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Objectives: To conduct a systematic review on the use of hypnosis in the treatment of orofacial pain. Methods: The search was performed on February 2021 and updated in July 2024 in the following databases: MEDLINE via PUBMED, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Clinical Trials, ISRCTN Registry, Psycinfo, Open Grey, Google Scholar, and Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD). The descriptors referring to Orofacial Pain and hypnosis were used to select clinical trials on the use of hypnosis in the treatment of Orofacial Pain, in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian, without restriction on date and place of publication. In a first stage, two independent, trained, and calibrated reviewers classified the abstracts and then the full texts. The data were extracted, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. Results: Of the 642 references identified, 6 studies-published between 1986 and 2010-were included in the review, with 232 patients reported. Hypnosis was mainly used in cases of chronic pain associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), compared with relaxation sessions, acupuncture, occlusal splint, minimal treatment, or no interference. Hypnotherapy was applied in different ways, either exclusively by professionals or by means of self-hypnosis in a complementary or exclusive manner. All studies showed statistical significance for the effect of the intervention (hypnotherapy). The overall RoB2 consisted of three studies with high risk of bias and three studies with some concern. Conclusions: Although there were clinical studies on the subject and they had methodological flaws, hypnotherapy (induction and/or self-hypnosis) appears to be a promising strategy for the treatment of orofacial pain, especially TMDs. There is, therefore, a need for new randomized clinical studies with adequate methodological standards to confirm the findings.

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The present article proposes a phenomenological analysis of Ericksonian hypnosis, highlighting it as a potential form of inquiry on human subjectivity. Ericksonian hypnosis is one of the most innovative therapeutic approaches created in the twentieth century. It is commonly understood as a kind of therapy and not a possible way of inquiry. Therapists usually associate hypnosis to private or institutional practice, and rarely to universities or research centers. Consequently, Ericksonian hypnosis is usually seen as a school of therapy and not a creative form of inquiry that may significantly contribute to understanding both the field of hypnosis as well as the human self. To achieve our objective, this work explains the three categories of Peircean Phenomenology and its relevance as a meta-theory to describe and promote the understanding of the different fields of experience in hypnosis. A case study of Erickson's hypnosis is then presented and discussed through the three clinical attitudes inspired by these phenomenological categories. Each attitude will also be linked to a specific knowledge pathology, such as pop theories, technicism, and doctrinarian thought. Some remarks will be made to approach Erickson's hypnosis to other schools of psychotherapy during the explanation on clinical attitudes. Therefore, the authors demonstrate that Erickson's approach of hypnosis is not just a school of therapy with its list of interventions, but that it affords relevant contributions to understanding human subjectivity while simultaneously being a form of inquiry.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome marked by intense musculoskeletal pain often refractory to pharmacological treatment. Although studies have shown that hypnosis improves fibromyalgia pain, gaps in experimental design limit their reliability. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of hypnosis on pain, mental health, sleep, and quality of life in participants with fibromyalgia chronic pain. METHODS: In this prospective, parallel, randomized, controlled, blindly-evaluated trial, participants of both sexes (n = 49) diagnosed with fibromyalgia and with moderate to severe chronic pain attended 8 weekly 1-h sessions with a hypnotherapist. For the hypnosis group (n = 24), sessions consisted in induction of hypnotic trance followed by suggestions to promote analgesia. For the control group (n = 25), sessions consisted in casual unscripted conversation. Participants were assessed at baseline (7 days before), post-intervention (7 days after), and follow-up (3 months after). The primary outcome was pain intensity. The secondary outcomes were the sensory and affective dimensions of pain; pain unpleasantness; pain catastrophizing; anxiety and depression; sleep quality; fibromyalgia impact; and quality of life. RESULTS: Hypnosis significantly reduced pain scores both at post-intervention and follow-up in comparison with baseline. The analgesic effect of hypnosis combined with pharmacological treatment lasted for at least 3 months and was superior to analgesia promoted by first- and second-line pharmacological treatment alone. Hypnosis significantly improved all parameters evaluated as secondary outcomes both at post-intervention and follow-up without inducing adverse events. CONCLUSION: Our results corroborate that clinical hypnosis is an effective and feasible tool for managing chronic pain and other symptoms of fibromyalgia.

