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Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1927914 A/G in TLR4 gene and the immunological profile of household contacts (HHC) of leprosy patients. Leprosy classification is usually complex and requires the assessment of several clinical and laboratorial features. Methods: Herein, we have applied distinct models of descriptive analysis to explore qualitative/quantitative changes in chemokine and cytokine production in HHC further categorized according to operational classification [HHC(PB) and HHC(MB)] and according to TLR4SNP. Results and discussion: Our results showed that M. leprae stimuli induced an outstanding production of chemokines (CXCL8;CCL2; CXCL9; CXCL10) by HHC(PB), while increase levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6; TNF; IFN-γ; IL-17) were observed for HHC(MB). Moreover, the analysis of chemokine and cytokine signatures demonstrated that A allele was associated with a prominent soluble mediator secretion (CXCL8; CXCL9; IL-6; TNF; IFN-γ). Data analysis according to TLR4 SNP genotypes further demonstrated that AA and AG were associated with a more prominent secretion of soluble mediators as compared to GG, supporting the clustering of AA and AG genotypes into dominant genetic model. CXCL8, IL-6, TNF and IL-17 displayed distinct profiles in HHC(PB) vs HHC(MB) or AA+AG vs GG genotype. In general, chemokine/cytokine networks analysis showed an overall profile of AA+GA-selective (CXCL9-CXCL10) and GG-selective (CXCL10-IL-6) axis regardless of the operational classification. However, mirrored inverted CCL2-IL-10 axis and a (IFN-γ-IL-2)-selective axis were identified in HHC(MB). CXCL8 presented outstanding performance to classify AA+AG from GG genotypes and HHC(PB) from HHC(MB). TNF and IL-17 presented elevated accuracy to classify AA+AG from GG genotypes and HHC(PB) (low levels) from HHC(MB) (high levels), respectively. Our results highlighted that both factors: i) differential exposure to M. leprae and ii) TLR4 rs1927914 genetic background impact the immune response of HHC. Our main results reinforce the relevance of integrated studies of immunological and genetic biomarkers that may have implications to improve the classification and monitoring of HHC in future studies.

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Abstract Polyphenolics from Rhizophora mangle (R. mangle) have shown wound healing and anti- inflammatory effects that may be potentiated by being associated with ascorbic acid, an important substance for collagen and elastin synthesis that plays a role in tissue repair. In our study, we aimed to formulate an association of R. mangle and ascorbic acid in hydrogels and evaluate the association's cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects. In a pre-formulation study, three gelling polymers (i.e.xanthan gum, poloxamer and hydroxyethyl cellulose) were tested. The selected polymer (i.e. xanthan gum) was used to evaluate cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects using flow cytometry. Xanthan gum (1.5%) had a homogeneous appearance, an orange colour, a smooth surface, intense brightness and the typical odour, as well as non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour. With a pH of 5.0-5.3 and a non-cytotoxic profile, xanthan gum induced the proliferation and activation of CD4 +, CD8+ and NK T lymphocytes and the production of IL- 2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and TNF-α cytokines in stimulated splenocytes. The results suggest that the association of R. mangle and ascorbic acid in 1.5% xanthan gum hydrogel may be promising in preparations for wound-healing processes

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PROBLEM: We aimed to investigate the main causes of recurrent miscarriage (RM) in patients with losses after spontaneous gestation (SG) and after in vitro fertilization (IVF). METHOD OF STUDY: A prospective case-control study was conducted. The eligible patients were women who had experienced two or more consecutive abortions after <12 weeks' gestation, two consecutive losses after SG, or two consecutive losses after IVF. All patients were subjected to the following evaluations: karyotyping of the aborted material, alloimmune and autoimmune marker testing, and acquired and hereditary thrombophilia marker testing. RESULTS: In total, 58 patients were eligible: 32 patients with RM after SG and 26 patients with RM after IVF. The factors associated with RM were genetic (29%), immune (14%), thrombophilic (21%), and thrombophilic and immune (24%), and only 12% of the cases were idiopathic. Comparing the two study groups (SG and IVF), all studied factors were similar, except for a higher ANA positivity observed in the SG group (SG 30.4% vs IVF 5.3%, OR 8.6 (CI 1.1-21.1, P .048). CONCLUSION: Our study identified the possibly factors associated with recurrent miscarriage in 86% of the cases, and these factors appear to be similar in patients with recurrent miscarriage after spontaneous gestation and IVF. This study demonstrates that IVF with PGT-A with euploid embryo transfer could reduce abortions by up to 29%, but other factors need to be investigated even in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do uso de fórmulas imunomoduladoras sobre os desfechos clínicos e as taxas de complicações perioperatórias e hospitalares em pacientes cirúrgicos com câncer do trato gastrointestinal. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa em que foram utilizados os descritores "enteral nutrition","surgery", "gastrointestinal neoplasms", "arginine", "omega 3 fatty acids" e "glutamine" combinados aos operadores booleanos "and" e "or" em bases de dados indexadas. Foram encontrados 460 artigos, sendo utilizados 19 (4,1%) após a aplicação de critérios de seleção. Os estudos analisados ressaltam a importância do uso das fórmulas imunomoduladoras para pacientes cirúrgicos e oncológicos, em períodos específicos, devido aos seus efeitos benéficos sobre o estado nutricional e sistema imunitário dos pacientes.

We aimed to investigate the effects of immunomodulatory formulas usage in surgical patients with gastrointestinal cancer. It is a integrative review in which the following descriptors were used: "enteral nutrition", "surgery", "gastrointestinal neoplasms", "arginine", "fatty acids, ômega-3", "glutamine", those were combined with Boolean operators "and" and "or" in indexed databases. Furthermore, 460 journals were found using these combinations, from those, 19 articles were selected. These articles emphasize the importance of immunomodulatory formula usage in surgical and oncological patients at specific periods due to its beneficial effects on the patients nutritional status and immune.

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Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality among live-born infants. Respiratory tract infections are the most important cause of mortality in individuals with DS at all ages. In recent decades several studies have been performed to elucidate abnormalities of the immune system in DS. Non-immunological factors, including abnormal anatomical structures, congenital heart disease and gastro esophageal reflux, may play a role in the increased frequency of respiratory tract infections. Addressing immunological and non-immunological factors involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases may reduce the susceptibility to infections in DS children.

Síndrome de Down (SD) es la anormalidad cromosómica más común entre los recién nacidos vivos. Las infecciones respiratorias son la causa más importante de mortalidad en individuos con SD en todas las edades. En las últimas décadas se han realizado varios estudios para aclarar las anormalidades del sistema inmune en SD. Factores no-inmunológicos, incluyendo estructuras anatómicas anormales, enfermedad cardíaca congénita y reflujo gastroesofágico, pueden desempeñar un papel en el aumento de la frecuencia de infecciones del tracto respiratorio. Abordar los factores inmunológicos y no inmunológicos implicados en la patogenia de las enfermedades infecciosas puede reducir la susceptibilidad a las infecciones en los niños SD.

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