RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 2 contraceptive counseling strategies in Colombia for women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The first integrates (1) reproductive health and HIV services (integrated model [IM]), and the second (2) offers these services separately (non-IM). METHODS: Cost-effectiveness analysis from the third-party payer perspective (Colombian healthcare system). A decision analysis tree was used over a 24-month time horizon at a 3% discount rate, considering only direct costs. The outcome was the number of averted HIV perinatal transmission infections. We performed a discrete sensibility analysis and a probabilistic second-order sensitivity analysis with 10 000 iterations (Monte Carlo simulation). RESULTS: Compared with the non-IM, the IM prevented 3% additional HIV perinatal transmission infections, with an incremental cost-effectiveness of US dollar 525 and the highest net monetary benefit at the proposed willingness to pay. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, we found a substantial amount of parameter uncertainty that challenges the evidence in favor of the cost-effectiveness of the IM strategy. CONCLUSIONS: This study opens the possibility of integrating reproductive health and HIV services for women living with HIV in Colombia. In addition, it raises the necessity to produce additional good quality local empirical evidence to inform better and support the estimation of the economic efficiency of such a model in the country.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Colômbia , Anticoncepcionais , Aconselhamento , Feminino , HIV , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Gravidez , Saúde ReprodutivaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if treatment with ceftriaxone and a macrolide, improved patient outcome when compared with monotherapy with ceftriaxone, in hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficient syndrome (HIV/AIDS) with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODS: Adult patients with HIV hospitalized due to suspected CAP were randomized to receive one of two regimens, ceftriaxone plus macrolide or ceftriaxone plus placebo, at a 1:1 proportion (Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: RBR-8wtq2b). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcomes were mortality within 14 days, need for vasoactive drugs, need for mechanical ventilation, time to clinical stability and length of hospitalization. RESULTS: A total of 227 patients were randomized, two were excluded after randomization; 225 patients were analysed (112 receiving ceftriaxone plus placebo and 113 receiving ceftriaxone plus macrolide). The frequency of the primary outcome, in-hospital mortality, was not statistically different between the regimens: 12/112 (11%) patients who received ceftriaxone plus placebo and 17/113 (15%) who received ceftriaxone plus macrolide died during hospitalization (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% CI 0.57-2.59). We did not find differences between the regimens for any of the secondary outcomes, including mortality within 14 days, which occurred in 5/112 (4%) patients with ceftriaxone plus placebo and in 12/113 (11%) patients with ceftriaxone plus macrolide (relative risk 2.38, 95% CI 0.87-6.53) CONCLUSIONS: Among hospitalized patients with HIV/AIDS with CAP, treatment with ceftriaxone and a macrolide did not improve patient outcomes, when compared with ceftriaxone monotherapy
Assuntos
Humanos , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , Ceftriaxona/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , MacrolídeosRESUMO
Antecedentes: Los accidentes ocupacionales de riesgo biológico tienen como mayor riesgo postexposición la seroconversión para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) y B (VHB). En la literatura latinoamericana aún faltan estudios que aporten información al respecto. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas de los accidentes ocupacionales de riesgo biológico. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo longitudinal. Resultados: Se describen 231 episodios de riesgo biológico. La mediana de edad fue 30 años. Un 65,8% fueron mujeres. Las principales actividades laborales fueron: auxiliares de enfermería (22,9%), aseo hospitalario (16,5%), estudiantes (14,3%), recolección de basuras (5,2%) y médicos (4,8%). El mecanismo del accidente fue: punción (77%), herida cortante (11,3%) y contacto con mucosas (9,1%). En 24% la fuente fue conocida y de estas fueron positivas para VIH un 62,5%, para VHB un 3,5% y para VHC un 5,3%. Recibieron profilaxis postexposición (PPE) un 75,8% de los 231. Entre los expuestos a fuente VIH positiva, recibieron PPE biconjugada 85,1% y terapia triple 14,8% De los que recibieron profilaxis, 40% presentaron reacciones adversas, siendo las gastrointestinales (77,1%) y las neurológicas (45,7%) las más frecuentes. Al ingreso, un 67,1% tenían anticuerpos protectores para VHB. Durante el seguimiento se confirmó una seroconversión postexposición para VIH. Conclusión: El riesgo de adquirir infecciones postexposición ocupacional es una realidad en nuestro medio; se debe hacer énfasis en estrategias de prevención de exposición, introyectar la cultura del reporte y el manejo adecuado de la profilaxis postexposición.