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Introducción: La adolescencia comprende entre los 10 y 19 años de edad, periodo donde el embarazo tiene mayor riesgo de complicaciones en la madre y el neonato. La COVID-19 incrementa la posibilidad de aparición de complicaciones psicológicas, que de no ser atendidas, inciden negativamente en el embarazo y el parto. En el presente estudio las pacientes fueron tratadas mediante hipnoterapia. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del modelo hipnoterapéutico para el logro de adecuados indicadores del parto en adolescentes gestantes con síntomas psicológicos derivados de la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de intervención hipnoterapéutica en 9 gestantes adolescentes con síntomas psicológicos derivados de la COVID - 19, ingresadas en el Hospital Nutricional Materno Este de Santiago de Cuba, desde abril hasta junio del 2020. Las pacientes tuvieron seguimiento hasta después del parto. Resultados: Se halló que 7 embarazadas (77,8 %) tuvieron parto eutócico y percibieron el dolor de este como mediano; en 66,7 % no hubo necesidad de usar analgésicos y 8 de ellas (88,9 %) no presentaron complicaciones. Además, todos los neonatos tuvieron un apgar normal. Conclusiones: El modelo hipnoterapéutico para el tratamiento de las gestantes adolescentes con síntomas psicológicos derivados de la COVID-19 logró mejorar indicadores del parto y otros parámetros asociados a este.

Introduction: The adolescence covers between the 10 and 19 years, period in which the pregnancy has higher risk of complications in the mother and the newborn. The COVID-19 increases the possibility of emergence of psychological complications that impact negatively in pregnancy and childbirth if they are not assisted. In this study the patients were treated by means of hypnotherapy. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the hipnotherapeutic pattern for the achievement of appropriate indicators of childbirth in pregnant adolescents with psychological symptoms derived from the COVID-19. Methods: A study of hipnoterapeutic intervention was carried out in 9 pregnant adolescents with psychological symptoms derived from the COVID - 19, admitted to the Eastern Maternal Nutritional Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from April to June, 2020. The patients had follow up until after the childbirth. Results: It was found that 7 pregnant women (77.8 %) had eutocic childbirth and perceived the pain as medium; in 66.7 % there was not necessity to use analgesic and 8 of them (88.9 %) didn't present complications. Also, all the newborns had a normal apgar. Conclusions: The hipnotherapeutic pattern for the treatment of pregnant adolescents with psychological symptoms derived from the COVID-19 was able to improve indicators of childbirth and other parameters associated with it.

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Abstract: Background: In primary monosymptomatic enuresis, it is not clear what dynamic changes occur in the efficacy of hypnotherapeutic versus pharmacological treatment plan. Objective: Determine the changes over time in the effectiveness of hypnotherapy and a pharmacological treatment plan in primary monosymptomatic enuresis. Method: A prospective, longitudinal and analytical study (time series) was performed on a universe of 119 patients between 7 and 16 years old, with primary monosymptomatic enuresis. 40 patients treated with imipramine and 79 patients with 1 session/1 hour /week of hypnotherapy were evaluated on the frequency of temporal changes of enuretic episodes during 14 weeks of treatments at the Hypnosis Clinic. Results: A logarithmic scale of the distributions of temporal changes in the frequencies of enuretic episodes in hypnotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments is presented, with an enuretic plateau from week 3 to week 6 in hypnotherapy. Conclusions: The hypnotherapeutic treatment was more favorable, as it had an early and efficient response compared to treatment with imipramine.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En la enuresis monosintomática primaria, no está claro qué cambios dinámicos ocurren en la eficacia del plan de tratamiento hipnoterapéutico versus farmacológico. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios dinámicos a lo largo del tiempo en la efectividad de la hipnoterapia y un plan de tratamiento farmacológico en la enuresis infantil no orgánica. Método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y analítico (serie temporal) en un universo de 119 pacientes entre 7 y 16 años, con enuresis nocturna no orgánica. 40 pacientes tratados con imipramina y 79 pacientes con 1 sesión / 1 hora / semana de hipnoterapia fueron evaluados en la frecuencia de cambios temporales de episodios enuréticos durante 14 semanas de tratamientos en la Clínica de Hipnosis. Resultados: Se presenta un modelo logarítmico de las distribuciones de cambios temporales en las frecuencias de episodios enuréticos en tratamientos hipnoterapéuticos y farmacológicos, con una meseta enurética desde la semana 3 a la semana 6 en hipnoterapia. Conclusiones: El tratamiento hipnoterapéutico fue más favorable, ya que tuvo una respuesta temprana y eficaz en comparación con el tratamiento con imipramina.

