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INTRODUCTION: Reticulocytes are erythroid precursors that develop into mature erythrocytes, and they are an important tool to assess erythropoietic activity, as their count indicates the balance between the cells released from the bone marrow, their stage of maturity, and their rate of development into mature erythrocytes. Considering the described biological variability of the absolute reticulocyte count (ARC) and the immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) and the limited information available on these hematological parameters in children, this study determined the reference intervals (RIs) of these parameters in a healthy pediatric population. METHODS: A retrospective, observational, and analytical study was designed to establish RIs for the ARC and the IRF according to age and sex. An indirect sampling method was applied to a mixed database of complete blood counts from children aged 2 months to 18 years, using the truncated maximum likelihood indirect method for reference interval estimation. Percentiles were calculated to obtain bimodal RIs. RESULTS: From a total of 190,812 samples, 6,814 were selected. Gender stratification was not necessary for the ARC and the IRF but they required partitioning into six and two age groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study determined, by an indirect sampling method, RIs for the ARC and the IRF in a pediatric population according to age and sex.
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Reticulócitos , Criança , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Humanos , Valores de Referência , Contagem de Reticulócitos/métodos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Because published data about the variability of reticulocyte counts in children are scarce, the interindividual biological variability of the automated reticulocyte count and its maturation fractions according to age and sex were analyzed. METHODS: A retrospective, observational, analytical study was designed to establish and compare normal values of the automated reticulocyte count and its maturation fractions in different age and sex groups. The sample was drawn from results of CBC counts performed in children aged between 2 months and 18 years using an indirect sampling methodology. RESULTS: A total of 9,362 CBC counts were analyzed. Automated reticulocyte count decreased between 2 months and 3 years of age and slowly increased thereafter, showing higher values in girls up to the age of 9 years, and equalized by sex thereafter. Immature reticulocyte fraction increased until 7 months of age; decreased progressively until 4 years of age; and then showed a discreet but constant rise, with significantly higher values in boys older than 1 year. The low-fluorescence fraction was relatively steady, with significantly higher values in girls aged 8 months and older. CONCLUSIONS: The automated reticulocyte count and its maturation fractions show significant variations related to age and sex in pediatric patients.
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Reticulócitos , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Individualidade , Lactente , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Contagem de Reticulócitos , Reticulócitos/citologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Introduction: The immature platelet and immature reticulocyte fractions represent the ratios of platelets and reticulocytes recently released into the circulation and thus with higher RNA content. They are considered early indicators of bone marrow recovery. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the reference ranges for the immature platelet and reticulocyte fractions of hematologically normal individuals in a university hospital. Methods: Venous blood samples collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid K3 were analyzed using a Sysmex XE-5000™ analyzer. Individuals with platelet and reticulocyte counts within the reference ranges, and a blood count within the laboratory's screening criteria were included. Individuals with clinical conditions that could affect hematological results were excluded. The immature platelet fraction, high, medium and low fluorescence reticulocyte fractions and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent were evaluated. The reference ranges were determined according to the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. Results: One hundred and thirty-two outpatients were evaluated. The mean age was 44 years (range: 13-80 years), 72 (54.5%) were women treated in a university hospital. The mean platelet count was 250.8 × 109/L and the mean reticulocyte count was 0.052 × 109/L. The following reference ranges were obtained: immature reticulocyte fraction 1.6-12.1%, the high, medium and low fluorescence reticulocyte fractions were 0.0-1.7%, 1.6-11.0% and 87.9-98.4%, respectively, the reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent was 30.0-37.6% and immature platelet fraction was 0.8-5.6%. There was a statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.006) between genders in respect to the immature platelet fraction with 0.8-4.7% for females and 0.7-6.1% for males. The immature reticulocyte fraction was directly correlated with the reticulocyte count. Conclusion: Determining the reference range is critical to the introduction of a new parameter. The reference ranges obtained herein corroborate those reported in previous publications and will contribute to the clinical and laboratory application of the indices.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Contagem de Plaquetas , Valores de Referência , Hemoglobinas , Contagem de ReticulócitosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The immature platelet and immature reticulocyte fractions represent the ratios of platelets and reticulocytes recently released into the circulation and thus with higher RNA content. They are considered early indicators of bone marrow recovery. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the reference ranges for the immature platelet and reticulocyte fractions of hematologically normal individuals in a university hospital. METHODS: Venous blood samples collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid K3 were analyzed using a Sysmex XE-5000™ analyzer. Individuals with platelet and reticulocyte counts within the reference ranges, and a blood count within the laboratory's screening criteria were included. Individuals with clinical conditions that could affect hematological results were excluded. The immature platelet fraction, high, medium and low fluorescence reticulocyte fractions and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent were evaluated. The reference ranges were determined according to the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-two outpatients were evaluated. The mean age was 44 years (range: 13-80 years), 72 (54.5%) were women treated in a university hospital. The mean platelet count was 250.8×109/L and the mean reticulocyte count was 0.052×109/L. The following reference ranges were obtained: immature reticulocyte fraction 1.6-12.1%, the high, medium and low fluorescence reticulocyte fractions were 0.0-1.7%, 1.6-11.0% and 87.9-98.4%, respectively, the reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent was 30.0-37.6% and immature platelet fraction was 0.8-5.6%. There was a statistically significant difference (p-value=0.006) between genders in respect to the immature platelet fraction with 0.8-4.7% for females and 0.7-6.1% for males. The immature reticulocyte fraction was directly correlated with the reticulocyte count. CONCLUSION: Determining the reference range is critical to the introduction of a new parameter. The reference ranges obtained herein corroborate those reported in previous publications and will contribute to the clinical and laboratory application of the indices.
