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This cross-sectional study aimed to identify factors that interfere with the adoption of good hygiene practices in public school food services (SFS) in Bahia, Brazil. The search was conducted in public schools in Bahia/Brazil. Data collection included (i) evaluation of the adoption of Good Practices in school food services through visual observation and registration in the checklist in Good Hygienic Practices in School Food Services; (ii) Identification of schools' foodservice physical areas and environmental comfort measures; (iii) identification of sociodemographic and occupational characteristics and assessment of attitudes and level of knowledge in food hygiene. The minimum sample of 158 schools (confidence level of 95% and an error of 5%) was stratified considering the total number of districts (areas) and the schools' number per area. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Science-SPSS® in version 26.0. The categorical variables were described as frequencies and percentages, and the quantitative variables as mean and standard deviation. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis with Tukey's post-hoc tests were used to examine qualitative variables. Independent Student t-test and ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc tests were used to examine quantitative variables. Categorical variables were evaluated by Pearson Chi-squared tests. The Pearson test was used to analyze the correlation between Attitude and knowledge. The classification of the sanitary status was of moderate risk in 74.8% (n = 119) of the SFS (51-75% of compliance) and 25.2% (n = 40) at high risk (26-50% compliance). The average percentage of compliance for the 159 SFS in the municipality was 50.23%, obtaining a high-risk classification (26-50% compliance). In the SFS, the absence of dry goods' storage, meat preparation area, and storage of residues in more than 98% of schools was observed. Accessing attitudes, 1.4% (n = 2) of the food handlers were classified as unsatisfactory (0 to 49% of correct answers), 8.5% (n = 12) as satisfactory with restriction (50-69% of correct answers) and 90.1% (n = 128) as satisfactory. There was no correlation between Attitude and Knowledge level (p = 0.394). Considering the knowledge level, the item with the highest and lowest number of hits were: "To avoid food contamination, I wash and disinfect my hands before preparing food" and "Contaminated food will always have some change in color, smell, or taste". There was a significant difference in the level of knowledge considering mean wage (p = 0.000), time working in school food service (p = 0.001), weekly workday (p = 0.000), and participation in food hygiene training (p = 0.000). Therefore, factors that interfered in adopting good practices in the SFS were: inadequate physical structure, absence of areas in the SFS, and absence/low number of equipment to control the production process in the cold and hot chain. Food handlers showed satisfactory attitudes and level of knowledge. However, the physical structure of the SFS compromises the adoption of good practices. It risks the safety of the food served to students at the evaluated public schools.

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Resumen Las infecciones parasitarias intestinales son una de las mayores dificultades socioeconómicas y médicas de todo el mundo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en niños y su asociación a prácticas de higiene y crianza de animales. La investigación fue observacional, básica, analítica y transversal. La población en estudio estuvo conformada de 542 niños de educación primaria del distrito de Tamburco, Perú. Se recolectaron muestras fecales de 225 niños de ambos sexos. Dichas muestras fueron analizadas con la técnica directa con lugol y solución salina fisiológica. El análisis cuantitativo de Kato-Katz se desarrolló en el laboratorio de la Micro Red de Salud Micaela Bastidas, en Tamburco. Se efectuaron las pruebas de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, odds ratio e intervalos de confianza con niveles de confianza de 95 % mediante el programa SPSS 23. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariada. La prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en los niños fue del 63,6 % (143/225; IC 95 %=57,1-70,1). Los niños que no se lavan las manos antes de comer tuvieron mayor riesgo de infección con Blastocystis sp. (OR=20,8), Entamoeba coli (OR=16,9) y Giardia lamblia (OR=6,2) (p < 0,01). Además, los niños que caminan descalzos tuvieron 2,1 veces más riesgo de infectarse con Blastocystis sp. (p < 0,05). En conclusión, la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en los niños de Tamburco fue alta y estuvo asociada con los hábitos de no lavarse las manos antes de comer y caminar descalzos.