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RESUMEN Introducción: la depresión es uno de los problemas de salud que más afecta a los seres humanos a nivel mundial. En Cuba, un elevado número de personas padece este flagelo, sin distinción de razas, sexos u otras categorías. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de la hipnosis como modalidad terapéutica en pacientes deprimidos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio explicativo de tipo experimental de comparación de grupo pre-post prueba en 30 pacientes con trastornos depresivos; 15 de ellos se atendieron con hipnoterapia (grupo estudio) y otros 15 mediante terapia racional emotiva conductual (grupo control). Por la importancia para enriquecer la investigación, se definió como variable independiente el tratamiento empleado según el grupo, y como variables dependientes la respuesta psicológica antidepresiva y ansiolítica. Los datos se procesaron cuantitativa y cualitativamente. Se empleó la prueba de las probabilidades exactas de Fisher y la t de Student para validar la significación del cambio. Resultados: en términos de evolución clínica, la hipnoterapia fue efectiva, ya que el 93,3 % de los pacientes mejoraron significativamente en comparación con los resultados obtenidos con la terapia conductual racional emotiva, dados en un 73,33 %. Conclusión: la hipnoterapia es tan efectiva como la terapia racional emotiva conductual, y si bien no hubo diferencias significativas por los resultados del estadígrafo matemático empleado, sí las hubo desde el punto de vista práctico y clínico, pues evolucionaron más rápido los pacientes del grupo estudio que los del grupo control (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: depression is one of the health problems more affecting the human being around the world. A high number of persons suffers this scourge, without distinction of race, sex or any other category. Objective: to assess hypnosis effectiveness as a therapeutic modality in depressed patients. Materials and methods: an experimental-kind explanatory study was carried out comparing a group of 30 patients with depressive disorders before and after test; 15 of them were treated with hypnotherapy (study group) and 15 with rational emotive behavioral therapy (control group). For the importance of enriching the research the treatment used according to each group was defined as independent variable and the anxiolytic and anti-depressive psychological answer. Data were quantitative and qualitatively processed. Fisher's exact test and T student test were used to validate the change significance. Results: in terms of clinical evolution, hypnotherapy was effective, since 93.3% of patients significantly improved in comparison to the results achieved with the rational emotive behavioral therapy, reaching 73.33%. Conclusions: hypnotherapy is as effective as rational emotive behavioral therapy, and although there were not significant differences due to the results of the used mathematical statistic, there they were from the practical and clinical point of view, because the patients from the study group improved faster than the ones in the control group AU).

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Introducción: La COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto psicológico negativo en gran parte de la población mundial, lo que incluye a las gestantes adolescentes como grupo vulnerable. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del modelo hipnoterapéutico aplicado a embarazadas adolescentes. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención hipnoterapéutica cuasiexperimental, del tipo antes-después, en las 15 gestantes adolescentes con síntomas psicológicos ocasionados por el impacto de la pandemia de la COVID-19, quienes se encontraban ingresadas en el Hogar Materno Nutricional Este de Santiago de Cuba, de abril a junio de 2020. Para ello el mismo grupo de estudio resultó ser su control. Resultados: De las 15 pacientes, 5 correspondían al grupo etario de 10 a 14 años y el resto, al grupo de 15 a 19 años. En cuanto a los resultados de la escala de autoevaluación, antes del tratamiento 11 grávidas se encontraban en niveles altos de ansiedad, para 73,3 %, y luego de recibir la hipnosis dichos niveles bajaron en 13 de ellas, para 86,7 %. Conclusiones: La hipnoterapia en gestantes con síntomas psicológicos a causa de la COVID-19 resultó ser efectiva, pues posibilitó una mejoría clínica en estas.

Introduction: The COVID-19 has had a negative psychological impact in a large part of the world population, including pregnant adolescents as vulnerable group. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the hypnotherapeutic pattern applied to pregnant adolescents. Methods: An hypnotherapeutic quasi-experimental intervention, was carried out in the 15 pregnant adolescents with psychological symptoms caused by the impact of the pandemic of COVID-19 who were admitted in the Eastern Nutritional Maternal Home in Santiago de Cuba, from April to June, 2020. The study group was its own control group. Results: Of the 15 patients, 5 corresponded to the 10-14 age group and the rest of the patients, to the 15-19 age group. As for the results of the self-evaluation scale, before the treatment 11 pregnant women had high levels of anxiety, for a 73.3 %, and after receiving the hipnosis, these levels lowered in 13 of them, for a 86.7 %. Conclusions: The hypnotherapy in pregnant women with psychological symptoms due to the COVID-19 was effective, because it facilitated a clinical improvement in these women.

