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Dental trauma occurs frequently in toddlers and the treatment protocols vary depending on each case. Thus, clinicians must not only plan the treatment but also consider any possible sequelae and characteristics related to the child and the family. The aim of this paper was to report a case of a three-year-old boy who had a horizontal root fracture in the middle third of the primary maxillary right incisor root (tooth 51) and crown discoloration of the primary maxillary left incisor (tooth 61) which were successfully treated with conservative management. The management was established in agreement with the family and was based on active surveillance. The clinical and radiographic follow-ups showed no changes besides pulp canal calcification of the left incisor throughout the eight years of follow-up. The pulps remained normal with no pathological signs throughout their life cycle and the permanent successors erupted normally, presenting an excellent result of the non-invasive approach adopted.

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Dental trauma is a common injury observed at dental practices that normally occurs in young patients. It especially affects the anterior teeth, although trauma to the posterior teeth can also be observed frequently when caused by high-impact trauma and masticatory forces. Horizontal root fracture in the posterior teeth is even more rare and involves a more specific type of trauma. This article reports the case of a second molar root fracture that happened during the removal of an impacted wisdom tooth. The patient had no discomfort associated with the event, and the tooth had no change in sensibility or mobility during follow-up. Seven months after the fracture, there was complete radicular healing even though no treatment was given.

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INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the present study was (1) to test the accuracy of a small-volume cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) device in detecting horizontal root fractures (HRFs) in teeth with and without an intracanal metallic post (IMP) and (2) to investigate the use of 2 different acquisition protocols of a CBCT device for HRF diagnosis. METHODS: Forty endodontically treated teeth with and without an IMP were examined using PreXion 3D CBCT scanner (Terarecon, San Mateo, CA) with a 5-cm high and 5-cm diameter cylinder at 0.10-mm voxel reconstruction. Two observers analyzed the samples to determine the presence and location of HRFs. RESULTS: Sensitivity values ranged from 0.40-0.80. The most favorable results were found for the samples with no IMP observed using the protocol of a higher number of x-ray projections (0.70-0.80). Accuracy in the groups with an IMP ranged from 75%-90% in the 1024 x-ray projection protocol (HI-HI group) versus 70%-85% for the same samples examined in the 512 x-ray projection protocol (HI-STD group). Intraobserver agreement ranged from relevant to perfect concordance for both protocols (HI-HI = Kappa: 0.60-1.00 and HI-STD = Kappa: 0.55-0.89). Interobserver agreement ranged from moderate to perfect concordance for both protocols (HI-HI = Kappa: 0.79-0.89 and HI-STD = Kappa: 0.42-0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Even though there are statistically significant differences for the protocol with the higher number of x-ray projections, we found high accuracy, sensitivity, sensibility, and intra- and interobserver agreement in detecting HRFs for both Prexion 3D protocols.

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Horizontal root fractures (HRF) usually affect the anterior teeth as a result of trauma, and generally heal spontaneously, depending on the vitality of the pulp. Diagnosis based on clinical findings, sensitivity tests, and radiographic examination is important to determine the presence of a root fracture and to prevent a root fracture from passing unnoticed. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been used successfully for diagnosis and prognosis imaging of root fractures and has proved to be superior to other radiographic methods. This study reports two cases of dental trauma caused by a collision and a sports accident. The patients suffered horizontal root fractures in the maxillary left central incisor and in the mandibular left central incisor. The diagnosis of root fracture was confirmed by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, which also demonstrated spontaneous healing of the fracture line. The repair occurred by interposition of connective tissue in the former case and by interposition of bone and connective tissue in the latter case. The final diagnoses of both cases were based on CBCT images, indicating the importance of a CBCT examination to reach a firm diagnosis and to follow the healing process of root fracture cases, avoiding unnecessary radical endodontic treatment.

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Introduction: The aim of this case report is to demonstrate the retreatment of a maxillary canine diagnosed with a horizontal root fracture utilizing an electronic apex locator and monitored with cone beam computed tomography. Case Report: A 35 year old African American male was referred for root canal retreatment of a maxillary right canine prior to prosthetic rehabilitation. Following removal of gutta percha, an apex locator was utilized to determine the length of the root canal. After a more comprehensive dental history, the patient confirmed a previously unreported history of dental trauma at this time, leading to the suspicion of a horizontal root fracture. Clinical microscopy detected a connective tissue in the apical third of the root canal and multiple periapical and occlusal radiographs enhanced visualization of a horizontal root fracture. The coronal segment was filled with an MTA apical plug and the apical segment remained stable. A recall after 1.5 years was performed with CBCT, which showed no apical radiolucency. Discussion: The present case report reinforces the precept that detailed dental history and careful observation of radiographs are critical factors for obtaining an accurate diagnosis. Fundamental adjuncts, such as microscopy, apex locators and CBCT imaging, can potentially aid in the diagnosis and the subsequent treatment plan of horizontal root fracture

Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi mostrar o passo-a-passo do diagnóstico de uma fratura horizontal durante um retratamento, utilizando o localizador apical e a tomografia de feixe cônico como auxiliares do diagnóstico clínico. Relato de caso: Um paciente de 35 anos do gênero masculino afro-americano foi encaminhado com necessidade de retratamento no canino superior direito para posterior reabilitação protética. Seguida da remoção da guta-percha, foi utilizado o localizador apical para determinar o comprimento real do dente. Após uma melhor investigação sobre a história dental do paciente, o paciente confirmou uma história de trauma dental até então não comentada durante a anamnese, levando a suspeita de fratura horizontal no comprimento onde o localizador marcava a posição 0,0. Com o microscópio clínico detectou-se a presença de tecido granulomatoso no terço apical e, através de múltiplas radiografias periapical e uma oclusal foi possível visualizar a fratura horizontal. O segmento coronário instrumentado foi selado com um plug de MTA e, mantido o segmento apical sem tratamento. A proservação após um ano e meio foi realizada com CBCT, não presentando quaisquer alterações periapicais. Discussão: O presente relato de caso reforça ainda mais a necessidade de uma anamnese e história dental detalhada e cuidadosa observação radiográfica como fatores críticos para um diagnóstico preciso. Ferramentas auxiliares, como o microscópio, localizador apical e tomografia podem adicionar ao diagnóstico e consequentemente ao planejamento de fraturas horizontais.

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En el contexto de los dientes con diagnóstico de fractura radicular horizontal después de un trauma, una adecuada ferulización hace referencia tanto al diseño y al tiempo de permanencia de la férula. Esto puede influenciar positivamente, aumentando así las posibilidades de una óptima cicatrización y permanencia de estos dientes a largo plazo. Este artículo reporta un caso de fractura radicular horizontal, en donde los dientes involucrados permanecieron ferulados de manera inadecuada por un largo periodo de tiempo. Sin embargo, una evaluación hecha 10 años después, mostró una óptima cicatrización de los fragmentos.

In the context of the teeth with diagnosis of horizontal root fracture after trauma, adequate splinting is based on design and splinting time. This may influence favorably, increasing all possibilities of an optimal healing and permanence said teeth in the long term. This article reports a case of horizontal root fracture, where teeth involved remained splinted in inappropriate form for a long period of me. However, one evaluation made after 10 years, shows optimal healing of the fragments.

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