Abstract Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the greatest socioeconomic and medical difficulties worldwide. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children and their association with hygiene and animal husbandry practices. The research was observational, basic, analytical and cross-sectional. The study population consisted of 542 primary school children from the district of Tamburco, Peru. Fecal samples were collected from 225 children of both sexes. These samples were analyzed using the direct technique with lugol and physiological saline solution. The quantitative Kato-Katz analysis was performed in the laboratory of the Micro Red de Salud Micaela Bastidas, in Tamburco. Pearson's chi-square tests, odds ratios and confidence intervals with confidence levels of 95% were performed using SPSS 23 software. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in children was 63.6% (143/225; 95% CI=57.1-70.1). Children who did not wash their hands before eating had a higher risk of infection with Blastocystis sp. (OR=20.8), Entamoeba coli (OR=16.9) and Giardia lamblia (OR=6.2) (p < 0.01). In addition, children walking barefoot were 2.1 times more at risk of becoming infected with Blastocystis sp. (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Tamburco children was high and was associated with the habits of not washing hands before eating and walking barefoot.

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BACKGROUND: The possibility that maternal health status and breastfeeding practices contribute to growth faltering before 6 mo is underexplored. OBJECTIVES: This longitudinal study investigated whether indicators of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and breast inflammation, maternal fecal-oral contamination, and/or breastfeeding practices were associated with infant anthropometry or growth velocity before 6 mo. METHODS: Indigenous Mam-Mayan mother-infant dyads (n = 140) were recruited. Breast milk was collected at early (<6 wk) and established (4-6 mo) lactation when maternal and infant anthropometry were measured. Milk Na:K ratio as an indicator of SCM and concentrations of 4 proinflammatory cytokines were measured. Maternal stool samples were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites including nonpathogenic protozoa (Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Entamoeba coli, Blastocystis hominis). Questionnaires characterized breastfeeding and hygiene practices. Multiple linear regression identified factors associated with infant growth attainment [weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), length-for-age z-score (LAZ), and head circumference-for-age z-score (HCAZ)] and growth velocity (expressed as change per day from early to established lactation). Multiple logistic regression identified factors associated with increased odds of underweight, stunting, and low head circumference at both lactation stages. RESULTS: A higher Na:K ratio, individual nonpathogenic protozoa, and specific breastfeeding and hygiene practices were associated with impaired growth before 6 wk and at 4-6 mo in exclusively breastfed infants. Growth velocity for weight was inversely associated with Entamoeba coli but cranial growth was associated positively with Iodamoeba bütschlii whereas feeding colostrum in early lactation was protective and decreased the odds of an HCAZ < -2 SD. Finally, the presence of SCM in early lactation increased the likelihood of both WAZ < -2 SD and LAZ < -2 SD by 6 wk. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention of SCM can improve early infant weight, but measures that promote the feeding of colostrum and reduce exposure to fecal-oral contamination might be required to minimize infant growth faltering in breastfed infants.

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BACKGROUND: The metropolitan area of Lima, Peru has a third of the nation's population living in slum dwellings that are hypothesized to contribute to inefficient household hygienic practices. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess which living conditions have the greatest impact on handwashing practices. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological design of participants ≥16 y of age from San Juan de Miraflores, a slum on the outskirts of Lima, Peru, was used. Poisson regression was applied to assess the impact of living conditions on handwashing practices. RESULTS: We could not demonstrate a relationship between living conditions (home structure, overcrowding, water, grey water disposal) and reported handwashing. The reported lack of handwashing is associated with the number of children in the home (those with children <5 y of age were more likely not to report washing their hands) and length of stay in the slum in years. CONCLUSIONS: Living conditions play an important role in one's health, therefore improved study designs are needed to determine which strategies are likely to be the most effective in improving outcomes for slum dwellers.