Background: Occupational biohazard exposure can increase the risk of postexposure seroconversion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C (HCV) and B virus (HBV). In Latin America, the literature lack of studies on this topic. Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of occupational biohazard exposure. Methodology: A descriptive, longitudinal study. Results: A total of 231 episodes of biological risk exposure are described. The median age was 30 years, and 65.8% were women. The major occupational activities were: nursing assistants 22.9%, hospital cleaning 16.5%, students 14.3%, garbage collection 5.2% and physicians 4.8%. The mechanisms of the accidents were: needle stick 77%, cutting wound 11.3% and contact with mucous membranes 9.1%. In 24% the source was known and of these, 62.5% were positive for HIV 3.5% for HBV and 5.3% for HCV. A total of 75.8% of the 231 received postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). In those exposed to an HIV-positive source, 85.1% received a two-drug conjugate for PPE, and 14.8% received triple therapy. Of those who received prophylaxis, 40% reported adverse events with being the most frequent the gastrointestinal (77.1%) and neurological (45.7%). At admission, 67.1% had protective antibodies to HBV. During program monitoring, HIV seroconversion was confirmed in one patient. Conclusion: The risk of acquiring occupational infections postexposure is a reality in our country. This emphasizes the importance of exposure prevention strategies, introjecting the reporting culture and proper management of postexposure prophylaxis.
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Acidentes de Trabalho , Profilaxia Pós-Exposição , Pacientes , Médicos , Mulheres , Vírus da Hepatite B , HIV , Ferimentos Penetrantes Produzidos por Agulha , Hepatite C , Colômbia , Hepacivirus , Hospitais , InfecçõesRESUMO
Fundamento: En la provincia de Cienfuegos durante el último quinquenio se observó un incremento en la incidencia de casos con diagnóstico de virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida.Objetivo: Caracterizar la epidemia de virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida en la provincia de Cienfuegos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos (195) con diagnóstico de virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida, en la provincia de Cienfuegos, en el quinquenio 2006-2010. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, orientación sexual, fuente de pesquisa, forma y fuente de infección y municipio de procedencia. Resultados: La epidemia se manifestó con mayor incidencia en las edades comprendidas entre 25 y 44 años, entre los masculinos homobisexuales. La mayor cantidad de casos se detectó mediante captación; la forma de infección referida en la totalidad fue la sexual, con un desconocimiento de la fuente de infección en la gran mayoría de ellos (74,4 %). Conclusiones: La epidemia se ha caracterizado por un aumento sostenido de la incidencia en el último quinquenio, más notable en los años 2009 y 2010. Pese a existir una alta divulgación y un programa priorizado para el control y la prevención, la epidemia sigue afectando a individuos con conductas de riesgo, lo cual se evidencia por el número de pacientes enfermos de sida.
Background: There was an increase in the incidence of cases diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus / AIDS in the province of Cienfuegos during the last five years. Objective: To characterize the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus / AIDS in the province of Cienfuegos. Method: A descriptive study of a series of cases (195) diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus / AIDS was conducted in the province of Cienfuegos from 2006 to 2010. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, sexual orientation, source of inquiry, source of infection and municipality of origin. Results: The epidemic showed a higher incidence among homo-bisexual males aged 25 to 44 years. Most cases were detected by contact tracing. The form of infection mentioned by all cases was sexual. The vast majority of them (74.4%) ignored the source of infection. Conclusions: The epidemic has been characterized by a steady increase in incidence during the last five years, most notably in 2009 and 2010. Although there is a prioritized program for HIV/AIDS control and prevention as well as large information campaigns on this subject, the epidemic continues to affect individuals with risky behavior, as evidenced by the number of patients presenting the clinical onset of AIDS.