do not seek the packaging if the product has gone through some kind of supervision before reaching the trade - identification through stamps organs of sanitary inspection. Obtaining such data aims to collaborate in future for the development of prevent programs in the city, and the information...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O leite é um alimento de elevado valor nutricional e considerado um dos principais produtos de origem animal consumidos nos dias de hoje. O Brasil destaca-se como um dos principais produtores de leite do mundo e desde 2006 vem apresentando aumento crescente em sua produção. Por outro lado, também se observa desde o início da década de 1990, crescimento do chamado leite e produtos lácteos informais (alimentos comercializados sem qualquer tipo de inspeção), representando desafio a ser vencido com relação à segurança alimentar. Muitas são as enfermidades que podem ser transmitidas por esses alimentos, como por exemplo, a tuberculose e a brucelose e poucos são os consumidores que estão atentos a essas informações. O fato agrava-se ao pensar que o leite e os produtos lácteos compõem a dieta de muitas crianças, idosos e pessoas imunocomprometidas, o que pode tornar esse quadro mais grave. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio da aplicação de questionários em 23 bairros do município de São José do Rio Preto, o perfil de 805 entrevistados, que consomem ou não leite e produtos lácteos, o conhecimento que os mesmos apresentavam sobre as doenças transmitidas pelo leite e seus derivados e o significado dos selos dos Serviços de Inspeção. Como resultado, observou-se que 97,76% (787/805) dos entrevistados consomem leite ou seus derivados, e aproximadamente 30% são obtidos por meios informais de comércio. A forma de consumo desse produto é bastante variável, mas 3,93% (31/787) dos consumidores do município ainda ingerem leite cru sem a fervura ou pasteurização e 65,96% (531/805) dos consumidores desconhecem a possível transmissão de doenças através da ingestão do leite. Além disso, 80,24% (646/805) dos consumidores não procuram nas embalagens se o produto passou por algum tipo de fiscalização antes de chegar ao comércio - identificação através dos selos dos órgãos de inspeção sanitária. A obtenção desses dados visou...

Milk is a food of high nutritional value and is considered one of the main animal products consumed today. At the same time, Brazil stands out as one of the leading milk producers in the world and, since 2006 has been showing growing increase in its production. On the other hand, it is observed from the beginning of the 1990s, the growth of so-called informal milk and milk products (foods marketed without any kind of inspection), representing a challenge to be overcome related to food security. There are many diseases that can be transmitted by such foods, as tuberculosis and brucellosis, and there are few consumers who are aware of such information. The fact worsens the thought that milk and dairy products make up the diet of many children, elderly and weakened persons, which may make it more severe. Thus, this study aims to evaluate, through the use of questionnaires in 23 districts of São José do Rio Preto, the profile of 805 consumers or not, of milk and dairy products, the knowledge that they have about the diseases transmitted by milk and dairy products and the significance of the seals from Inspection Services. As a result, it was found that 97.76% (787/805) respondents consume milk or its derivatives, and about 30% are obtained by informal means of commerce. The form of consumption of this product is quite variable, but the work shows that 3.93% (31/787) of the consumers still ingest raw milk without boiling or pasteurization and 65.96% (531/805) of consumers are unaware of the possible transmission of disease by the ingestion of milk. Furthermore 80.24% (646/805) of consumers do not seek the packaging if the product has gone through some kind of supervision before reaching the trade - identification through stamps organs of sanitary inspection. Obtaining such data aims to collaborate in future for the development of prevent programs in the city, and the information...

Assuntos