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Se revisan los antecedentes históricos del conteo de reticulocitos como determinación indispensable en el laboratorio de hematología para la evaluación de la actividad eritropoyética durante la clasificación, diagnóstico y monitoreo de la respuesta terapéutica en distintos trastornos y situaciones clínicas, principalmente en casos de anemias. Se describe el tránsito del tradicional método de conteo de reticulocitos manual al método automatizado y la integración de los parámetros reticulocitarios al hemograma automatizado actual; además, se analizan las desventajas del método de recuento manual y las ventajas del método automatizado, así como los principios de detección en que se basa el conteo electrónico de reticulocitos. Con relación a los parámetros reticulocitarios, se describe su medición, cálculo y unidades de medida; también se resalta la importancia de la fracción de reticulocitos inmaduros y del contenido de hemoglobina reticulocitaria como variables de mayor uso clínico e investigativo en la evaluación de la respuesta medular ante diversos trastornos clínicos y protocolos terapéuticos. Por último, se alude a la necesidad del conocimiento y empleo de las variables reticulocitarias en la práctica clínica de rutina por parte de los clínicos y especialistas en hematología.
The historical background of reticulocyte count is reviewed as an essential determination in the laboratory of hematology for the evaluation of erythropoietic activity during classification, diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic response of different conditions and clinical situations are also reviewed, especially in anemia The transition from traditional manual reticulocyte counting method to automated method and integration of the reticulocyte parameters to current automated complete blood count are described. The disadvantages of manual method and the advantages of automated methods are cited, as well as detection principles in which electronic reticulocyte count is based. Regarding reticulocyte parameters, measurement, calculation and units are described. The importance of immature reticulocyte fraction and reticulocyte hemoglobin content as variables most clinical and research use in evaluating bone marrow response to various clinical disorders and therapeutic protocols are highlighted. Finally, the need for knowledge and use of reticulocyte variables in routine clinical practice by clinicians and hematologist is referred.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Contagem de Reticulócitos/história , Contagem de Reticulócitos/métodos , Automação Laboratorial/métodos , Equipamentos e Provisões ElétricasRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Engraftment is a critical milestone of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) process. The immature platelet fraction (IPF) and immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) are considered early indicators of bone marrow recovery. The objective of this study was to assess these parameters as predictors of HSCT engraftment. METHODS: Neutrophil and platelet engraftment were defined as the first of three consecutive days with an absolute neutrophil count >0.5 × 10(9) /L or platelet count >20 × 10(9) /L, respectively. The IRF cutoff was 12%. Two IPF cutoffs were used: >6.2% and >10%. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 44 patients, of whom 24 had undergone autologous HSCT and 20 had undergone allogeneic HSCT. Absolute neutrophil counts >0.5 × 10(9) /L were preceded by IRF >12% in 86% of patients (38 of 44). Platelet counts >20 × 10(9) /L were preceded by an IPF >6.2% in 90% of patients (37 of 41) and by an IPF >10% in 63% of patients (26 of 41). CONCLUSION: The results show that IRF and IPF are engraftment predictors. Peak in IPF was observed before rise in platelet count, while IRF rises before absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and persists increased. This indicates that IRF and IPF can be considered as new tools for hematopoietic assessment after HSCT.
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Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Contagem de Plaquetas , Contagem de Reticulócitos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutrófilos , Prognóstico , Transplante Autólogo , Transplante Homólogo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Las embarazadas constituyen un grupo susceptible de desarrollar anemia ferropénica, la cual produce una alteración de la hematopoyesis, con aumento de reticulocitos principalmente a expensas de la fracción de reticulocitos inmaduros (IRF). El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido evaluar la sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) del IRF para el diagnóstico temprano de la deficiencia de hierro en el embarazo. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre de 99 embarazadas que concurrieron al laboratorio del Hospital Vélez Sarsfield para su control prenatal. Se realizó el hemograma y el recuento reticulocitario en un autoanalizador hematológico, y se determinaron el hierro sérico y la ferritina. Se halló una sensibilidad de 76,1% y una especificidad de 53,1% por medio del análisis de la curva ROC (receiver- operating characteristic curve) para un valor de IRF de 0,35. La comparación de parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos de las muestras con IRF menor o mayor a 0,35 muestran diferencias significativas (p<0,05). Por estos datos se podría recomendar esta prueba para el diagnóstico precoz de la deficiencia de hierro.