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Objetivo: orientar alunos do ensino fundamental e médio do CED07-Ceilândia / DF sobre a importância das práticas de higiene em prol da prevenção de doenças infecciosas. Método: o estudo foi desenhado em três fases distintas: aplicação de questionários de higiene pessoal; palestras e workshops práticos sobre patologias humanas; e avaliação do projeto pelos alunos participantes. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que 57% dos alunos compartilham objetos pessoais, um número muito elevado, uma vez que a literatura aponta que existem várias patologias que podem ser adquiridas de objetos individuais. Observou-se também que os alunos não têm o hábito de tirar os sapatos antes de entrar em suas casas. Eles alegaram desconhecer os riscos de contaminação por esse comportamento, mas afirmaram que, após as informações fornecidas pelo projeto, estariam mais atentos a esse fator de contaminação domiciliar. Assim, acredita-se que as práticas educativas e informativas sobre o tema proposto foram relevantes, uma vez que os alunos relataram que aprenderam com as atividades desenvolvidas e estavam dispostos a mudar seu comportamento em relação às práticas de higiene. Conclusão: O estudo também demonstra que tais práticas contribuem para a prevenção de doenças por meio de medidas simples, como a melhoria da higiene pessoal, essencial para a saúde pública, uma vez que muitas doenças graves podem ter reduzido o índice de contaminação apenas com orientações educativas. e práticas de higiene corretas.

Objective: to guide students of elementary and high-school levels at CED07-Ceilândia/DF on the importance of hygiene practices in favor of preventing against infectious diseases. Method: the study was designed in three distinct phases: application of questionnaires about personal hygiene; lectures and practical workshops on human pathologies; and evaluation of the project by participating students. Results: The results show that 57% of the students share personal items, a considerably high number since the literature points out that there are several pathologies that can be acquired using individual objects. It was also noted that students are not in the habit of removing their shoes before entering their homes. They claimed that they were unaware of the risks of contamination through this behavior, but stated that, after the information provided by the project, they would be more attentive to this home contamination factor. Thus, it is believed that the educational and informational practices on the proposed theme were relevant, as students reported that they learned from the developed activities and were willing to change their behavior regarding hygiene practices. Conclusion: The study also demonstrates that such practices contribute to disease prevention through simple measures, such as better personal hygiene, which is essential for public health, since many serious diseases can have reduced contamination rate only with educational guidelines and correct hygiene practices.

Objetivo: orientar a los estudiantes de primaria y secundaria del CED07-Ceilândia / DF sobre la importancia de las prácticas de higiene a favor de la prevención de enfermedades infecciosas. Método: el estudio se diseñó en tres fases diferenciadas: aplicación de cuestionarios de higiene personal; conferencias y talleres prácticos sobre patologías humanas; y evaluación del proyecto por parte de los estudiantes participantes. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que el 57% de los estudiantes comparten objetos personales, un número muy alto, ya que la literatura señala que existen varias patologías que se pueden adquirir a partir de objetos individuales. También se observó que los estudiantes no tienen la costumbre de quitarse los zapatos antes de ingresar a sus hogares. Afirmaron desconocer los riesgos de contaminación por este comportamiento, pero manifestaron que, luego de la información brindada por el proyecto, estarían más atentos a este factor de contaminación domiciliaria. Así, se cree que las prácticas educativas e informativas sobre el tema propuesto fueron relevantes, ya que los estudiantes informaron que aprendieron de las actividades desarrolladas y estaban dispuestos a cambiar su comportamiento en relación a las prácticas de higiene. Conclusión: El estudio también demuestra que dichas prácticas contribuyen a la prevención de enfermedades a través de medidas simples, como la mejora de la higiene personal, fundamental para la salud pública, ya que muchas enfermedades graves pueden haber reducido la tasa de contaminación solo con pautas educativas. y prácticas de higiene correctas.

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This study aimed to develop a checklist for good hygiene practices (GHP) for raw material of vegetable origin using the focus groups (FGs) approach (n = 4). The final checklist for commercialization of horticultural products totaled 28 questions divided into six blocks, namely: water supply; hygiene, health, and training; waste control; control of pests; packaging and traceability; and hygiene of facilities and equipment. The FG methodology was efficient to elaborate a participatory and objective checklist, based on minimum hygiene requirements, serving as a tool for diagnosis, planning, and training in GHP of fresh vegetables, besides contributing to raise awareness of the consumers' food safety. The FG methodology provided useful information to establish the final checklist for GHP, with easy application, according to the previous participants' perception and experience.