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El liquen plano es una alteración que afecta la piel, mucosas oral y genital, el cuero cabelludo y uñas. Su etiología incluye factores genéticos, inmunológicos y estrés; puede evolucionar por años y adquirir carácter crónico, presenta alta resistencia a los tratamientos de todo tipo. Se presentan dos casos con diagnósticos de liquen plano múltiple, sometidos a tratamiento de hipnosis con sugerencias terapéuticas directas, en tres direcciones: eliminación de las lesiones, marcas y prevención de nuevos brotes. Se administró una sesión por semana. El tratamiento fue de diez y seis sesiones, respectivamente. Se logró la remisión de los síntomas en ambos casos, el seguimiento no fue suficiente para evaluar la eliminación de las máculas residuales. Aún cuando el control de variables y el número de casos, no permite asegurarlo de manera científica, la hipnosis se perfila como un proceder que puede ser efectivo, en el tratamiento del liquen plano crónico.

Lichen planus is an alteration that affects the skin, oral and genital mucous membranes, the scalp and nails. Its etiology is imprecise, it includes genetic, immunological and stress-related factors, it can evolve for years and acquire the characteristic of a chronic disorder, it has a high resistance to treatments, psychotherapeutic methods have not shown efficiency either. Two cases with a diagnosis of multiple lichen planus submitted to hypnosis treatment with direct therapeutic suggestions, in three directions: elimination of lesions, marks, and prevention of new outbreaks are presented. One session per week was administered. The treatment lasted ten and six sessions respectively, the evolution was favorable, the remission of the symptoms was achieved in both cases, which had not been achieved with any previous treatment. The follow-up was not long enough to evaluate the elimination of residual spots. The importance of the cases presented lies in the favorable evolution of both under hypnotherapy, if taken into account their chronic nature and the lack of response to other treatments. Although it can not be ensured scientifically, by the small sample and by the impossibility of controlling variables, that the evolution is a result of the intervention performed, hypnosis is emerging as a procedure that can be effective in the treatment of chronic lichen planus, used as a single procedure or combined with other treatments.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of group hypnotherapy on anxiety, depression, stress, self-esteem, optimism, and social support during chemotherapy, in patients with breast cancer, compared with a control group with standard medical care. Hypnotherapy consisted of 24 sessions that included suggestions to encourage relaxation, self-esteem, the resolution of past traumatic events, physical healing, and optimism. Results show that the hypnotherapy group significantly decreased anxiety, distress, increased self-esteem, and optimism in the first 12 sessions. However, at the end of the 24 sessions, only self-esteem and optimism remained significant compared with the control group. The convenience of using hypnotherapy to encourage optimism and self-esteem in patients with breast cancer during chemotherapy treatment is discussed given its protective effect on health.

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Se realizó un estudio de intervención terapéutica en 13 niños con hábito de succión digital, atendidos en la consulta de Ortodoncia del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre del 2013, a fin de valorar las ventajas de la hipnoterapia en la eliminación de este hábito. La información se procesó mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS/PC y se empleó el porcentaje como medida de resumen para variables cualitativas. En la casuística predominó el sexo femenino, la maloclusión clase II y el hábito de succión intermitente. La mayoría de los afectados necesitaron entre 4 y 6 sesiones de hipnoterapia. A los 6 meses de tratamiento se observó que el mayor porcentaje de los afectados había erradicado esta práctica.

A study of therapeutic intervention in 13 children with habit of digital suction, assisted in the Orthodontics department belonging to "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January to December, 2013, in order to evaluate the advantages of hypnotherapy in the elimination of this habit. The information was processed by means of the statistical package SPSS/PC and the percentage was used as summary measure for qualitative variables. The female sex, the malocclusion class II and the habit of intermittent suction prevailed in the case material. Most of the affected patients needed between 4 and 6 hypnotherapy sessions. After 6 months of treatment, it was observed that the highest percentage of those affected had eradicated this practice.

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