Pregnant women constitute a group capable of developing iron deficiency anemia, which causes a disturbance of hematopoiesis, with increased reticulocyte mainly at the expense of the immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF). The aim of this work was to assess IRF sensitivity (S) and specificity (E for its name in Spanish) for early diagnosis of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Blood samples from 99 pregnant women who attended Vélez Sarsfield Hospital Laboratory for prenatal care. Complete blood cells and reticulocyte automated counts were performed and serum iron and ferritin were analyzed. A 0.35 IRF cutoff was taken when the ROC curve (receiver-operating characteristic curve) was evaluated and a 76.1% sensitivity and 53.1%. specificity were found. Comparison of hematological and biochemical parameters of the samples with IRF lower and higher than 0.35 shows significant differences (p<0.05). These results make it possible to recommend this test for early diagnosis of iron deficiency.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Anemia Ferropriva , Gestantes , Reticulócitos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Anemia Ferropriva/diagnóstico , Anemia Ferropriva/embriologia , Hematologia , Interpretação Estatística de DadosRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho é o de estudar as subpopulações dos reticulócitos e a fração de reticulócitos imaturos (IFR) enquanto indicadores de atividade eritropoética em pacientes com anemia por deficiência de ferro e determinar o seu grau de correlação com os marcadores tradicionais de deficiência de ferro. Estudamos um total de 96 indivíduos, com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 86 anos, divididos em dois grupos: indivíduos controle (n=30) e indivíduos com anemia por deficiência de ferro (n=66). A todos eles foi efetuado hemograma completo, incluindo contagem de reticulócitos e os seus índices de maturação, ferro, transferrina, ferritina e capacidade total de fixação do ferro. Os indivíduos com anemia por deficiência de ferro mostraram um aumento da proporção de IFR quando comparados com o grupo controle (15.02 ± 9.70 por cento vs 6.43 ± 3.98 por cento, p<0.01, respectivamente). Em relação às subpopulações dos reticulócitos, no grupo de pacientes encontramos um aumento na proporção de reticulócitos com valores médios de fluorescência (12.69 ± 6.69 por cento vs 5.88 ± 3.59 por cento, p<0.01) e na proporção de reticulócitos com alta fluorescência (1.45 [0.38-3.10] vs 0.40 [0.00-0.90], p<0.05) e diminuição na proporção de reticulócitos com baixa fluorescência (84.83 ± 9.65 por cento vs 93.57 ± 3.98 por cento, p<0.01). Foi encontrada correlação, positiva ou negativa, entre os parâmetros de maturação dos reticulócitos entre si, e destes com o RDW (red cell distribution width). Não foi encontrada correlação com os outros indicadores laboratoriais de deficiência de ferro. Em conclusão, a anemia por deficiência de ferro está associada com aumento da proporção de IFR, refletindo aumento da atividade eritropoética destes pacientes.
The aim of this work is to investigate reticulocyte subpopulations and immature reticulocyte fractions as indicators of bone marrow erythropoietic activity in patients with iron-deficiency anemia and their correlations with traditional hematological and biochemical markers of iron deficiency. A total of 96 individuals, aged 20 to 86 years old, were included in this study. These individuals were divided into two groups: healthy controls (n=30) and iron-deficiency anemia (n=66). Complete blood counts including reticulocytes and their subpopulations, iron, ferritin and transferrin and total binding capacity were determined in all individuals. Patients with iron-deficiency anemia had an increased proportion of immature reticulocyte fractions when compared with controls (15.02 ± 9.70 percent vs. 6.43 ± 3.98 percent, p<0.01, respectively). Comparing patients with healthy controls, the investigation of the subpopulations revealed higher medium-fluorescent reticulocyte (12.69 ± 6.69 percent vs. 5.88 ± 3.59 percent, respectively p<0.01) and high-fluorescent reticulocyte (1.45 [0.38-3.10] vs. 0.40 [0.00-0.90], p<0.05) regions and a smaller low-fluorescent reticulocyte region (84.83 ± 9.65 percent vs. 93.57 ±3.98 percent, p<0.01). Positive or negative correlations were found between reticulocyte subpopulations and red cell distribution width. No correlation was found with the other iron deficiency markers. In conclusion, iron deficiency anemia is associated with an increased proportion of immature reticulocyte fractions, reflecting an increase in erythropoietic activity in these patientss.