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This work was aimed to evaluate milk quality parameters according to three levels of specialization of milk production units in different districts of West Santa Catarina´s State, Brazil. Characterization of milk production units was carried out using a questionnaire in 29 farms as a tool for data collection, applied during a visit to the farm. At the time, 58 milk samples were collected from cooling tanks to determine the levels of fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacteria count (TBC). Considering the information obtained the milk production units were classified as specialized (E), semi-specialized (SE) and not specialized (NE). The database was subjected to multivariate methods of statistical analysis with the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy analysis (RDA). The results indicated that variables that most influence milk quality are: time in the activity, area with perennial pasture, gross income from milk activity, type of milking, teat washing and method of reproduction. Results showed that despite lower percentages of fat and protein, the increased level of specialization provides milk of better quality due to the low rates of SCC and TBC, which leads to higher income from this type of activity. In specialized farms where milk activity has a high economic importance, producers are encouraged to adopt better hygiene practices

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade do leite segundo três níveis de especialização das unidades de produção de leite de diferentes municípios do Oeste Catarinense. A caracterização das unidades de produção de leite foi realizada utilizando-se um questionário em 29 propriedades rurais como instrumento de coleta de dados, aplicado durante a visita à propriedade rural. Também foram coletadas 58 amostras de leite dos tanques de resfriamento para a determinação dos níveis de gordura, proteína, lactose, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Considerando-se as informações obtidas, as unidades de produção de leite foram classificadas em: especializado (E), semiespecializado (SE) e não especializado (NE). Os dados foram submetidos a métodos multivariados de análise estatística, com o emprego da Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e da Análise de Redundância (RDA). Os resultados das análises indicam que o tempo na atividade, a área com pastagem perene, a renda bruta com bovinos de leite, o tipo de ordenha, a lavagem dos tetos e o método de reprodução são as variáveis que mais interferem na qualidade do leite. O aumento do nível de especialização da atividade leiteira, mesmo produzindo menor porcentagem de gordura e proteína no leite, proporciona a obtenção de leite de melhor qualidade, devido aos menores índic

RESUMO

This work was aimed to evaluate milk quality parameters according to three levels of specialization of milk production units in different districts of West Santa Catarina´s State, Brazil. Characterization of milk production units was carried out using a questionnaire in 29 farms as a tool for data collection, applied during a visit to the farm. At the time, 58 milk samples were collected from cooling tanks to determine the levels of fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacteria count (TBC). Considering the information obtained the milk production units were classified as specialized (E), semi-specialized (SE) and not specialized (NE). The database was subjected to multivariate methods of statistical analysis with the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy analysis (RDA). The results indicated that variables that most influence milk quality are: time in the activity, area with perennial pasture, gross income from milk activity, type of milking, teat washing and method of reproduction. Results showed that despite lower percentages of fat and protein, the increased level of specialization provides milk of better quality due to the low rates of SCC and TBC, which leads to higher income from this type of activity. In specialized farms where milk activity has a high economic importance, producers are encouraged to adopt better hygiene practices

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade do leite segundo três níveis de especialização das unidades de produção de leite de diferentes municípios do Oeste Catarinense. A caracterização das unidades de produção de leite foi realizada utilizando-se um questionário em 29 propriedades rurais como instrumento de coleta de dados, aplicado durante a visita à propriedade rural. Também foram coletadas 58 amostras de leite dos tanques de resfriamento para a determinação dos níveis de gordura, proteína, lactose, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Considerando-se as informações obtidas, as unidades de produção de leite foram classificadas em: especializado (E), semiespecializado (SE) e não especializado (NE). Os dados foram submetidos a métodos multivariados de análise estatística, com o emprego da Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e da Análise de Redundância (RDA). Os resultados das análises indicam que o tempo na atividade, a área com pastagem perene, a renda bruta com bovinos de leite, o tipo de ordenha, a lavagem dos tetos e o método de reprodução são as variáveis que mais interferem na qualidade do leite. O aumento do nível de especialização da atividade leiteira, mesmo produzindo menor porcentagem de gordura e proteína no leite, proporciona a obtenção de leite de melhor qualidade, devido aos menores índic

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Trata-se de compreender os significados das práticas de higiene dos alimentos em uma feira livre da cidade de Salvador (BA). O estudo etnográfico consegue apreender duas categorias centrais como produção simbólica das práticas higiênicas: o limpo como ordem e o sujo como desordem. Esses códigos culturais fazem correspondências com os estudos de Mary Douglas e Norbert Elias e apresentam especificidades para decifrar um mundo cotidiano em que concepções e práticas de higiene são aspectos normalizados por personagens que compartilham o espaço da feira: feirantes, consumidores, garis e fiscais municipais. O conhecimento técnico-científico e a legislação sanitária são tidos como estranhos ao sistema simbólico dos feirantes. As leis não são efetivas e não têm uma influência importante na construção das práticas higiênicas. As práticas dos fiscais municipais são coercitivas e punitivas e não consideram os valores culturais na formação de novas práticas de higiene.

The main objective of this research is to understand the meaning of the practices concerning food hygiene in a street market in Salvador, the capital of Bahia State in Brazil. The ethnographic study presents two main categories for symbolic production related to hygiene practices: cleanliness as order and dirtiness as disorder. These cultural codes make correspondence with the studies of Mary Douglas and Nobert Elias. The codes present particularities to decode everyday life, in which concept and hygiene practices are aspects normalized, in daily activity, for persons who share the space of street market: vendors, consumers, street cleaners and official inspectors. The techno-scientific knowledge and sanitary legislation are strange to the symbolic system of street market vendors. The laws are ineffective and their influence is of little importance in the creation of hygiene practices. Official inspectors' attitudes are coercive and punitive and do not take into account any cultural values when enforcing new hygiene practices.

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Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de cuatro cepillos dentales de diferente diseño (Colgate Microsonic®, Colgate Twister Fresh®, Colgate 360 Sensitive® y Colgate 360®) para determinar si existe superioridad clínica en la remoción de placa bacteriana de alguno de ellos mediante la técnica de Bass modificado en estudiantes de salud oral de la ciudad de Cali. Materiales y métodos: Se trata de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado que compara la eficacia de cuatro diseños de cepillos dentales a través de diferentes técnicas de cepillado en 200 estudiantes de dos programas de entrenamiento de auxiliares de salud oral, de sexo femenino, con edades comprendidas entres los 15 y 43 años, escogidos por conveniencia y los cuales conformaron los grupos control (cualquier técnica de cepillado) e intervención (técnica de cepillado de Bass modificado). El seguimiento fue realizado durante 21 días a través de la aplicación del Índice de placa bacteriana de O´leary realizada por un odontólogo. Resultados: El cepillo Colgate Twister Fresh® (33%) tuvo mayor probabilidad de reducir el índice de placa bacteriana en cualquier momento del seguimiento cuando se comparó su eficiencia con la de los otros cepillos. La técnica modificada de Bass tuvo mayor probabilidad de reducir placa bacteriana que otras técnicas pero de igual forma esta diferencia no fue significativa. Conclusiones: No se encontró diferencia significativa entre las técnicas de cepillado tenidas en cuenta en este estudio. Ninguno de los cuatro diseños de cepillos empleados en este estudio presentó significancia estadística respecto a la eliminación de la placa bacteriana.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of four different designed toothbrushes (Colgate Microsonic®, Colgate Twister Fresh®, Colgate 360 Sensitive® y Colgate 360®) to determine the clinical advantage on removal of plaque using modified Bass technique in dental hygiene students in Cali. Methods: This is a controlled clinical trial to compare the efficacy of four toothbrushes designs with different tooth brushing methods in 200 female dental hygiene students with ages from 15 to 43. Control group used any tooth brushing technique whereas test group used modified Bass technique. Follow up was made daily for 21 days with O´Leary Plaque Index. Results: Colgate Twister Fresh® toothbrush had more probability to reduce plaque index at any time of follow up period than other toothbrushes. Modified Bass technique had more chance to reduce plaque than other techniques but with no significant differences. Conclusions: there were no statistically significant differences between tooth brush techniques. None of the four designs of studied toothbrushes showed differences in regard to plaque elimination.

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